Test 4 Flashcards by Phillip Boshears

____ are ECM layers of collagen fibers & calcium crystals.

Lamellae

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5 functions of the Skeletal System?

Structural Support
Protect delicate organs
Produce blood cells from marrow
Store fat & minerals
Attach & move muscles

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____ house osteocytes between layers.

Lacunae

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____ are bone stem cells that divide and create new daughter cells.

Osteoprogenitor Cells

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____ are immature daughter cells that produce new bone matrix.

Osteoblasts

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____ is the forming of new bone matrix by secreting protein & organic components.

Osteogenesis

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____ are mature daughter cells that were surrounded by bone matrix.

Osteocytes

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____ help to maintain homeostasis by secreting chemicals that add or release minerals.

Osteocytes

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Where are Osteocytes located?

In the Lacuna between Lamellae

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____ allow communication. (And nutrients for stability)

Canaliculi

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____ are giant bone cells with multiple nuclei that remove and recycle bone matrix.
(From other stem cells; have 50 nuclei)

Osteoclasts

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____ is the breaking down of bone matrix by secreting acid & enzymes, releasing stored materials.

Osteolysis

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____ account for 1/3 of total bone weight.

Collagen fibers

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____ are made of organic protein, are strong and flexible and makes the bone “tensile.”

Collagen fibers

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____ accounts for 2/3 of the total bone weight.

Calcium Salts

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____ are made of inorganic minerals, are hard, inflexible and provide the bone with “compressional” strength.

Calcium Salts

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What are hydroxyapatite crystals?

Calcium Salts

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____ is the bone matrix initially formed by osteoblasts. (It lacks calcium salts that are later deposited)

Osteoid

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What are the 4 main bone coverings?

External to internal

Periosteum
Compact Bone
Spongy Bone
Endosteum

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___ are “fibers” from ligaments or tendons that are anchored into the bone.

Perforating Fibers

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What type of cells are in the Periosteum?

Osteoprogenitor Cells

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What are the function of the Periosteum?

Separate Bone and other Tissues
Supply Blood Vessels
Grow & Repair Bone

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____ is the subunit of concentric lamellae with a central canal.

Osteon

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What type of cells are in Compact Bone?

Oteocytes

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What is the function of Compact Bone?

Bear weight in one direction

____ make up the osteon around the central canal.

Concentric Lamellae

____ is the filler between osteons. (old recycled osteons)

Interstitial Lamellae

___ encircles all osteons on the outer edge near the Periosteum. (original lamellae)

Circumferential Lamellae

____ is the network of thin lamellae plates. (no osteons)

Trabeculae

What type of cells are in Spongy Bone?

Osteocytes

What are the functions of Spongy Bone?

Reduce bone weight Bear stress in multiple directions Store Marrow

What type of cells are in the Endosteum?

Osteoprogenitor Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

What are the functions of the Endosteum?

Grow, repair, & remodel bone

____ are the thin compact bone layers around spongy bone located on the ends of long bone.

Epiphyses

____ is the narrow zone between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

Metaphysis

___ is a hollow shaft composed of a thick layer of compact bone.

Diaphysis

____ covers the joint cartilage site to reduce friction.

Articular Cartilage

____ produces blood cells.

Red Bone Marrow

____ is stored in the Epiphysis and Diaphysis. (Medullary Cavity)

Red Bone Marrow

____ is the calcified remnant of cartilage from bone growth.

Epiphyseal line

____ is a hollowed space that lightens bone and gives space for yellow bone marrow.

Medullary Cavity

____ is adipose tissue and is stored energy in the medullary cavity.

Yellow Bone Marrow

____ in the epiphysis can direct body weight to the compact bone.

Spongy Bone

____ bears weight in one direction to the distal epiphysis. The weight is spread in multiple directions to the next bone.

Diaphysis

The tissue nutrients in Osseous Tissue comes from ____.

Periosteum Blood Vessels

The tissue nutrients in Articular Cartilage comes from ____.

Synovial Fluid

The metaphyseal artery and vein supplies and drains ____ & ____.

Meaphysis & Epiphysis

The nutrient artery and vein supplies and drains ____.

Diaphysis

____ is a hole in the bone for an artery or vein.

Nutrient Foramen

____ expands compact bone diameter by adding layers to the surface; does not create original bone.

Appositional Bone Growth

Osteoblasts add ____ during appositional bone growth.

