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AP World > Test 2 (1200-1450) American Civilizations, Medieval Europe, Religion in Asia > Flashcards

Test 2 (1200-1450) American Civilizations, Medieval Europe, Religion in Asia Flashcards

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1
Q

What civilization did the Maya originally descend from?

A

The Olmec

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2
Q

Maya

A

-Classical Period 250-900 AD
-Yucatan Peninsula
-City-states linked through alliances and trade
-Cichen Itza (Pyramid of Kukulcan)
-Tikal (Temple Tikal IV)

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3
Q

Mayan social classes

A
  1. The king (holy figure, passed on to eldest son)
  2. The noble class (priests and leading warriors)
  3. Merchants/specialists (like master artisans)
  4. Peasant majority
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4
Q

Mayan religious practices

A

-Prayed
-Offerings of food, flowers, and incense
-Pierced their bodies to offer blood to the gods
-Human sacrifice (occasionally, not as much as other civilizations)

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5
Q

Mayan Advancements

A

-Religious and solar calendars (Time was a burden gods would take turns carrying so they had to keep track)
-Calculated a solar year accurately
-Had the concept of zero
-Glyphs (hieroglyphic symbols)
-Codex (bark paper book)
-Popal Vuh (creation story

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6
Q

Mayan Decline

A

-In the late 800s, they abandoned most of their cities
-Some Yucatan cities like Chichen Itza and Uxmal survived longer
-Increased warfare led people to flee +disrupted trade
-Population growth + over faming led to food shortages and disease
-Toltec invaders from the north changed the culture
-By the time the Spanish arrived (early 1500s), the Maya were split into small and weak city-states

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7
Q

The Valley of Mexico

A

-Central Mexico (where Mexico City is today)
-Mountain basin 7,000 feet above sea level
-Lakes, fertile soil, accessible resources
-Many powerful civilizations emerged here (Teotihuacan, Toltecs, Aztecs)

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8
Q

Teotihuacan

A

-“City of the gods”
-First major civilization in central Mexico
-Large city-state with a giant pyramid, apartment compounds, and artisan workshops
-Traded obsidian (used to make sharp weapons)
-Abandoned by 750 AD

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9
Q

Toltecs

A

-From the southwest
-Rose to power around 900 AD and kept it for around 300 years
-Built pyramids, temples, and tall pillars
-Very warlike, society based on conquest
-Worshipped a war god that demanded blood and human sacrifice
-Power declined by the early 1200s

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10
Q

Topiltzin

A

-Early Toltec king
-Wanted to replace the war god with Quetzalcoatl (peaceful Feathered Serpent god)
-Merged with Quetzalcoatl to become a peaceful god-king
-War god followers rebelled and returned the Toltecs to their warlike ways

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11
Q

Aztec origins

A

-Mexica people from northern Mexican deserts
-Came to the Valley of Mexico around 1200 when only Toltecs were in control
-Worked as soldiers-for-hire
-Their sun god told them to found their own city in a place where an eagle holding a snake in its mouth perched on a cactus
-They founded Tenochtitlan on an island in Lake Texcoco

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12
Q

Aztecs

A

-1325 to 1521
-Triple Alliance
-Tenochtitlan, lake Texcoco
-Tributary rule
-Human sacrifice drove expansion
-Montezuma II (weakened empire, demanded too much tribute, people rebelled)

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13
Q

Pochteca

A

-Aztec merchants
-Armed
-Spies for the emperor

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14
Q

Tenochtitlan

A

-On an island in Lake Texcoco
-Capital of the Aztec empire
-Causeways connected to the mainland, canals, aqueducts
-The Great Temple (pyramid with twin temples at top) was in the walled complex
-Huge trade center

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15
Q

Chinampas

A

-Aztec farm plots
-On marshy fringes of lake
-Produced most of the food in the marketplace

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16
Q

Calpulli

A

-Aztec social unit
-Main responsibility was collecting tribute for the Aztec state

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17
Q

Aztec religion

A

-Many gods and religious practices adopted from other Mesoamerican peoples like the Toltecs
-Public ceremonies to communicate with and earn the favor of the gods
-Ceremonies included offerings and ritual dramas, songs, and dances with masked performers
-SO much human sacrifice
-Demanded by sun god, heart carved out on the Great Temple
-Led to expansion and tribute payments for victims

