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A&P 1 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

0
Q

____ are ECM layers of collagen fibers & calcium crystals.

A

Lamellae

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1
Q

5 functions of the Skeletal System?

A 
Structural Support
Protect delicate organs
Produce blood cells from marrow
Store fat & minerals
Attach & move muscles
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2
Q

____ house osteocytes between layers.

A

Lacunae

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3
Q

____ are bone stem cells that divide and create new daughter cells.

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

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4
Q

____ are immature daughter cells that produce new bone matrix.

A

Osteoblasts

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5
Q

____ is the forming of new bone matrix by secreting protein & organic components.

A

Osteogenesis

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6
Q

____ are mature daughter cells that were surrounded by bone matrix.

A

Osteocytes

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7
Q

____ help to maintain homeostasis by secreting chemicals that add or release minerals.

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

Where are Osteocytes located?

A

In the Lacuna between Lamellae

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9
Q

____ allow communication. (And nutrients for stability)

A

Canaliculi

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10
Q

____ are giant bone cells with multiple nuclei that remove and recycle bone matrix.
(From other stem cells; have 50 nuclei)

A

Osteoclasts

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11
Q

____ is the breaking down of bone matrix by secreting acid & enzymes, releasing stored materials.

A

Osteolysis

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12
Q

____ account for 1/3 of total bone weight.

A

Collagen fibers

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13
Q

____ are made of organic protein, are strong and flexible and makes the bone “tensile.”

A

Collagen fibers

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14
Q

____ accounts for 2/3 of the total bone weight.

A

Calcium Salts

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15
Q

____ are made of inorganic minerals, are hard, inflexible and provide the bone with “compressional” strength.

A

Calcium Salts

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16
Q

What are hydroxyapatite crystals?

A

Calcium Salts

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17
Q

____ is the bone matrix initially formed by osteoblasts. (It lacks calcium salts that are later deposited)

A

Osteoid

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19
Q

What are the 4 main bone coverings?

External to internal

A

Periosteum
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Endosteum

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20
Q

___ are “fibers” from ligaments or tendons that are anchored into the bone.

A

Perforating Fibers

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21
Q

What type of cells are in the Periosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor Cells

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22
Q

What are the function of the Periosteum?

A

Separate Bone and other Tissues
Supply Blood Vessels
Grow & Repair Bone

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23
Q

____ is the subunit of concentric lamellae with a central canal.

A

Osteon

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24
Q

What type of cells are in Compact Bone?

A

Oteocytes

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25
Q

What is the function of Compact Bone?

A

Bear weight in one direction

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26
Q

____ make up the osteon around the central canal.

A

Concentric Lamellae

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27
Q

____ is the filler between osteons. (old recycled osteons)

A

Interstitial Lamellae

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28
Q

___ encircles all osteons on the outer edge near the Periosteum. (original lamellae)

A

Circumferential Lamellae

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29
Q

____ is the network of thin lamellae plates. (no osteons)

A

Trabeculae

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30
Q

What type of cells are in Spongy Bone?

A

Osteocytes

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31
Q

What are the functions of Spongy Bone?

A

Reduce bone weight
Bear stress in multiple directions
Store Marrow

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32
Q

What type of cells are in the Endosteum?

A

Osteoprogenitor
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

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33
Q

What are the functions of the Endosteum?

A

Grow, repair, & remodel bone

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34
Q

____ are the thin compact bone layers around spongy bone located on the ends of long bone.

A

Epiphyses

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35
Q

____ is the narrow zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

A

Metaphysis

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36
Q

___ is a hollow shaft composed of a thick layer of compact bone.

A

Diaphysis

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37
Q

____ covers the joint cartilage site to reduce friction.

A

Articular Cartilage

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38
Q

____ produces blood cells.

A

Red Bone Marrow

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39
Q

____ is stored in the Epiphysis and Diaphysis. (Medullary Cavity)

A

Red Bone Marrow

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40
Q

____ is the calcified remnant of cartilage from bone growth.

A

Epiphyseal line

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41
Q

____ is a hollowed space that lightens bone and gives space for yellow bone marrow.

A

Medullary Cavity

42
Q

____ is adipose tissue and is stored energy in the medullary cavity.

A

Yellow Bone Marrow

43
Q

____ in the epiphysis can direct body weight to the compact bone.

A

Spongy Bone

44
Q

____ bears weight in one direction to the distal epiphysis. The weight is spread in multiple directions to the next bone.

A

Diaphysis

45
Q

The tissue nutrients in Osseous Tissue comes from ____.

A

Periosteum Blood Vessels

46
Q

The tissue nutrients in Articular Cartilage comes from ____.

A

Synovial Fluid

47
Q

The metaphyseal artery and vein supplies and drains ____ & ____.

A

Meaphysis & Epiphysis

48
Q

The nutrient artery and vein supplies and drains ____.

A

Diaphysis

49
Q

____ is a hole in the bone for an artery or vein.

A

Nutrient Foramen

50
Q

____ expands compact bone diameter by adding layers to the surface; does not create original bone.

A

Appositional Bone Growth

51
Q

Osteoblasts add ____ during appositional bone growth.

