Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Biology:
A
The study of life
2
Q
Name 5 characteristics of living things:
A
- Responds to change
- Can evolve to adapt to environment
- Reproduces & Grows
- Moves itself or material within itself
- Can acquire & use energy
3
Q
Define Anatomy:
A
The study of the internal and external structure of the body. (Study of form)
4
Q
What is Gross Anatomy:
A
The study of things visible to the naked eye
5
Q
What is Microscopic Anatomy:
A
The study of structures you can only see with magnification
6
Q
Define Physiology:
A
The study of the function of the body
7
Q
What are the 7 levels of organization (in order)?
A
AMOC, TOOO Atoms Molecules "Organelles" Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
8
Q
What is the most basic functional unity of life?
A
Cell
9
Q
What is the name of a group of cells that function together?
A
Tissue
10
Q
What is histology?
A
The study of tissue
11
Q
What tissue covers & protects the exposed surface, lines internal passageways, and produces glandular secretions?
A
Epithelial Tissue
12
Q
What tissue fills internal spaces, provides structural support, and stores energy?
A
Connective Tissue
13
Q
What tissue contracts to produce “active movement”?
A
Muscle Tissue
14
Q
What tissue conducts “electrical” impulses and carries information?
A
Neural Tissue
15
Q
What is a functional unit made up of at least 2 types of tissue?
A
Organ
16
Q
What is a group of related organs that work together for specific functions?
A
Organ System
17
Q
Name the 11 Organ Systems?
A
Endocrine, Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous, Reproductive, Circulatory/Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Skeletal, Muscular, Urinary, and Integumentary.
18
Q
What organ system directs long term changes in the activities of other organ systems?
A
Endocrine System
19
Q
What organ system delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood?
A
Respiratory System
20
Q
What organ system aids in the processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water?
A
Digestive System
21
Q
What organ system directs immediate responses to stimuli usually by coordinating activities of other organ systems?
A
Nervous System
22
Q
What organ system produces sex cells and hormones?
A
Reproductive System
23
Q
What organ system aid in the internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gasses?
A
Circulatory/Cardiovascular System
24
Q
What organ system aid in the defense against infection and disease?
A
Lymphatic System
25
What organ system protects soft tissues, stores minerals, forms blood, mean while offers "support"?
Skeletal System
26
What organ system produces heat, locomotion, and support?
Muscular System
27
What organ system eliminates excess water, salts and waste products? It also controls pH.
Urinary System
28
What organ system protects from environmental hazards and controls temperature?
Integumentary System
29
____ happens when a constant internal environment is maintained.
Homeostasis
30
What adjusts physiological systems to preserve homeostasis when the environment changes?
Homeostasis Regulation
31
What senses/picks up on environmental change?
Receptor
32
What processes information that is supplied by a receptor?
Control Center
33
Define Effector:
Responds to the Control Center's command
34
________ is when the effector opposes or "negates" stimulus to return conditions to normal limits?
Negative Feedback
35
________ is when the effector supports or enhances stimulus to temporarily exceed normal limits?
Positive Feedback
36
What is the smallest stable unit of matter?
Atom
37
Electrons have a ________ charge?
Negative
38
Neutrons have a ________ charge?
Neutral
39
Protons have a ________ charge?
Positive
40
True or False? Electrons are in the nucleus?
False. Electrons surround the nucleus.
41
True or False? The number of protons are changeable?
False. The number of protons always stay the same.
42
Element:
A Pure Substance with atoms of the same atomic number
43
______ is the "number" of protons in and "atom"? It organized the periodic table of elements.
Atomic Number
44
___ is the total "number" of neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus
Mass Number
45
What are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons?
Isotopes
46
____ is the average mass of all the different isotopes in an element.
Atomic Mass
47
____ are elements that occur in the largest amounts in living cells.
Bulk Elements
48
What are the 4 most common bulk elements?
Carbon [C], Hydrogen [H], Oxygen [O], Nitrogen [N]
49
______ are elements that are essential for living but present in "small" amounts?
Trace Elements
50
An atom that has gained or lost electrons is known as _____.
Ion
51
____ is a negative ion?
Anion
52
____ is a positive ion?
Cation
53
How many electrons can the electron shell "closest" to the nucleus hold?
2
54
_____ is the outermost energy shell of an atom containing electrons?
Valence Shell
55
Which elements are more stable, Inert or Reactive? Why?
Inert are more stable because the valence shell is fully occupied.
56
3 things and atom can do with its electrons to become stable?
Share Electrons
Steal Electrons
Donate/Get rid of Electrons
57
What chemical bonds are created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions transferring electrons?
Ionic Bonds
58
Define Molecule:
Atoms that are bound together
59
What type of bond shares one or more pairs of electrons between atoms?
Covalent Bond
60
In nonpolar covalent bonds, atoms share electrons how?
Equally. (Neutral 100% of the time)
61
in polar covalent bonds, atoms share electrons how?
Unequally
62
_____ is the precess where bonds break and new bonds are formed?
Chemical Reactions
63
What is the ability to do work?
Energy
64
Define Kinetic Energy?
The energy of motion
65
Define Potential Energy?
Stored energy
66
Define Metabolism:
A chemical reaction that occurs in cells and tissues at any given moment.
67
What are the 3 main types of chemical reactions?
Decomposition (AB -> A+B)
Synthesis (A+B -> AB)
Exchange (AB + CD -> AD + CB)
68
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration Synthesis produces water.
| Hydrolysis breaks apart using water.
