Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
_____ are the building blocks of life?
A
Cells
2
Q
_____ are the smallest units that perform vital physiological functions?
A
Cells
3
Q
New Cells are formed from_______?
A
Pre Existing Cells
4
Q
_____ is the specialization of daughter cels during development.
A
Differentiation
5
Q
What is the difference between extracellular and intracellular fluid?
A
Extra: watery medium that is outside cells
Intra: fluid inside cell
6
Q
Most basic parts of a cell?
A
Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus
7
Q
_____ separates cytoplasm from the outside environment, transports substances in and out of the cell, composed of phospholipids, and receives/responds to external stimuli?
A
Plasma Membrane
8
Q
_____ is made of organic molecules with a phosphate head and fatty acid tail?
A
Phospholipid
9
Q
The tail of a phospholipid is _____?
A
Hydrophobic
10
Q
The head of a phospholipid is _____?
A
Hydrophilic
11
Q
Protein and phospholipids that drift across the surface are______?
A
Fluid Mosaic
12
Q
____ is a layer of carbohydrates on the membrane surface?
A
Glycocalyx
13
Q
_____ is made of organic molecule with 2 fatty acids and a carbohydrate head?
A
Glycolipid
14
Q
_____ are proteins bound to the membrane that aid in function?
A
Membrane Protein
15
Q
Integral proteins are located _____.
A
Inside the membrane
16
Q
Peripheral proteins are located______.
A
Close to the surface of the membrane
17
Q
______a functional membrane protein that attaches the membrane to other structures?
A
Anchoring Protein
18
Q
___ is a functional membrane protein that acts as the “name tag” for the cell?
A
Recognition Protein
19
Q
______ is a functional membrane protein that has blind ligands hat trigger chemical reactions inside the cell?
A
Receptor Protein
20
Q
______ is a functional membrane protein that lets some molecules in/out of the cell?
A
Channel Protein
21
Q
____ is a functional membrane protein that helps transport solutes through the membrane?
A
Carrier Protein
22
Q
Anchoring Protein, Recognition Protein, Receptor Protein, Channel Protein, and Carrier Proteins are the 5 types of _______ membrane proteins?
A
Functional
23
Q
____ is the material inside the cell?
A
Cytoplasm
24
Q
Cytoplasm can be divided into _____ and _____?
A
Cytosol and Organelles
25
_____ is gel-like fluid inside the cell?
| Has water, solutes, enzymes and other proteins
Cytosol
26
____ have their own membrane, perform specialized functions, and have distinct proteins and molecules?
Organelles
27
_____ is the structural framework of a cell?
| Maintains cell shape, Helps connect cells, moves items in cell or cell itself
Cytoskeleton
28
_____ is made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules?
Cytoskeleton
29
What are the characteristics of microfilaments?
Thin
Made of actin protein
Anchors cells to each other
30
What are the characteristics of Intermediate Filaments?
Forms Frame
Made of various proteins
Resists Stress
31
What are the characteristics of Microtubules?
Thick
Made of tubulin protein
Separates DNA in cell division
32
______ are the finger shapes in the plasma membrane? (They are supported and anchored by microfilaments and they increase surface area?
Microvilli
33
____ organize microtubules in the cell?
Centrosome
34
___ are a pair of barrels made of microtubules?
Centriole
35
Difference in cilia and flagella?
Cilia: short thin fibers outside the cell. Moves cell across the cell surface
Flagella: long thin fibers outside the cell. Moves cell with whiplike motion
36
_____ is a blueprint for making protein?
DNA
37
____ helps DNA in the process of making protein?
RNA
38
____ controls all activities of life?
Proteins
39
_____ performs work to create protein?
Ribosomes
40
What organelles are involved in producing packaging and releasing proteins?
Ribosomes, ER, and Golgi Apparatus
41
____ makes protein for the cell using specific mRNA copy of the DNA blueprint.
Ribosomes
42
Ribosomes can be found ____ or _____.
Floating in the cytosol or attached to ER
43
______ is a network of cistern (hollow sacs and tubules)
ER
44
_____ is rough and bumpy due to ribosomes attached to it? (makes proteins)
Rough ER
45
____ is smooth because no ribosomes are attached? (makes lipids and carbohydrates)
Smooth ER
46
_____ are small hollow membrane spheres that transport proteins to the Golgi?
Transport Vesicles
47
____ is a stack of flat cistern that acts as the final packaging center for products. (renews/modifies plasma membrane, packages special enzymes for use in cell, ;packages products outside of cell)
Golgi Apparatus
48
___ is the entrance site into the Golgi?
Forming Face
49
____ sends the product out of the Golgi?
Maturing Face
50
3 types of vesicle packages released from Golgi?
