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A&P 1 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

_____ are the building blocks of life?

A

Cells

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2
Q

_____ are the smallest units that perform vital physiological functions?

A

Cells

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3
Q

New Cells are formed from_______?

A

Pre Existing Cells

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4
Q

_____ is the specialization of daughter cels during development.

A

Differentiation

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5
Q

What is the difference between extracellular and intracellular fluid?

A

Extra: watery medium that is outside cells

Intra: fluid inside cell

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6
Q

Most basic parts of a cell?

A

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus

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7
Q

_____ separates cytoplasm from the outside environment, transports substances in and out of the cell, composed of phospholipids, and receives/responds to external stimuli?

A

Plasma Membrane

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8
Q

_____ is made of organic molecules with a phosphate head and fatty acid tail?

A

Phospholipid

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9
Q

The tail of a phospholipid is _____?

A

Hydrophobic

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10
Q

The head of a phospholipid is _____?

A

Hydrophilic

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11
Q

Protein and phospholipids that drift across the surface are______?

A

Fluid Mosaic

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12
Q

____ is a layer of carbohydrates on the membrane surface?

A

Glycocalyx

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13
Q

_____ is made of organic molecule with 2 fatty acids and a carbohydrate head?

A

Glycolipid

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14
Q

_____ are proteins bound to the membrane that aid in function?

A

Membrane Protein

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15
Q

Integral proteins are located _____.

A

Inside the membrane

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16
Q

Peripheral proteins are located______.

A

Close to the surface of the membrane

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17
Q

______a functional membrane protein that attaches the membrane to other structures?

A

Anchoring Protein

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18
Q

___ is a functional membrane protein that acts as the “name tag” for the cell?

A

Recognition Protein

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19
Q

______ is a functional membrane protein that has blind ligands hat trigger chemical reactions inside the cell?

A

Receptor Protein

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20
Q

______ is a functional membrane protein that lets some molecules in/out of the cell?

A

Channel Protein

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21
Q

____ is a functional membrane protein that helps transport solutes through the membrane?

A

Carrier Protein

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22
Q

Anchoring Protein, Recognition Protein, Receptor Protein, Channel Protein, and Carrier Proteins are the 5 types of _______ membrane proteins?

A

Functional

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23
Q

____ is the material inside the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Cytoplasm can be divided into _____ and _____?

A

Cytosol and Organelles

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25
Q

_____ is gel-like fluid inside the cell?

Has water, solutes, enzymes and other proteins

A

Cytosol

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26
Q

____ have their own membrane, perform specialized functions, and have distinct proteins and molecules?

A

Organelles

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27
Q

_____ is the structural framework of a cell?

Maintains cell shape, Helps connect cells, moves items in cell or cell itself

A

Cytoskeleton

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28
Q

_____ is made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules?

A

Cytoskeleton

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of microfilaments?

A

Thin
Made of actin protein
Anchors cells to each other

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of Intermediate Filaments?

A

Forms Frame
Made of various proteins
Resists Stress

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of Microtubules?

A

Thick
Made of tubulin protein
Separates DNA in cell division

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32
Q

______ are the finger shapes in the plasma membrane? (They are supported and anchored by microfilaments and they increase surface area?

A

Microvilli

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33
Q

____ organize microtubules in the cell?

A

Centrosome

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34
Q

___ are a pair of barrels made of microtubules?

A

Centriole

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35
Q

Difference in cilia and flagella?

A

Cilia: short thin fibers outside the cell. Moves cell across the cell surface

Flagella: long thin fibers outside the cell. Moves cell with whiplike motion

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36
Q

_____ is a blueprint for making protein?

A

DNA

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37
Q

____ helps DNA in the process of making protein?

A

RNA

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38
Q

____ controls all activities of life?

A

Proteins

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39
Q

_____ performs work to create protein?

A

Ribosomes

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40
Q

What organelles are involved in producing packaging and releasing proteins?

