Test 5 (1450-1700) Japan, China, Exploration, American Colonization, Africa Flashcards
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
-After Mongols
-Controlled vassal states who had to pay tribute
-Hongwu and Yonglo
-Zheng He Voyages
-Isolation
-Controlled Korea (but nationalism grew)
-Fell due to bad rulers, corruption, bankruptcy, rebellion (high taxes)
Hongwu
-Son of a peasant
-Drove out the Mongols in 1638
-First Ming Emperor
-Ruled from Nanjing (former Yuan capital in the south)
Reformed China to pre-Mongol state:
-Agricultural reforms: irrigation, fish farming, commercial crops
-Return to Confucian moral standards
-Reinstated civil service exam
-Later became a tyrant and had thousands of officials killed when he was suspicious of them
Yonglo
-Ming emperor
-Son of Hongwu
-Moved capital to Beijing, built a palace complex (Forbidden City)
-Curious about outside world, started the voyages
Zheng He
-Sent off by Yonglo on seven voyages
-Done to show splendor and increase tribute system participation (rather than just to explore)
-Scholar officials said they resources and they should be more isolationist so they were shut down
Ming isolation policies
Trade policy:
-Only government could conduct foreign trade through three coastal ports
-Not fully effective because merchants smuggled cargo to Europeans
Qing Dynasty (1644 -1912)
-Manchus (Manchuria, NE) came in and destroyed the Ming Dynasty
-Manchus originally hated for being a foreign oppressor, eventually assimilated to Chinese culture and it was fine
-Kangxi, Qian-long
-Isolation
Why did China not become highly industrialized?
-Merchants/commerce wasn’t respected under Confucianism
-Chinese economic policies favored agriculture (lower taxes)
Kangxi (1661-1722)
-Helped people accept Manchu rule during the Qing Dynasty
-Reduced government expenses and lowered taxes, appealed to the common people
-Appealed to Chinese intellectuals by being a patron of the arts and offering them gov. positions
-Welcomed Jesuits like Matteo Ricci to his court to hear about European developments (science, medicine, etc)
Qian-long (1736-1795)
-Kangxi’s grandson (Qing emperor)
-Expanded empire to greatest size and prosperity
-Would wake at dawn to solve problems like border issues, missionaries, European merchants, etc
Europeans trade Qing Dynasty
-The Dutch follow the rules (pay tribute, kowtow ritual, etc) and are rewarded with trade (porcelain, silk, tea)
-The British want to trade but not follow the rules (no kowtow, wanted them to buy manufactured goods), so the Manchus says no (they said they were self sufficient, didn’t need them)
Qing/Ming Economy
-Agriculture based
-Better crops, like from the Americas
-Huge population boom
-There was some manufacturing and commerce starting though, but Confucianism favored agriculture heavily
Women in Ming/Ching Dynasties
-Often killed as infants
-Couldn’t carry out the religious rituals
-Worked in fields, educated children, managed household finances, some jobs like midwife or textiles
-Foot binding continued (one-half to two-thirds of women)
Culture in Ming/Ching Dynasties
-Women mainly same role (foot binding continued, managed children) but some got textile jobs
-Culture stayed pretty traditional
-Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan (fiction, about 1700s upper class Manchu society, women depiction was good)
-Drama was popular, especially in rural areas (lower literacy rates), entertained and unified society under a national culture (depicted history, heroes, etc)
Sengoku / Warring States Period (1467-1568)
-Japan left chaotic by weak shoguns
-Samurai seized control of old feudal estates and became daimyo (military feudal lords)
-Lack of real centralized rule (emperor was a figurehead)
-Japanese feudalism, daimyo fought for territory
-Ended by 3 unifiers (Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, Ieyasu)
Oda Nobunaga
-Daimyo who wanted to unite Japan
-Couldn’t be shogun (not related to noble Minamoto clan)
-First in Japan to effectively use firearms in 1575
-Invited foreigners like Portuguese in to get these guns
-Failed to fully unify Japan
-Committed seppuku (ritual suicide) when one of his generals turned on him in 1582
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
-Nobunaga’s best general, tried to continue his mission
-Also couldn’t be shogun (not noble)
-Controlled most of Japan
-Wanted to eventually conquer China so he invaded Korea as well (ended with his death)
What battle of 1600 marked the end of the Sengoku period and who won it?
Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
-Won by Tokugawa Ieyasu
Tokugawa Ieyasu
-United Japan after Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
-Became shogun and moved the capital to Edo (small fishing village, eventually Tokyo)
-Kept the daimyo tamed by an “alternate attendance policy” where they had to spend every other year in Edo, and then leave their families as hostages there when they went back to their land
-Contributed to the return of centralized gov where law was more important than military
-Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate (lasted until 1867)
Legacy of Tokugawa Period
-200 years of stability, prosperity, and isolation
-Gunpowder weapons
-Centralized gov
-Urban society
-Proto industrialization
-Beginnings of a modern society
Tokugawa social hierarchy
-Emperor (figurehead)
-Shogun (real ruler) and Daimyo (large landowners)
-Samurai (loyal to shogun and daimyo)
-Artisans, merchants (rose in this period), and peasant majority
Tokugawa political effects
-Daimyo given land domains (Han)
-1/4 of land controlled by emperor
-Centralized gov
-Alternate attendance policy (daimyo tamed)
Tokugawa society/culture
-Population rose with more food produced
-Rural to urban shift, merchants became wealthy
-Women had more employment opportunities (textiles, geisha houses)
-Urban culture depicted in art (Kabuki theater, woodblock prints, haiku)
Christianity in Japan
-Christian missionaries originally accepted in Japan because they associated them with muskets and European goods
-Jesuit Francis Xavier first, later Franciscans and Dominicans came
-Missionaries converted people
-Tokugawa Ieyasu didn’t like them (ruining Japanese culture, trying to be involved in politics)
-Didn’t want to scare off foreign trade though
-Christians blamed for things and persecuted
-Forced to denounce Christianity (step on the fumi-e)
-Future shoguns always persecuted Christians
Closed Country Policy
-Japan tried to isolate from foreign ideas
-Liked European trade, but not the change in culture
-Borders sealed in 1639 to merchants and missionaries
-Nagasaki port remained open, only Dutch and Chinese, controlled by shoguns (so they had a monopoly on foreign trade)
-Japan existed as a self-sufficient country cut off from Europe for over 200 years
Causes of Age of Exploration
-Europeans first been exposed to Asian spices and luxury goods during Crusades (1096-1270)
-Wanted cheaper alternative than going through Italians and Muslims
-Search for a new route to Indian Ocean
-People wanted to convert non-Christians
Technological advances
-caravel ship (sturdier and triangular sails to sail against the wind)
-Muslim astrolabe (later sextant) to find position using the stars and the horizon
-Chinese-invented magnetic compass
Who led the way in Eastern exploration?
-Portugal
-Prince Henry “Henry the Navigator” big supporter, built navigation school, stuff in Africa, wanted to go to the source of the luxury goods (Asia)
Bartolomeu Dias
-Portuguese explorer
-Sailed around the Cape of Good Hope
-Had to return due to a storm
Vasco da Gama
-Portuguese explorer
-Reached the port of Calicut (Southwest India) in 1498
-Brought back spices like pepper and cinnamon to Portugal
-Treated as a hero for finding a direct sea route to India
Portugal’s Trade Empire
-Took control of the Muslim-controlled spice trade
-Made their trade empire capital the port city Goa (in western India)
-Went to Indonesia (East Indies) and conquered Malacca, also giving them the Spice Islands (Muluccas)
-Successfully disrupted the previous Muslim-Italian trade system and made goods much cheaper in Europe
Ferdinand Magellan
-Led Spain to take over Philippines
-Went around South America to get there
-He died there but his men went on to circumnavigate the globe
-Wanted to create their own trade empire (centered around Philippines)
What other countries drove out the Portuguese control of the East?
-Dutch (formerly ruled by Spain, independent in 1581)
-English (eventually just focused on India, traded cloth)
-French (not really, they failed)
-Each formed an East India Company that could mint money, make treaties, raise armies, etc
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
-More powerful than England’s, so they dominated the area
-Sold stock, public owned company
-Trade headquarters in Batavia (on Java) and expanded to other nearby islands
-Took Malacca and the Spice Islands from Portugal
-Amsterdam became a leading commercial city due to goods shipped back
-Controlled the Cape of Good Hope by 1700 (southern tip of Africa)
Christopher Columbus
-Italian explorer hired by Spain
-In 1492, wanted to reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic
-Actually reached the Caribbean
-Several voyages, started the settling in the Americas trend
Treaty of Tordesillas
-1494
-Moved border line between Portugal and Spain west
-Gave Portugal to Brazil (made them super wealthy, future sugar trade)
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
-Spanish explorer
-Reached Panama
-First European to see the Pacific