Membrane Renewal Vesicle
Secretory Vesicle
Lysosome
51
____ is a type of vesicle that adds contents to the plasma membrane?
Membrane Renewal Vesicle
52
___ is a type of vesicle that merges with membrane to release content?
Secretory Vesicle
53
____ is a type of vesicle the stays in the cell?
Lysosome
54
___ is the breakdown of its membrane releasing enzymes into the cell damaging it?
Autolysis
55
____ occurs when "membraneous" organelles "interact" with each other using vesicles?
Membrane Flow
56
___ produces ATP energy from food?
Mitochondrion
57
____ is DNA's monomer?
Nucleotides
58
Sugar, Phosphate, and Nitrogenous Bases make up_____.
(Monomers) Nucleotides
59
What bond joins monomers?
Covalent Bonds
60
_____ is the DNA "backbone"
Sugar phosphate backbone
61
What bond joins complementary DNA strands?
Hydrogen bonds
62
____ is loosely coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins? (unity of chromatin)
Nucleosome
63
____ is all of a cells DNA
Chromatin
64
____ is a portion of chromatin. (Very compact in cell division.)
Chromosome
65
A human has how many chromosomes and how many pairs of chromosomes?
46 Chromosomes
| 23 Pairs
66
___ is a condensed chromosome and its replicated copy?
Chromatid
67
A ____ is where chromatids are joined?
Centromere
68
___ is a DNA sequence for making 1 specific protein.
Gene
69
___ is the uncoiling of a portion of DNA so a gene can be read and copied?
Gene Activation
70
___ is the genetic information stored as a sequence of nucleotide bases?
Genetic Code
71
____ are 3 DNA nucleotides that will translate into an amino acid?
Triplet
72
____ is 3 mRNA nucleotides that are complimentary to a triplet?
Codon
73
____ is 3 tRNA nucleotides that are complimentary to a codon that translates into amino acids?
Anticodon
74
Differences between RNA & DNA?
DNA-sugar, double stranded, stores RNA and protein encoding info
RNA-Deoxyribose, single stranded, carries protein encoding
75
__ Carries information (codons) to put amino acids in order to make specific proteins?
mRNA
76
__ carries amino acids to ribosome; matches anticodon to codon?
tRNA
77
___ aligns ribosome with mRNA and helps join amino acids?
rRNA
78
____ is the production of RNA from a DNA template; gene's DNA sequence is copied into complementary RNA.
Transcription
79
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
80
What is the template and complementary strand during transcription?
Template strand is one side of the DNA helix.
| Complementary strand is RNA
81
____ copies DNA information into RNA?
RNA Polymerase
82
____ is the nonsense segments of mRNA. (removed from mRNA)
Introns
83
____ is the coding segments of mRNA, essential information?
Exons
84
Where does processed (mature) mRNA go?
Exits nucleus and enters cytoplasm
85
___ is proteins monomer?
Amino Acids
86
5 parts of Amino Acids?
Central Carbon, R group, Hydrogen, Carboxyl Group, Amino Group
87
Amino Acids are joined by____.
Covalent Peptide Bonds
88
___ is the formation of a chain of RNA in a specific order to maker protein, using information provided by RNA. (uses mRNA, tRNA, & rRNA.)
Translation
89
Where does translation occur?
Ribosomes and Cytoplasm
90
What happens at start codon?
set up protein assembly
91
What happens during ribosome activity?
Protein is assembled from mRNA info.
92
What happens at the stop codon?
stop assembly and protein is made.
93
How is protein efficiently made?
Dozens of rIbosomes bind to the same mRNA
94
___ is the ability of the cell membrane to let substances enter or leave cytoplasm?
Permeability
95
A cell is _____ if it lets any substance pass?
Freely Permeable
96
A cell is ____ if it lets no substance pass?
Impermeable
97
A cell is ____ if it prevents the passing of some substances but allows the passing of some.
Selectively permeable
98
____ is the random movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration, distributing evenly
Diffusion
99
____ is when one area has a higher concentration than another.
Gradient
100
___ is the movement of water?
| Diffusion of water from a low concentration to a high concentration.
Osmosis
101
___ is the force of pure water moving into a solution?
Osmotic Pressure
102
___ is the pressure against fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure
103
___ is the movement of water driven by "osmosis?"
Osmotic Flow
104
___ is the total solute concentration in an aqueous solution?
Osmolarity
105
___ is the effect of osmotic solutions on cells?
Tonicity
106
3 types of tonicity?