A

Ribosomes, ER, and Golgi Apparatus

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41
Q

____ makes protein for the cell using specific mRNA copy of the DNA blueprint.

A

Ribosomes

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42
Q

Ribosomes can be found ____ or _____.

A

Floating in the cytosol or attached to ER

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43
Q

______ is a network of cistern (hollow sacs and tubules)

A

ER

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44
Q

_____ is rough and bumpy due to ribosomes attached to it? (makes proteins)

A

Rough ER

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45
Q

____ is smooth because no ribosomes are attached? (makes lipids and carbohydrates)

A

Smooth ER

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46
Q

_____ are small hollow membrane spheres that transport proteins to the Golgi?

A

Transport Vesicles

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47
Q

____ is a stack of flat cistern that acts as the final packaging center for products. (renews/modifies plasma membrane, packages special enzymes for use in cell, ;packages products outside of cell)

A

Golgi Apparatus

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48
Q

___ is the entrance site into the Golgi?

A

Forming Face

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49
Q

____ sends the product out of the Golgi?

A

Maturing Face

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50
Q

3 types of vesicle packages released from Golgi?

A

Membrane Renewal Vesicle
Secretory Vesicle
Lysosome

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51
Q

____ is a type of vesicle that adds contents to the plasma membrane?

A

Membrane Renewal Vesicle

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52
Q

___ is a type of vesicle that merges with membrane to release content?

A

Secretory Vesicle

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53
Q

____ is a type of vesicle the stays in the cell?

A

Lysosome

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54
Q

___ is the breakdown of its membrane releasing enzymes into the cell damaging it?

A

Autolysis

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55
Q

____ occurs when “membraneous” organelles “interact” with each other using vesicles?

A

Membrane Flow

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56
Q

___ produces ATP energy from food?

A

Mitochondrion

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57
Q

____ is DNA’s monomer?

A

Nucleotides

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58
Q

Sugar, Phosphate, and Nitrogenous Bases make up_____.

A

(Monomers) Nucleotides

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59
Q

What bond joins monomers?

A

Covalent Bonds

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60
Q

_____ is the DNA “backbone”

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

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61
Q

What bond joins complementary DNA strands?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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62
Q

____ is loosely coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins? (unity of chromatin)

A

Nucleosome

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63
Q

____ is all of a cells DNA

A

Chromatin

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64
Q

____ is a portion of chromatin. (Very compact in cell division.)

A

Chromosome

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65
Q

A human has how many chromosomes and how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

46 Chromosomes

23 Pairs

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66
Q

___ is a condensed chromosome and its replicated copy?

A

Chromatid

67
Q

A ____ is where chromatids are joined?

A

Centromere

68
Q

___ is a DNA sequence for making 1 specific protein.

A

Gene

69
Q

___ is the uncoiling of a portion of DNA so a gene can be read and copied?

A

Gene Activation

70
Q

___ is the genetic information stored as a sequence of nucleotide bases?

A

Genetic Code

71
Q

____ are 3 DNA nucleotides that will translate into an amino acid?

A

Triplet

72
Q

____ is 3 mRNA nucleotides that are complimentary to a triplet?

A

Codon

73
Q

____ is 3 tRNA nucleotides that are complimentary to a codon that translates into amino acids?

A

Anticodon

74
Q

Differences between RNA & DNA?

A

DNA-sugar, double stranded, stores RNA and protein encoding info

RNA-Deoxyribose, single stranded, carries protein encoding

75
Q

__ Carries information (codons) to put amino acids in order to make specific proteins?

A

mRNA

76
Q

__ carries amino acids to ribosome; matches anticodon to codon?

A

tRNA

77
Q

___ aligns ribosome with mRNA and helps join amino acids?

A

rRNA

78
Q

____ is the production of RNA from a DNA template; gene’s DNA sequence is copied into complementary RNA.

A

Transcription

79
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

Nucleus

80
Q

What is the template and complementary strand during transcription?

A

Template strand is one side of the DNA helix.