Layers

What type of lamellae is formed during appositional bone growth.

Circumferential lamellae

____ is the growth when chondroblasts emerge from perichondrium secrete cartilage matrix composition similar to bone.

Appositional Cartilage Growth

___ creates bone by replacing cartilage during embryo & development.

Endochondral Ossification

The primary ossification center is located in the ____ in the Diaphysis.

Medular Caviy

The secondary ossification center is located in the ____.

Epiphysis

Cartilage replacement with bone and new cartilage formation in the epiphysis occur at the same time during what stage in life?

Childhood

Bone secretion is greater than cartilage secretion in the Epiphysis during what stage in life?

Puberty

The Ephiphyseal cartilage narrows into a thin articular cartilage cap and a calcified Ephiphyseal line during what stage in life?

Adulthood

____ is the bone formation within the connective tissue that does not require cartilage during embryo development.

Intramembranous ossification

____ bones are formed in dermal tissue.

Dermal Bone

____ is the most abundant mineral in the body.

Calcium

What is the normal Calcium ion levels in the blood stream?

8.5 to 11 mg/dL

____ absorb calcium & phosphate from food and give them to the bloodstream.

Intestines

____ removes excess calcium & phosphate. (Urine)

Kidneys

____ takes/stores calcium & phosphate as bone matrix. (Also gives calcium & phosphate)

Bones

The thyroid gland is located where?

Throat

____ cells produce calcitonin.

C Cells

____ Decreases calcium ion levels in the bloodstream and opposes the parathyroid hormone.

Calcitonin

The parathyroid gland is located where?

Behind the thyroid

____ cells produce parathyroid hormone. (PTH)

Parathyroid cells

____ increase calcium ion levels in the body. (Tells osteoclasts to increase breaking down of bone matrix & tells kidneys to produce calcitriol)

PTH

____ produce calcitriol.

Kidneys

____ tells kidneys to keep calcium ions and tells the intestines to absorb calcium in food more quickly.

Calcitriol

If Calcium ion levels are too low, ____ hormones are secreted.

Parathyroid

If calcium ion levels are too high, ____ which hormone is produced?

Calcitonin

Calcitonin tells ____ cells to absorb and store calcium.

Bone

Calcitonin tells ____ to excrete as much calcium into the urine.

Kidneys

What happens to the bone when calcium ions are added to the bloodstream.

The bone is broken down

2 advantages of bone resorption.

Releases minerals to maintain homeostasis | Changes matrix architecture as needed

How does exercise change bone structure?

The matrix mass & strength increases | Bone features enlarge to support bigger muscles

____ is inadequate ossification because bone formation decreases while bone resorption stays the same.

Osteopenia

___ is osteopenia that hinders normal function.

Osteoporosis

____ is a break in the bone due to extreme load, sudden impact, or stress from several directions.

Bone fracture

___ is needed to be intact for a fracture to heal.

Periosteum

____ is a large blood clot formed from fracture bleeding.

Fracture Hematoma

____ is when the spongy bone knits the inner edges of a fracture together.

Internal Callus

____ is when cartilage and bone stabilize the outer edges of a fracture and cartilage repair is replaced by bone.

External Callus

Bone finishes repairing itself how.

Remodling the callus overtime and shrinking it

____ is an internal fracture only seen by and x-ray and does not penetrate the skin.

Closed (simple)

____ is an external fracture that projects through the skin.

Open (compound)

___ are immature daughter cells that produce new bone matrix.

Osteoblasts

____ provides bon with compression strength.

Calcium salts

Hydroxyapatite is made of ____ and ____.

Calcium Phosphate and Calcium Hydroxide

____ is the osseous tissue layer that provides stench in one direction.

Compact Bone

____ & ____ the osseous tissue layers that do not have osteocytes.

Periosteum and Edosteum

____ is the calcified remnant of epiphyseal cartilage.

Epiphyseal line

____ forms bone from connective tissue.

Intramembranous Ossification

____ cells are not part of the parathyroid gland.

C Cells

____ is a bone fracture that penetrates through the skin.

Compound

3 functions of the skeletal system.

Support Blood/Calcium Storage Attach & Support Muscles Mineral Release