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A&P 1 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Biology:

A

The study of life

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2
Q

Name 5 characteristics of living things:

A
  1. Responds to change
  2. Can evolve to adapt to environment
  3. Reproduces & Grows
  4. Moves itself or material within itself
  5. Can acquire & use energy
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3
Q

Define Anatomy:

A

The study of the internal and external structure of the body. (Study of form)

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4
Q

What is Gross Anatomy:

A

The study of things visible to the naked eye

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5
Q

What is Microscopic Anatomy:

A

The study of structures you can only see with magnification

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6
Q

Define Physiology:

A

The study of the function of the body

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7
Q

What are the 7 levels of organization (in order)?

A 
AMOC, TOOO
Atoms
Molecules
"Organelles"
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
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8
Q

What is the most basic functional unity of life?

A

Cell

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9
Q

What is the name of a group of cells that function together?

A

Tissue

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10
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissue

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11
Q

What tissue covers & protects the exposed surface, lines internal passageways, and produces glandular secretions?

A

Epithelial Tissue

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12
Q

What tissue fills internal spaces, provides structural support, and stores energy?

A

Connective Tissue

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13
Q

What tissue contracts to produce “active movement”?

A

Muscle Tissue

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14
Q

What tissue conducts “electrical” impulses and carries information?

A

Neural Tissue

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15
Q

What is a functional unit made up of at least 2 types of tissue?

A

Organ

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16
Q

What is a group of related organs that work together for specific functions?

A

Organ System

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17
Q

Name the 11 Organ Systems?

A

Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous, Reproductive, Circulatory/Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Skeletal, Muscular, Urinary, and Integumentary.

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18
Q

What organ system directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems?

A

Endocrine System

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19
Q

What organ system delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood?

A

Respiratory System

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20
Q

What organ system aids in the processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water?

A

Digestive System

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21
Q

What organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating activities of other organ systems?

A

Nervous System

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22
Q

What organ system produces sex cells and hormones?

A

Reproductive System

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23
Q

What organ system aid in the internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gasses?

A

Circulatory/Cardiovascular System

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24
Q

What organ system aid in the defense against infection and disease?

A

Lymphatic System

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25
Q

What organ system protects soft tissues, stores minerals, forms blood, mean while offers “support”?

A

Skeletal System

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26
Q

What organ system produces heat, locomotion, and support?

A

Muscular System

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27
Q

What organ system eliminates excess water, salts and waste products? It also controls pH.

A

Urinary System

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28
Q

What organ system protects from environmental hazards and controls temperature?

A

Integumentary System

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29
Q

____ happens when a constant internal environment is maintained.

A

Homeostasis

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30
Q

What adjusts physiological systems to preserve homeostasis when the environment changes?

A

Homeostasis Regulation

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31
Q

What senses/picks up on environmental change?

A

Receptor

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32
Q

What processes information that is supplied by a receptor?

A

Control Center

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33
Q

Define Effector:

A

Responds to the Control Center’s command

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34
Q

________ is when the effector opposes or “negates” stimulus to return conditions to normal limits?

A

Negative Feedback

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35
Q

________ is when the effector supports or enhances stimulus to temporarily exceed normal limits?

A

Positive Feedback

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36
Q

What is the smallest stable unit of matter?

A

Atom

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37
Q

Electrons have a ________ charge?

A

Negative

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38
Q

Neutrons have a ________ charge?

A

Neutral

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39
Q

Protons have a ________ charge?

A

Positive

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40
Q

True or False? Electrons are in the nucleus?

A

False. Electrons surround the nucleus.

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41
Q

True or False? The number of protons are changeable?

A

False. The number of protons always stay the same.

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42
Q

Element:

A

A Pure Substance with atoms of the same atomic number

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43
Q

______ is the “number” of protons in and “atom”? It organized the periodic table of elements.

A

Atomic Number

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44
Q

___ is the total “number” of neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus

A

Mass Number

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45
Q

What are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?

A

Isotopes

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46
Q

____ is the average mass of all the different isotopes in an element.

A

Atomic Mass

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47
Q

____ are elements that occur in the largest amounts in living cells.

A

Bulk Elements

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48
Q

What are the 4 most common bulk elements?