Complementary strand is RNA

81
Q

____ copies DNA information into RNA?

A

RNA Polymerase

82
Q

____ is the nonsense segments of mRNA. (removed from mRNA)

A

Introns

83
Q

____ is the coding segments of mRNA, essential information?

A

Exons

84
Q

Where does processed (mature) mRNA go?

A

Exits nucleus and enters cytoplasm

85
Q

___ is proteins monomer?

A

Amino Acids

86
Q

5 parts of Amino Acids?

A

Central Carbon, R group, Hydrogen, Carboxyl Group, Amino Group

87
Q

Amino Acids are joined by____.

A

Covalent Peptide Bonds

88
Q

___ is the formation of a chain of RNA in a specific order to maker protein, using information provided by RNA. (uses mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA.)

A

Translation

89
Q

Where does translation occur?

A

Ribosomes and Cytoplasm

90
Q

What happens at start codon?

A

set up protein assembly

91
Q

What happens during ribosome activity?

A

Protein is assembled from mRNA info.

92
Q

What happens at the stop codon?

A

stop assembly and protein is made.

93
Q

How is protein efficiently made?

A

Dozens of rIbosomes bind to the same mRNA

94
Q

___ is the ability of the cell membrane to let substances enter or leave cytoplasm?

A

Permeability

95
Q

A cell is _____ if it lets any substance pass?

A

Freely Permeable

96
Q

A cell is ____ if it lets no substance pass?

A

Impermeable

97
Q

A cell is ____ if it prevents the passing of some substances but allows the passing of some.

A

Selectively permeable

98
Q

____ is the random movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration, distributing evenly

A

Diffusion

99
Q

____ is when one area has a higher concentration than another.

A

Gradient

100
Q

___ is the movement of water?

Diffusion of water from a low concentration to a high concentration.

A

Osmosis

101
Q

___ is the force of pure water moving into a solution?

A

Osmotic Pressure

102
Q

___ is the pressure against fluid?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

103
Q

___ is the movement of water driven by “osmosis?”

A

Osmotic Flow

104
Q

___ is the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution?

A

Osmolarity

105
Q

___ is the effect of osmotic solutions on cells?

A

Tonicity

106
Q

3 types of tonicity?

A

Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic

107
Q

____ is when a lower solute concentration is outside the cell? (Hemolysis) (Cell may burst)

A

Hypotonic

108
Q

___ is the same solute concentration inside and outside the cell? (Normal Saline Solution 0.9 NaCl)

A

Isotonic

109
Q

___ is when a higher solute concentration is outside the cell? (Cell shrinks) (Crenates)

A

Hypertonic

110
Q

____ occurs when 2 or more substances are moved in the same direction?

A

Cotransport

111
Q

____ occurs when 2 or more substances are moved in different directions at the same time?

A

Countertransport

112
Q

___ is a carrier protein for counter transport?

A

Exchange pump

113
Q

____ occurs when a substance is permeable to the plasma membrane or uses channels to easily pass?

A

Simple Diffusion

114
Q

____ occurs when a substance binds to a site on a carrier protein to cross the membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

115
Q

____ is a process that requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?

A

Active transport

116
Q

____ exchanges 3 sodium ions in the cell with 2 potassium ions outside to keep the gradients and maintain homeostasis?

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

117
Q

____ is the moving of substances in and out of cells using vesicle?

A

Vesicular Transport

118
Q

___ occurs when the vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane to “expel” its contents into the extracellular fluid?

A

Exocytosis

119
Q

___ occurs when the vesicle forms from the plasma membrane to “engulf” substance and draw them into the cell?

A

Endocytosis

120
Q

3 types of Endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated

121
Q

What is inside the vesicle during Pinocytosis?

A

Fluids and dissolved particles

122
Q

What is inside the vesicle during Phagocytosis?

A

Large solid objects or cells

123
Q

3 roles for cell division?

