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A&P 1 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the continuous breakdown and replacement of organic components in the cell, except DNA.

A

Metabolic Turnover

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2
Q

____ is a reserve of organic substrates used for turnover or energy production?

A

Nutrient Pool

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3
Q

____ is a nucleotide with 3 phosphates.

A

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

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4
Q

How is ATP energy stored/released?

A

Unstable covalent bonds store energy

Energy is released by snapping a phosphate off

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5
Q

Where is ATP made?

A

Cytoplasm & Mitochondria

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6
Q

How is ATP made in the cytoplasm?

A

Anaerobic Metabolism

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7
Q

How is ATP made in the Mitochondria?

A

Aerobic Metabolism

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8
Q

What percentage of ATP is made in the Mitochondria through Aerobic Metabolism?

A

95% - 97%

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9
Q

Mitochondria use what two reactants?

A

Oxygen & Organic Compounds

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10
Q

Mitochondria use Oxygen & Organic Compounds to produce ____, _____, & ______.

A

ATP
Water
Carbon Dioxide

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11
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Mitochondria?

A

Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane Space
Cristae (Folded Inner Membrane)
Matrix (Space inside Inner Membrane)

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12
Q

What organic molecules can be used to make ATP?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids

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13
Q

What happens to the organic molecules before they enter the Mitochondria when producing ATP?

A

Breakdown into Pyruvate

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14
Q

What is the coenzyme that takes 1 Hydrogen during the Mitochondrial ATP process?

A

NADH

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15
Q

What is the coenzyme that takes 2 Hydrogens during the Mitochondrial ATP process?

A

FADH2

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16
Q

Where does the Acetyl CoA formation occur during the Mitochondrial ATP process?

A

Matrix

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17
Q

Where does the Cytric Acid Cycle occur during the Mitochondrial ATP process?

A

Matrix

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18
Q

Where does Oxidative Phosphorylation occur during the Mitochondrial ATP process?

A

Cristae (Inner Membrane)

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19
Q

____ is the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to form ATP?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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20
Q

The ____ contains the cytochrome proteins in the inner membrane?

A

Electron Transport System

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21
Q

____ is the enzyme that phosphorylates ADP to make ATP and is powered by a channel that leaks H+ back into the Matrix?

A

ATP Synthase

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22
Q

What cells store nutrients and give them if they are needed?

A

Liver Cells
Fat Cells
Muscle

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23
Q

What cells take nutrients to use?

A

Liver Cells
Fat Cells
Muscle
Neurons

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24
Q

____ breaks down polysaccharides into di and tri-saccharides.

A

Amylase

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25
Q

____, ____, & ____ break down into monosaccharides?

A

Maltase
Sucrase
Lactase

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26
Q

____ stores glycogen and releases it as glucose for homeostasis?

A

Liver

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27
Q

What is the normal glucose level?

A

90mg/dL

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28
Q

____ is stored glucose?

A

Glycogen

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29
Q

____ is when glycogen is made?

A

Glycogenesis

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30
Q

____ is when glycogen is broken down into glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

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31
Q

____ is when glucose is made?

A

Gluconeogenesis

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32
Q

____ is when glucose is broken down into pyruvate?

A

Glycolysis

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33
Q

What is the net gain of ATPs from 1 glucose?

A

36

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34
Q

4 reasons glucose is the preferred ATP substrate?

A

Easy to distribute (Small & hydrophilic)
Produces ATP without oxygen if necessary
Efficient storage as glycogen (Glycogen easily broken-down)
Not as important as other organic molecules

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35
Q

____ is when lipids are made from fatty acids in the nutrient pool?

A

Lipogenesis

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36
Q

____ is when lipids are broken down into fatty acids?

A

Lipolysis

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37
Q

____ can’t be made in the body and must be consumed?

A

Essential Fatty Acids

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38
Q

Why is fatty acid a better energy source than glucose?

A

Fat stores ATP Energy better

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39
Q

Why is glucose a better energy source than fatty acid?