A

Carbon [C], Hydrogen [H], Oxygen [O], Nitrogen [N]

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49
Q

______ are elements that are essential for living but present in “small” amounts?

A

Trace Elements

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50
Q

An atom that has gained or lost electrons is known as _____.

A

Ion

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51
Q

____ is a negative ion?

A

Anion

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52
Q

____ is a positive ion?

A

Cation

53
Q

How many electrons can the electron shell “closest” to the nucleus hold?

A

2

54
Q

_____ is the outermost energy shell of an atom containing electrons?

A

Valence Shell

55
Q

Which elements are more stable, Inert or Reactive? Why?

A

Inert are more stable because the valence shell is fully occupied.

56
Q

3 things and atom can do with its electrons to become stable?

A

Share Electrons
Steal Electrons
Donate/Get rid of Electrons

57
Q

What chemical bonds are created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions transferring electrons?

A

Ionic Bonds

58
Q

Define Molecule:

A

Atoms that are bound together

59
Q

What type of bond shares one or more pairs of electrons between atoms?

A

Covalent Bond

60
Q

In nonpolar covalent bonds, atoms share electrons how?

A

Equally. (Neutral 100% of the time)

61
Q

in polar covalent bonds, atoms share electrons how?

A

Unequally

62
Q

_____ is the precess where bonds break and new bonds are formed?

A

Chemical Reactions

63
Q

What is the ability to do work?

A

Energy

64
Q

Define Kinetic Energy?

A

The energy of motion

65
Q

Define Potential Energy?

A

Stored energy

66
Q

Define Metabolism:

A

A chemical reaction that occurs in cells and tissues at any given moment.

67
Q

What are the 3 main types of chemical reactions?

A

Decomposition (AB -> A+B)
Synthesis (A+B -> AB)
Exchange (AB + CD -> AD + CB)

68
Q

What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

A

Dehydration Synthesis produces water.

Hydrolysis breaks apart using water.

69
Q

_____ is known as the amount of energy required to “start” a reaction?

A

Activation Energy

70
Q

Define and Enzyme:

A

A protein that “accelerates”a chemical reaction

71
Q

How do enzymes promote chemical reactions?

A

Lower activation energy

72
Q

What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

Exergonic reactions release energy.

Endergonic reactions release more energy than required to begin a reaction.

73
Q

______ are molecules that you can synthesize or breakdown using chemical reactions in your body.

A

Metabolites

74
Q

_____ are “essential” metabolites that are normally “obtained from the diet”?

A

Nutrients

75
Q

Organic Compounds always contain what?

A

Carbon and Hydrogen

76
Q

True or False: Inorganic Compounds do not contain a lot of Carbon & Hydrogen?

A

True

77
Q

A _______ forms when the partial positive charge from “hydrogen” in molecule is attracted to a partial negate charge on another molecule.

A

Hydrogen bond

78
Q

How do water molecules connect?

A

weak hydrogen bonds that break and reform

79
Q

5 characteristics of water:

A 
Has 3 forms at natural temperatures
Wet & Sticky
Used in reactions
High heat capacity
Dissolves many substances
80
Q

________ is a barrier on the surface of liquid that keeps small objects out. (Water Strider walking on water.) (Allows water to resist evaporation.)

A

Surface Tension

81
Q

______ Is a substance that reduces friction between objects?

A

Lubricant

82
Q

_____ is the tendency of some molecules to stick together?

A

Cohesion

83
Q

_____ is an example of a large mass of water changing temperature very slowly? (Why water takes so long to boil.)

A

Thermal Inertia

84
Q

_____ is the ability to absorb and retain heat? (Allows water to resist evaporation.)

A

Heat Capacity

85
Q

Difference between Solvent, Solute, and Solution?

A

Solvent is the medium that disperses ions, atoms, & molecules. (Water)
Solute is the dispersed substance. (Kool-aid powder.)
Solution is the solvent + the solute. (Kool-aid drink.)

