Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
____ is the continuous breakdown and replacement of organic components in the cell, except DNA.
A
Metabolic Turnover
2
Q
____ is a reserve of organic substrates used for turnover or energy production?
A
Nutrient Pool
3
Q
____ is a nucleotide with 3 phosphates.
A
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
4
Q
How is ATP energy stored/released?
A
Unstable covalent bonds store energy
Energy is released by snapping a phosphate off
5
Q
Where is ATP made?
A
Cytoplasm & Mitochondria
6
Q
How is ATP made in the cytoplasm?
A
Anaerobic Metabolism
7
Q
How is ATP made in the Mitochondria?
A
Aerobic Metabolism
8
Q
What percentage of ATP is made in the Mitochondria through Aerobic Metabolism?
A
95% - 97%
9
Q
Mitochondria use what two reactants?
A
Oxygen & Organic Compounds
10
Q
Mitochondria use Oxygen & Organic Compounds to produce ____, _____, & ______.
A
ATP
Water
Carbon Dioxide
11
Q
What are the 4 parts of the Mitochondria?
A
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane Space
Cristae (Folded Inner Membrane)
Matrix (Space inside Inner Membrane)
12
Q
What organic molecules can be used to make ATP?
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
13
Q
What happens to the organic molecules before they enter the Mitochondria when producing ATP?
A
Breakdown into Pyruvate
14
Q
What is the coenzyme that takes 1 Hydrogen during the Mitochondrial ATP process?
A
NADH
15
Q
What is the coenzyme that takes 2 Hydrogens during the Mitochondrial ATP process?
A
FADH2
16
Q
Where does the Acetyl CoA formation occur during the Mitochondrial ATP process?
A
Matrix
17
Q
Where does the Cytric Acid Cycle occur during the Mitochondrial ATP process?
A
Matrix
18
Q
Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur during the Mitochondrial ATP process?
A
Cristae (Inner Membrane)
19
Q
____ is the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to form ATP?
A
Oxidative Phosphorylation
20
Q
The ____ contains the cytochrome proteins in the inner membrane?
A
Electron Transport System
21
Q
____ is the enzyme that phosphorylates ADP to make ATP and is powered by a channel that leaks H+ back into the Matrix?
A
ATP Synthase
22
Q
What cells store nutrients and give them if they are needed?
A
Liver Cells
Fat Cells
Muscle
23
Q
What cells take nutrients to use?
A
Liver Cells
Fat Cells
Muscle
Neurons
24
Q
____ breaks down polysaccharides into di and tri-saccharides.
A
Amylase
25
____, ____, & ____ break down into monosaccharides?
Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase
26
____ stores glycogen and releases it as glucose for homeostasis?
Liver
27
What is the normal glucose level?
90mg/dL
28
____ is stored glucose?
Glycogen
29
____ is when glycogen is made?
Glycogenesis
30
____ is when glycogen is broken down into glucose?
Glycogenolysis
31
____ is when glucose is made?
Gluconeogenesis
32
____ is when glucose is broken down into pyruvate?
Glycolysis
33
What is the net gain of ATPs from 1 glucose?
36
34
4 reasons glucose is the preferred ATP substrate?
Easy to distribute (Small & hydrophilic)
Produces ATP without oxygen if necessary
Efficient storage as glycogen (Glycogen easily broken-down)
Not as important as other organic molecules
35
____ is when lipids are made from fatty acids in the nutrient pool?
Lipogenesis
36
____ is when lipids are broken down into fatty acids?
Lipolysis
37
____ can't be made in the body and must be consumed?
Essential Fatty Acids
38
Why is fatty acid a better energy source than glucose?
Fat stores ATP Energy better
39
Why is glucose a better energy source than fatty acid?
Triglycerides are harder to breakdown and move around the body
40
____ adds an ammonium ions to the molecule to give it an amino group?
Amination
41
____ moves the amino group from an amino acid to another molecule?
Transamination
42
____ removes an ammonium ion from the molecule to breakdown amino acids?
Deamination
43
Water soluble compounds of ammonium ions and carbon dioxide make up what?
Urea
44
____ is the period of nutrient absorption following a meal? (lasts about 4 hours after each meal)
Absorptive state
45
ATP is made from ____ & ____ during the Absorptive State.
Glycolysis
| Respiration
46
____ is the period of reliance on stored molecules?
| lasts about 12 hours or more if starved
Postabsorptive state
47
ATP is made from ____ & ____ during the Postabsorptive State?
Lypolysis & Amino Acids
48
____ is the study of the flow of energy as it changes from one form to another.
Energetics
49
____ is the minimal resting energy expended by "existing."
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
50
What is the average (BMR) Basal Metabolic Rate?
70 cal/hr
51
Reactions that generate ATP also generate ____, which "warms" cell?
Heat
52
____ is the homeostatic control of body temperature.
Thermoregulation
53
____ is the loss of infared heat.
Radiation
54
What percentage of heat is lost through radiation?
50%
55
____ is the loss of heat to air at the skin surface?
Convection
56
What percentage of heat is lost through Convection?
15%
57
____ is the loss of heat when it is absorbed by liquid?
Evaporation
58
____ is the constant loss of heat from alveoli and the skin?
Insensible perspiration
59
What percentage of that is lost through evaporation and Insensible perspiration?