A

Supports Growth
Creates Sex Cells
Produces Replacements for damaged cells

124
Q

___ is the genetically controlled “programmed” cell death?

A

Apoptosis

125
Q

___ produces 2 identical daughter cells that have 46 chromosomes

A

Mitosis

126
Q

___ produces different sex cells that each have 23 chromosomes?

A

Meiosis

127
Q

___ is the life cycle of a typical cell?

A

Cell Cycle

128
Q

____ happens during interphase?

A

Cell prepares for division

DNA replication occurs

129
Q

___ happens during mitosis?

A

DNA is divided evenly

130
Q

___ happens during cytokinesis?

A

The membrane & cytoplasm are divided evenly

131
Q

___ happens during G0?

A

Cell does not plan to divide?

132
Q

___ happens during G1?

A

cell performs normal functions but also grows and makes molecules and protein for a second cell

133
Q

___ happens during S?

A

DNA replicates for a second cell

Extra histones are made

134
Q

___ happens during G2?

A

Cell Still grows

135
Q

____ happens during DNA replication?

A

DNA is copied

136
Q

When and where does DNA replication occur?

A

inside the nucleus during S phase and interphase

137
Q

___ is the enzyme that moves along the DNA template and adds matching DAN nucleotides to a new complementary strand?

A

DNA Polymerase

138
Q

___ is the enzyme that splices DNA segments together?

A

Ligase

139
Q

____ is a central zone where alignment occurs during mitosis?

A

Metaphase Plate

140
Q

The cleavage furrow narrows until the cells are completely separated during______.

A

Cytokinesis

141
Q

____ is a new membrane and cytoplasm formed along the metaphase plate?

A

Cleavage Furrow

142
Q

____ is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence?

A

Mutation

143
Q

True or False?

Cells that constantly divide are most likely to become cancerous?

A

True

144
Q

___ is a disease cause by mutation that triggers uncontrolled cell division?

A

Cancer

145
Q

___ is a tissue “mass” produced by abnormal cell growth/division

A

Tumor

146
Q

___ is slow growing tumor, that stays in the tissue of origin, and does not spread to adjacent tissue?

A

Benign Tumor

147
Q

____ is a fast growing tumor, that migrates into surrounding tissues and blood vessels, and stimulates blood vessel growth to feed the tumor?

A

Malignant Tumor

148
Q

___ is the migration of malignant cells?

leads to secondary tumors

A

Metastasis

149
Q

3 ways cancer causes death

A

Compress vital organs
Replace healthy working cells with malfunctioning cancer cells
Starve normal tissue of essential nutrients

150
Q

__ is a watery medium in the tissue surrounding cells?

A

Interstitial Fluid

151
Q

Microfilaments ar the smallest cytoskeleton component and made of_____

A

Actin

152
Q

Cells that have an unusually high number of mitochondria do what?

A

Break down a high amount of particle and old organelles

153
Q

Which RNA molecule can carry an amino acid?

A

tRNA

154
Q

___ formes peptide bonds?

A

Translation

155
Q

Water and Small Water-souluble molecules use___ to pass through the membrane?

A

Channels

156
Q

If the saline concentration inside cells ins .9%, a 10% saline solution surrounding cells would cause them to ?

A

Shrivel up in the Hypertonic solution

157
Q

Secondary Ative Transport uses both _____ and ____ transport?

A

Passive & Active

158
Q

DNA replication occurs during______?

A

S phase of interphase

159
Q

What is the RNA complementary anticodon for GCA?

A

CGU

160
Q

Covalent bonds between nucleotides create what?

A

Phosphate Sugar Backbone of a nucleic acid

161
Q

Hydrogen bonds join nucleic acid strands at their____?

A

Nitrogenous Bases

162
Q

What is the complementary DNA sequence for CGAGAA?

A

GCTCTT

163
Q

What is the complementary RNA sequence for TTACAC?

A

AAUGUG

164
Q

What is the complementary anticodon for the following mRNA codon GUA?

A

CAU

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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