86
Q

_______ is the process where ionic bonds are broken as ions interact with positive or negative molecules?

A

Dissociation (aka Ionization)

87
Q

_____ are soluble inorganic molecules whose ions an conduct an “electrical” current in a solution?

A

Electrolytes

88
Q

How are electrolytes important in the body?

A

Regulate cellular activity

Regulate mineral levels

89
Q

Difference between hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non polar) molecules?

A

Polar (hydrophilic) will easily dissolve in a polar solvent.

Nonpolar (hydrophobic) will not easily dissolve in a polar solvent.

90
Q

_____ are dispersed proteins or other large molecules that remain in a solution indefinitely?

A

Colloids

91
Q

____ happens when a solution of large particles settle out of a solution?

A

Suspension

92
Q

Give an example of an Inorganic Molecule with ionic bonds, an Organic Molecule with polar covalent bonds, and an Organic Molecule with non polar covalent bonds?

A

Inorganic with ionic: Salt
Organic with polar: Sugar
Organin with non polar: Fat/Oil

93
Q

_____ measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution?

A

pH

94
Q

_____ releases Hydrogen ions into your solution and will lower pH?

A

Acid

Example: Hydrochloric Acid HCl

95
Q

_____ removes Hydrogen ions from a solution, usually by releasing OH-?

A

Base

Example: Sodium Hydroxide

96
Q

_____ is a weak acid/weak base pair that can resist pH changes.

A

Buffer

97
Q

Organic compounds contain _____ & _______.

A

Carbon & Hydrogen

98
Q

4 main types of Organic Compounds

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

99
Q

What are the characteristics of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen.

at a ration of 1:2:1

100
Q

A ______ is a simple sugar.

A

Monosaccharide

101
Q

What is the function of monosaccharides?

A

Source of Energy

Example: Glucose & Fructose

102
Q

_______ is “2” monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis?

A

Disaccharide

Example: Sucrose, Lactose, & Maltose

103
Q

______ are numbers monosaccharides & disaccharides com pined by repeated dehydration synthesis

A

Polysaccharides

Example: Glycogen, Cellulose, & Starch

104
Q

What is the function of polysaccharides?

A

The storage of glucose

105
Q

What are the characteristics of lipids?

A

Mostly Carbon & Hydrogen (1:2 ratio)
Very little oxygen
Nonpolar

106
Q

What has long Carbon chains with Hydrogen atoms attached?

A

Fatty Acid

107
Q

What has a straight carbon chain; all single covalent bonds & a maximum number of hydrogens?

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

108
Q

What has a bent carbon chain; 1 or more double covalent bonds and fewer hydrogens?

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

109
Q

_____ are “3” Fatty Acids attached to 1 Glycerol.

A

Triglyceride

110
Q

How are triglycerides formed

A

Dehydration synthesis

111
Q

_____ is a large lipid with 4 connected carbon rings

A

Steroid

112
Q

What makes up the structural components of cell membranes?

A

Steroids

Example: hormones & cholesterol

113
Q

Characteristics of proteins

A

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen
Controls activities of life
Most abundant organic compound

114
Q

______ are Subunits used to make protein.

A

Amino Acids

115
Q

_____ are amino acids joined by “peptide” bonds

A

Peptide

116
Q

_____ is a covalent bond between amino acids?

A

Peptide Bonds

117
Q

____ is the temporary or permanent change in the structure of the protein that makes it nonfictional?

A

Denaturation

118
Q

What can denature a protein?

A

Heat
Wrong pH
Too much salt

119
Q

The function of protein depends on what?

A

The shape or structure

120
Q

What is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction?

A

Enzyme

121
Q

Substrates are known as?

A

Reactants

122
Q

What is an active site on an enzyme?

A

The specialized groove or pocket on the enzyme where substrates can bind to speed up the reaction. (Fits lock & key)

123
Q

What has 1 or 2 long chains formed by dehydration synthesis; is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & phosphorus?

A

Nucleic Acids

124
Q

_____ are subuints of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

125
Q

5 nitrogenous bases

A 
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
126
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

127
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, & Uracil

128
Q

____ are large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & phosphorus.

A

Nucleic Acid

129
Q

2 types of Nucleic Acids?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A&P 1 (5 decks)

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