69
_____ is known as the amount of energy required to "start" a reaction?
Activation Energy
70
Define and Enzyme:
A protein that "accelerates"a chemical reaction
71
How do enzymes promote chemical reactions?
Lower activation energy
72
What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
Exergonic reactions release energy.
| Endergonic reactions release more energy than required to begin a reaction.
73
______ are molecules that you can synthesize or breakdown using chemical reactions in your body.
Metabolites
74
_____ are "essential" metabolites that are normally "obtained from the diet"?
Nutrients
75
Organic Compounds always contain what?
Carbon and Hydrogen
76
True or False: Inorganic Compounds do not contain a lot of Carbon & Hydrogen?
True
77
A _______ forms when the partial positive charge from "hydrogen" in molecule is attracted to a partial negate charge on another molecule.
Hydrogen bond
78
How do water molecules connect?
weak hydrogen bonds that break and reform
79
5 characteristics of water:
```
Has 3 forms at natural temperatures
Wet & Sticky
Used in reactions
High heat capacity
Dissolves many substances
```
80
________ is a barrier on the surface of liquid that keeps small objects out. (Water Strider walking on water.) (Allows water to resist evaporation.)
Surface Tension
81
______ Is a substance that reduces friction between objects?
Lubricant
82
_____ is the tendency of some molecules to stick together?
Cohesion
83
_____ is an example of a large mass of water changing temperature very slowly? (Why water takes so long to boil.)
Thermal Inertia
84
_____ is the ability to absorb and retain heat? (Allows water to resist evaporation.)
Heat Capacity
85
Difference between Solvent, Solute, and Solution?
Solvent is the medium that disperses ions, atoms, & molecules. (Water)
Solute is the dispersed substance. (Kool-aid powder.)
Solution is the solvent + the solute. (Kool-aid drink.)
86
_______ is the process where ionic bonds are broken as ions interact with positive or negative molecules?
Dissociation (aka Ionization)
87
_____ are soluble inorganic molecules whose ions an conduct an "electrical" current in a solution?
Electrolytes
88
How are electrolytes important in the body?
Regulate cellular activity
| Regulate mineral levels
89
Difference between hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non polar) molecules?
Polar (hydrophilic) will easily dissolve in a polar solvent.
| Nonpolar (hydrophobic) will not easily dissolve in a polar solvent.
90
_____ are dispersed proteins or other large molecules that remain in a solution indefinitely?
Colloids
91
____ happens when a solution of large particles settle out of a solution?
Suspension
92
Give an example of an Inorganic Molecule with ionic bonds, an Organic Molecule with polar covalent bonds, and an Organic Molecule with non polar covalent bonds?
Inorganic with ionic: Salt
Organic with polar: Sugar
Organin with non polar: Fat/Oil
93
_____ measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution?
pH
94
_____ releases Hydrogen ions into your solution and will lower pH?
Acid
| Example: Hydrochloric Acid HCl
95
_____ removes Hydrogen ions from a solution, usually by releasing OH-?
Base
| Example: Sodium Hydroxide
96
_____ is a weak acid/weak base pair that can resist pH changes.
Buffer
97
Organic compounds contain _____ & _______.
Carbon & Hydrogen
98
4 main types of Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
99
What are the characteristics of carbohydrates?
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen.
| at a ration of 1:2:1
100
A ______ is a simple sugar.
Monosaccharide
101
What is the function of monosaccharides?
Source of Energy
| Example: Glucose & Fructose
102
_______ is "2" monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis?
Disaccharide
| Example: Sucrose, Lactose, & Maltose
103
______ are numbers monosaccharides & disaccharides com pined by repeated dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
| Example: Glycogen, Cellulose, & Starch
104
What is the function of polysaccharides?
The storage of glucose
105
What are the characteristics of lipids?
Mostly Carbon & Hydrogen (1:2 ratio)
Very little oxygen
Nonpolar
106
What has long Carbon chains with Hydrogen atoms attached?
Fatty Acid
107
What has a straight carbon chain; all single covalent bonds & a maximum number of hydrogens?
Saturated Fatty Acids
108
What has a bent carbon chain; 1 or more double covalent bonds and fewer hydrogens?
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
109
_____ are "3" Fatty Acids attached to 1 Glycerol.
Triglyceride
110
How are triglycerides formed
Dehydration synthesis
111
_____ is a large lipid with 4 connected carbon rings
Steroid
112
What makes up the structural components of cell membranes?
Steroids
| Example: hormones & cholesterol
113
Characteristics of proteins
Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, & Nitrogen
Controls activities of life
Most abundant organic compound
114
______ are Subunits used to make protein.
Amino Acids
115
_____ are amino acids joined by "peptide" bonds
Peptide
116
_____ is a covalent bond between amino acids?
Peptide Bonds
117
____ is the temporary or permanent change in the structure of the protein that makes it nonfictional?
Denaturation
118
What can denature a protein?
Heat
Wrong pH
Too much salt
119
The function of protein depends on what?
The shape or structure
120
What is a protein that speeds up a chemical reaction?
Enzyme
121
Substrates are known as?
Reactants
122
What is an active site on an enzyme?
The specialized groove or pocket on the enzyme where substrates can bind to speed up the reaction. (Fits lock & key)
123
What has 1 or 2 long chains formed by dehydration synthesis; is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & phosphorus?
Nucleic Acids
124
_____ are subuints of nucleic acids?
Nucleotides
125
5 nitrogenous bases
```
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
```
126
Purines
Adenine and Guanine
127
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thymine, & Uracil
128
____ are large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & phosphorus.
Nucleic Acid
129
2 types of Nucleic Acids?
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
| RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