A

Layers

52
Q

What type of lamellae is formed during appositional bone growth.

A

Circumferential lamellae

53
Q

____ is the growth when chondroblasts emerge from perichondrium secrete cartilage matrix composition similar to bone.

A

Appositional Cartilage Growth

54
Q

___ creates bone by replacing cartilage during embryo & development.

A

Endochondral Ossification

55
Q

The primary ossification center is located in the ____ in the Diaphysis.

A

Medular Caviy

56
Q

The secondary ossification center is located in the ____.

A

Epiphysis

57
Q

Cartilage replacement with bone and new cartilage formation in the epiphysis occur at the same time during what stage in life?

A

Childhood

58
Q

Bone secretion is greater than cartilage secretion in the Epiphysis during what stage in life?

A

Puberty

59
Q

The Ephiphyseal cartilage narrows into a thin articular cartilage cap and a calcified Ephiphyseal line during what stage in life?

A

Adulthood

60
Q

____ is the bone formation within the connective tissue that does not require cartilage during embryo development.

A

Intramembranous ossification

61
Q

____ bones are formed in dermal tissue.

A

Dermal Bone

62
Q

____ is the most abundant mineral in the body.

A

Calcium

63
Q

What is the normal Calcium ion levels in the blood stream?

A

8.5 to 11 mg/dL

64
Q

____ absorb calcium & phosphate from food and give them to the bloodstream.

A

Intestines

65
Q

____ removes excess calcium & phosphate. (Urine)

A

Kidneys

66
Q

____ takes/stores calcium & phosphate as bone matrix. (Also gives calcium & phosphate)

A

Bones

67
Q

The thyroid gland is located where?

A

Throat

68
Q

____ cells produce calcitonin.

A

C Cells

69
Q

____ Decreases calcium ion levels in the bloodstream and opposes the parathyroid hormone.

A

Calcitonin

70
Q

The parathyroid gland is located where?

A

Behind the thyroid

71
Q

____ cells produce parathyroid hormone. (PTH)

A

Parathyroid cells

72
Q

____ increase calcium ion levels in the body. (Tells osteoclasts to increase breaking down of bone matrix & tells kidneys to produce calcitriol)

A

PTH

73
Q

____ produce calcitriol.

A

Kidneys

74
Q

____ tells kidneys to keep calcium ions and tells the intestines to absorb calcium in food more quickly.

A

Calcitriol

75
Q

If Calcium ion levels are too low, ____ hormones are secreted.

A

Parathyroid

76
Q

If calcium ion levels are too high, ____ which hormone is produced?

A

Calcitonin

77
Q

Calcitonin tells ____ cells to absorb and store calcium.

A

Bone

78
Q

Calcitonin tells ____ to excrete as much calcium into the urine.

A

Kidneys

79
Q

What happens to the bone when calcium ions are added to the bloodstream.

A

The bone is broken down

80
Q

2 advantages of bone resorption.

A

Releases minerals to maintain homeostasis

Changes matrix architecture as needed

81
Q

How does exercise change bone structure?

A

The matrix mass & strength increases

Bone features enlarge to support bigger muscles

82
Q

____ is inadequate ossification because bone formation decreases while bone resorption stays the same.

A

Osteopenia

83
Q

___ is osteopenia that hinders normal function.

A

Osteoporosis

84
Q

____ is a break in the bone due to extreme load, sudden impact, or stress from several directions.

A

Bone fracture

85
Q

___ is needed to be intact for a fracture to heal.

A

Periosteum

86
Q

____ is a large blood clot formed from fracture bleeding.

A

Fracture Hematoma

87
Q

____ is when the spongy bone knits the inner edges of a fracture together.

A

Internal Callus

88
Q

____ is when cartilage and bone stabilize the outer edges of a fracture and cartilage repair is replaced by bone.

A

External Callus

89
Q

Bone finishes repairing itself how.

A

Remodling the callus overtime and shrinking it

90
Q

____ is an internal fracture only seen by and x-ray and does not penetrate the skin.

A

Closed (simple)

91
Q

____ is an external fracture that projects through the skin.

A

Open (compound)

92
Q

___ are immature daughter cells that produce new bone matrix.

A

Osteoblasts

93
Q

____ provides bon with compression strength.

A

Calcium salts

94
Q

Hydroxyapatite is made of ____ and ____.

A

Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide

95
Q

____ is the osseous tissue layer that provides stench in one direction.

A

Compact Bone

96
Q

____ & ____ the osseous tissue layers that do not have osteocytes.

A

Periosteum and Edosteum

97
Q

____ is the calcified remnant of epiphyseal cartilage.

A

Epiphyseal line

98
Q

____ forms bone from connective tissue.

A

Intramembranous Ossification

99
Q

____ cells are not part of the parathyroid gland.

A

C Cells

100
Q

____ is a bone fracture that penetrates through the skin.

A

Compound

101
Q

3 functions of the skeletal system.

A

Support
Blood/Calcium Storage
Attach & Support Muscles
Mineral Release

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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