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
107
____ is when a lower solute concentration is outside the cell? (Hemolysis) (Cell may burst)
Hypotonic
108
___ is the same solute concentration inside and outside the cell? (Normal Saline Solution 0.9 NaCl)
Isotonic
109
___ is when a higher solute concentration is outside the cell? (Cell shrinks) (Crenates)
Hypertonic
110
____ occurs when 2 or more substances are moved in the same direction?
Cotransport
111
____ occurs when 2 or more substances are moved in different directions at the same time?
Countertransport
112
___ is a carrier protein for counter transport?
Exchange pump
113
____ occurs when a substance is permeable to the plasma membrane or uses channels to easily pass?
Simple Diffusion
114
____ occurs when a substance binds to a site on a carrier protein to cross the membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Facilitated Diffusion
115
____ is a process that requires energy to move substances across the plasma membrane?
Active transport
116
____ exchanges 3 sodium ions in the cell with 2 potassium ions outside to keep the gradients and maintain homeostasis?
Sodium-Potassium Pump
117
____ is the moving of substances in and out of cells using vesicle?
Vesicular Transport
118
___ occurs when the vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane to "expel" its contents into the extracellular fluid?
Exocytosis
119
___ occurs when the vesicle forms from the plasma membrane to "engulf" substance and draw them into the cell?
Endocytosis
120
3 types of Endocytosis?
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated
121
What is inside the vesicle during Pinocytosis?
Fluids and dissolved particles
122
What is inside the vesicle during Phagocytosis?
Large solid objects or cells
123
3 roles for cell division?
Supports Growth
Creates Sex Cells
Produces Replacements for damaged cells
124
___ is the genetically controlled "programmed" cell death?
Apoptosis
125
___ produces 2 identical daughter cells that have 46 chromosomes
Mitosis
126
___ produces different sex cells that each have 23 chromosomes?
Meiosis
127
___ is the life cycle of a typical cell?
Cell Cycle
128
____ happens during interphase?
Cell prepares for division
| DNA replication occurs
129
___ happens during mitosis?
DNA is divided evenly
130
___ happens during cytokinesis?
The membrane & cytoplasm are divided evenly
131
___ happens during G0?
Cell does not plan to divide?
132
___ happens during G1?
cell performs normal functions but also grows and makes molecules and protein for a second cell
133
___ happens during S?
DNA replicates for a second cell
| Extra histones are made
134
___ happens during G2?
Cell Still grows
135
____ happens during DNA replication?
DNA is copied
136
When and where does DNA replication occur?
inside the nucleus during S phase and interphase
137
___ is the enzyme that moves along the DNA template and adds matching DAN nucleotides to a new complementary strand?
DNA Polymerase
138
___ is the enzyme that splices DNA segments together?
Ligase
139
____ is a central zone where alignment occurs during mitosis?
Metaphase Plate
140
The cleavage furrow narrows until the cells are completely separated during______.
Cytokinesis
141
____ is a new membrane and cytoplasm formed along the metaphase plate?
Cleavage Furrow
142
____ is a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence?
Mutation
143
True or False?
| Cells that constantly divide are most likely to become cancerous?
True
144
___ is a disease cause by mutation that triggers uncontrolled cell division?
Cancer
145
___ is a tissue "mass" produced by abnormal cell growth/division
Tumor
146
___ is slow growing tumor, that stays in the tissue of origin, and does not spread to adjacent tissue?
Benign Tumor
147
____ is a fast growing tumor, that migrates into surrounding tissues and blood vessels, and stimulates blood vessel growth to feed the tumor?
Malignant Tumor
148
___ is the migration of malignant cells?
| leads to secondary tumors
Metastasis
149
3 ways cancer causes death
Compress vital organs
Replace healthy working cells with malfunctioning cancer cells
Starve normal tissue of essential nutrients
150
__ is a watery medium in the tissue surrounding cells?
Interstitial Fluid
151
Microfilaments ar the smallest cytoskeleton component and made of_____
Actin
152
Cells that have an unusually high number of mitochondria do what?
Break down a high amount of particle and old organelles
153
Which RNA molecule can carry an amino acid?
tRNA
154
___ formes peptide bonds?
Translation
155
Water and Small Water-souluble molecules use___ to pass through the membrane?
Channels
156
If the saline concentration inside cells ins .9%, a 10% saline solution surrounding cells would cause them to ?
Shrivel up in the Hypertonic solution
157
Secondary Ative Transport uses both _____ and ____ transport?
Passive & Active
158
DNA replication occurs during______?
S phase of interphase
159
What is the RNA complementary anticodon for GCA?
CGU
160
Covalent bonds between nucleotides create what?
Phosphate Sugar Backbone of a nucleic acid
161
Hydrogen bonds join nucleic acid strands at their____?
Nitrogenous Bases
162
What is the complementary DNA sequence for CGAGAA?
GCTCTT
163
What is the complementary RNA sequence for TTACAC?
AAUGUG
164
What is the complementary anticodon for the following mRNA codon GUA?
CAU