A

Triglycerides are harder to breakdown and move around the body

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40
Q

____ adds an ammonium ions to the molecule to give it an amino group?

A

Amination

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41
Q

____ moves the amino group from an amino acid to another molecule?

A

Transamination

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42
Q

____ removes an ammonium ion from the molecule to breakdown amino acids?

A

Deamination

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43
Q

Water soluble compounds of ammonium ions and carbon dioxide make up what?

A

Urea

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44
Q

____ is the period of nutrient absorption following a meal? (lasts about 4 hours after each meal)

A

Absorptive state

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45
Q

ATP is made from ____ & ____ during the Absorptive State.

A

Glycolysis

Respiration

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46
Q

____ is the period of reliance on stored molecules?

lasts about 12 hours or more if starved

A

Postabsorptive state

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47
Q

ATP is made from ____ & ____ during the Postabsorptive State?

A

Lypolysis & Amino Acids

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48
Q

____ is the study of the flow of energy as it changes from one form to another.

A

Energetics

49
Q

____ is the minimal resting energy expended by “existing.”

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

50
Q

What is the average (BMR) Basal Metabolic Rate?

A

70 cal/hr

51
Q

Reactions that generate ATP also generate ____, which “warms” cell?

A

Heat

52
Q

____ is the homeostatic control of body temperature.

A

Thermoregulation

53
Q

____ is the loss of infared heat.

A

Radiation

54
Q

What percentage of heat is lost through radiation?

A

50%

55
Q

____ is the loss of heat to air at the skin surface?

A

Convection

56
Q

What percentage of heat is lost through Convection?

A

15%

57
Q

____ is the loss of heat when it is absorbed by liquid?

A

Evaporation

58
Q

____ is the constant loss of heat from alveoli and the skin?

A

Insensible perspiration

59
Q

What percentage of that is lost through evaporation and Insensible perspiration?

A

20%

60
Q

____ is the variable loss of heat from sweat?

A

Sensible Perspiration

61
Q

____ is the loss of heat through physical contact with a surface?

A

Conduction

62
Q

____ is activated when the body temperature is too high?

A

Heat-loss Center

63
Q

____ is activated when the body temperature is too low?

A

Heat-gain Center

64
Q

4 responses coordinated by the heat-loss center?

A

Behavior Change to increase heat loss
Vasodilation of skin blood vessels to increase radiation & convection
Sweat gland activation to increase evaporation
Respiratory center is stimulated to increase evaporation

65
Q

4 responses coordinated by the heat-gain center?

A

Hormones are released to increase metabolism (generating heat)
Energy is sent to muscles to increase contractions (shivering)
Constriction of skin blood vessels to decrease radiation & convection
Heat is conducted between the veins & nearby arteries to preserve heat

66
Q

4 types of Intercellular Communication?

A

Direct Communication
Paracrine Communication
Endocrine Communication
Synaptic Communication

67
Q

Hormones made from “Amino Acids” are ____.

A

Amino Acids Derivative

68
Q

Hormones made from pro hormone “peptides” are ____.

A

Peptide Derivative

69
Q

Hormones made from “lipids” are ____.

A

Lipid Derivative

70
Q

The ____ system coordinates & regulates activities of other cells to maintain homeostasis by making & releasing hormones or paracrine factor chemical messages.

A

Endocrine System

71
Q

The Endocrine System regulates by ____ feedback mechanisms.

A

Negative Feedback

72
Q

____ produce hormones but do not have a primary function. (Not considered main endocrine organs)

A

Secondary Organs

73
Q

____ is located in the brain and regulates fluid glance, muscle contraction, and the pituitary gland.

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

____ is in the throat and regulates metabolism and calcium levels?

A

Thyroid Gland

75
Q

____ is behind the thyroid in the throat and regulates calcium levels.

A

Parathyroid Gland

76
Q

____ is located in the pancreas and regulates glucose uptake and glucose use.

A

Pancreas islets

77
Q

_____, _____, & ____ are other primary endocrine organs?

A

Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Glands
Pineal Gland

78
Q

What does a hormone bind to if it can’t enter a cell?