20%
60
____ is the variable loss of heat from sweat?
Sensible Perspiration
61
____ is the loss of heat through physical contact with a surface?
Conduction
62
____ is activated when the body temperature is too high?
Heat-loss Center
63
____ is activated when the body temperature is too low?
Heat-gain Center
64
4 responses coordinated by the heat-loss center?
Behavior Change to increase heat loss
Vasodilation of skin blood vessels to increase radiation & convection
Sweat gland activation to increase evaporation
Respiratory center is stimulated to increase evaporation
65
4 responses coordinated by the heat-gain center?
Hormones are released to increase metabolism (generating heat)
Energy is sent to muscles to increase contractions (shivering)
Constriction of skin blood vessels to decrease radiation & convection
Heat is conducted between the veins & nearby arteries to preserve heat
66
4 types of Intercellular Communication?
Direct Communication
Paracrine Communication
Endocrine Communication
Synaptic Communication
67
Hormones made from "Amino Acids" are ____.
Amino Acids Derivative
68
Hormones made from pro hormone "peptides" are ____.
Peptide Derivative
69
Hormones made from "lipids" are ____.
Lipid Derivative
70
The ____ system coordinates & regulates activities of other cells to maintain homeostasis by making & releasing hormones or paracrine factor chemical messages.
Endocrine System
71
The Endocrine System regulates by ____ feedback mechanisms.
Negative Feedback
72
____ produce hormones but do not have a primary function. (Not considered main endocrine organs)
Secondary Organs
73
____ is located in the brain and regulates fluid glance, muscle contraction, and the pituitary gland.
Hypothalamus
74
____ is in the throat and regulates metabolism and calcium levels?
Thyroid Gland
75
____ is behind the thyroid in the throat and regulates calcium levels.
Parathyroid Gland
76
____ is located in the pancreas and regulates glucose uptake and glucose use.
Pancreas islets
77
_____, _____, & ____ are other primary endocrine organs?
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Pineal Gland
78
What does a hormone bind to if it can't enter a cell?
Surface Receptors
79
What is the first messenger?
Hormone
80
____ is attached to the receptor and is stimulated by the hormone to influence the second messenger?
G protein
81
____ is the molecule in the cell that is stimulated by the G protein to influence cell activity?
Second Messenger
82
____ is a hormone that can enter the cell, has receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and regulates transcription.
Steroid Hormone
83
____ is a hormone that can enter the cell, has receptors in the nucleus & mitochondria, and regulates transcription and ATP production.
Thyroid Hormone
84
____ is 1% of the pancreas and secretes hormones?
Endocrine Pancreas
85
____ is 99% of the pancreas and secretes digestion fluids?
Exocrine Pancreas
86
____ are clusters of endocrine cells surrounded by exocrine cells?
Pancreatic Islets
87
4 cell types found in Pancreatic Islets?
Alpha
Beta
Delta
Gamma
88
____ cells produce glucagon?
Alpha
89
____ raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and the "release" of glucose by the liver?
Glucagon
90
____ cells produce insulin?
Beta
91
____ tells cells to take up and use glucose and tells liver & skeletal muscles to increase glycogenesis?
Insulin
92
If blood glucose levels are too high, ____ is produced.
Insulin
93
How do cells respond to insulin?
```
Glucose uptake
Increased use of glucose to produce ATP
Glycogenesis
Increased amino acid absorption and protein synthesis
Increased triglyceride synthesis
```
94
If blood glucose levels are too low, ____ is produced.
Glucagon
95
How do cells respond to glucagon?
Glycogenolysis
Lipid Catabolism
Gluconeogenesis
96
____ is an endocrine disorder characterized by excessively high blood glucose levels.
Diabetes Mellitus
97
____ is an abnormally high blood glucose level.
Hyperglycemia
98
How is glucose regulation disrupted in type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent)
Inadequate Insulin Production
Must receive exogenous insulin daily
Only 5-10% of all diabetes cases
Often develops in childhood
99
How is glucose regulation disrupted in type 2 diabetes. (non insulin dependent)
Normal insulin levels but target ells do not respond properly (insulin resistant)
Associated with obesity
Can be treated with diet, exercise, & drugs
100
All the chemical reactions in a cell needed to maintain functions for homeostasis are called what?
Cellular Metabolism
101
ATP has how many phosphates?
3
102
What occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Oxidative Phosphorylation
103
____ takes glucose and uses it for energy.
Neural Tissue
104
The products of Glycolysis are ____ & ____.
Carbon Dioxide & NADH
105
How many ATPs are produced from one glucose?
36
106
____ removes and adds the amino group from/to a molecule.
Transamination
107
____ are organic molecules used in metabolism as a last resort.
Proteins
108
____ removes heat by touching a surface.
Conduction
109
____ are hormones made from fatty acids.
Steroid hormones
110
During receptor activation, the second messenger is ____ or ____.
cAMP or Calcium ions
111
Which diabetes is unable to produce the hormone insulin.
Type 1
112
Why is glucose the preferred substrate for ATP production.
Small & hydrophilic
Not needed for structure
Easy to store & breakdown
Oxygen is not needed
113
____ is the formation of glycogen.
Glycogenesis
114
____ is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.
Glycolysis
115
____ is the breakdown of glycogen.
Glycogenolysis
116
____ is the formation of glucose.
Gluconeogenesis
117
When blood glucose levels are too high, _____ cells secrete the hormone ____.
Beta
| Insulin
118
When blood glucose levels are too low, ____ cells secrete the hormone ____.
Alpha
| Glucagon