A

Surface Receptors

79
Q

What is the first messenger?

A

Hormone

80
Q

____ is attached to the receptor and is stimulated by the hormone to influence the second messenger?

A

G protein

81
Q

____ is the molecule in the cell that is stimulated by the G protein to influence cell activity?

A

Second Messenger

82
Q

____ is a hormone that can enter the cell, has receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus, and regulates transcription.

A

Steroid Hormone

83
Q

____ is a hormone that can enter the cell, has receptors in the nucleus & mitochondria, and regulates transcription and ATP production.

A

Thyroid Hormone

84
Q

____ is 1% of the pancreas and secretes hormones?

A

Endocrine Pancreas

85
Q

____ is 99% of the pancreas and secretes digestion fluids?

A

Exocrine Pancreas

86
Q

____ are clusters of endocrine cells surrounded by exocrine cells?

A

Pancreatic Islets

87
Q

4 cell types found in Pancreatic Islets?

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
Gamma

88
Q

____ cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha

89
Q

____ raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and the “release” of glucose by the liver?

A

Glucagon

90
Q

____ cells produce insulin?

A

Beta

91
Q

____ tells cells to take up and use glucose and tells liver & skeletal muscles to increase glycogenesis?

A

Insulin

92
Q

If blood glucose levels are too high, ____ is produced.

A

Insulin

93
Q

How do cells respond to insulin?

A 
Glucose uptake
Increased use of glucose to produce ATP
Glycogenesis
Increased amino acid absorption and protein synthesis
Increased triglyceride synthesis
94
Q

If blood glucose levels are too low, ____ is produced.

A

Glucagon

95
Q

How do cells respond to glucagon?

A

Glycogenolysis
Lipid Catabolism
Gluconeogenesis

96
Q

____ is an endocrine disorder characterized by excessively high blood glucose levels.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

97
Q

____ is an abnormally high blood glucose level.

A

Hyperglycemia

98
Q

How is glucose regulation disrupted in type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent)

A

Inadequate Insulin Production
Must receive exogenous insulin daily
Only 5-10% of all diabetes cases
Often develops in childhood

99
Q

How is glucose regulation disrupted in type 2 diabetes. (non insulin dependent)

A

Normal insulin levels but target ells do not respond properly (insulin resistant)
Associated with obesity
Can be treated with diet, exercise, & drugs

100
Q

All the chemical reactions in a cell needed to maintain functions for homeostasis are called what?

A

Cellular Metabolism

101
Q

ATP has how many phosphates?

A

3

102
Q

What occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

103
Q

____ takes glucose and uses it for energy.

A

Neural Tissue

104
Q

The products of Glycolysis are ____ & ____.

A

Carbon Dioxide & NADH

105
Q

How many ATPs are produced from one glucose?

A

36

106
Q

____ removes and adds the amino group from/to a molecule.

A

Transamination

107
Q

____ are organic molecules used in metabolism as a last resort.

A

Proteins

108
Q

____ removes heat by touching a surface.

A

Conduction

109
Q

____ are hormones made from fatty acids.

A

Steroid hormones

110
Q

During receptor activation, the second messenger is ____ or ____.

A

cAMP or Calcium ions

111
Q

Which diabetes is unable to produce the hormone insulin.

A

Type 1

112
Q

Why is glucose the preferred substrate for ATP production.

A

Small & hydrophilic
Not needed for structure
Easy to store & breakdown
Oxygen is not needed

113
Q

____ is the formation of glycogen.

A

Glycogenesis

114
Q

____ is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate.

A

Glycolysis

115
Q

____ is the breakdown of glycogen.

A

Glycogenolysis

116
Q

____ is the formation of glucose.

A

Gluconeogenesis

117
Q

When blood glucose levels are too high, _____ cells secrete the hormone ____.

A

Beta

Insulin

118
Q

When blood glucose levels are too low, ____ cells secrete the hormone ____.

A

Alpha

Glucagon

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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