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18
Q

Quetzalcoatl

A

-Feathered serpent god
-This is the Aztec name, called Kukulcan by the Maya

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19
Q

Hutzilpochtli

A

-Aztec sun god
-Only made the sun rise if nourished with human blood

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20
Q

Inca

A

-Settled in Valley of Cuzco around 1200s
-1400 to 1533 was the civilization
-Rulers descended from Inti (sun god)
-Orejones (11 noble families)
-United through Quechua, roads, and Incan schools
-Centralized state ruled from Cuzco
-Expansion driven by emperors needing to raise their own money (money went to their mummy cult when dead)
-Eventually conquered by Spain

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21
Q

Pachacuti

A

-Became Sapa Inca in 1438
-Expanded the Inca empire greatly
-Used diplomacy (offering honorable surrender) as well as military power

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22
Q

Ayllu

A

-Inca social unit
-Organized by decimal system (1,10,100,1000,etc)
-Managed mita system
-Built, farmed, stored supplies
-Community aspect influenced Inca governing

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23
Q

Mita

A

-Inca labor tribute
-All able bodied people had to work for the state a certain amount of days per year
-Farming, producing goods, and building things (canals, roads, palaces) were some of the jobs
-Rewarded with land, supplies, festivals, etc

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24
Q

Incan “socialism”

A

-Communal aspect with ayllu/mita systems
-Not fully because resources not shared equally (1/3 to emperor, 1/3 to religious stuff, 1/3 to the people)

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25
Q

Inca roads

A

-Showed the power of the empire
-14,000 mile long network
-Guest houses built along the way
-Chasquis (runners) traveled them as a postal service
-Helped troops move quickly

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26
Q

Chasquis

A

-Runners on Incan road system
-Formed a postal service
-Relay system, very fast (140 miles per day)
-A job that was part of the mita system

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27
Q

What was an economic difference of the Inca compared to the Aztecs and Maya?

A

The Inca state didn’t allow much private commerce/trade (they regulated everything)

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28
Q

Inca agriculture

A

-Farmers worked on all types of land (state, religious, and community)
-Terrace system to produce maize and quinoa
-Changed the temperature to allow crops to grow
-Freeze dried their potatoes (called chuno)

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29
Q

Colcas

A

Incan storage units
-Food, weapons, textiles

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30
Q

Quipu

A

-Incan accounting device
-Knotted strings represented numbers
-Color of knot also conveyed info (red=warriors)

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31
Q

Inca calendars

A

-Two calendars: one for day, one for night
-Tracked the gods ruling the day/time

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32
Q

Mamakuna

A

-Young women called “virgins of the sun”
-Assisted the priests in sun-worship services
-Drafted for a lifetime of service (teaching, spinning, weaving, beer making)
-Sometimes sacrificed

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33
Q

Cuzco

A

-Administrative+ceremonial capital of the Incan empire
-Temple of the Sun (golden)
-Very splendid- temples and palaces

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34
Q

Machu Picchu

A

-Mysterious
-Had a sun temple, public buildings, a water system, and a central plaza
-Some think it was an estate of Pachacuti, others think it was a retreat for rulers + the elite

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35
Q

Feudalism

A

-Decentralized political system (kings didn’t have much power, local Lords did)
-Common people worked for Lords and got protection in exchange (manorial system

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36
Q

European Cities in 1200:

A

-High Middle Ages
-Age of Faith
-Low populations
-Trade starting
-Way less advanced than other parts of the world

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37
Q

Trade in Europe

A

-Trade fairs in Champagne and Cologne
-Hanseatic League dominated Western European trade from 1200-1500s (German towns and merchants founded it)
-Far less trade than West+East Africa, Middle East, Eastern Asia, etc

38
Q

European agricultural advances

A

-Shift from a two-field to a three-field system in 1000 (only one third left fallow)
-Horses instead of oxen (much faster)
-Horse collar instead of yoken harness (didn’t restrict breathing)
-Iron plows
-Led to huge population increase

39
Q

Causes of Crusades

A

-Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II for help to fight off the Seljuk Turks
-Clermont speech to the knights
-Primogeniture (younger sons wanted power/money)
-Peasants willing to fight to get off the manors

40
Q

First Crusade (1096–1099)

A

-Europe wins, Jerusalem captured
-Four Crusader states formed (Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, Tripoly)

41
Q

Second Crusade (1147–1150)

A

Europe loses Jerusalem to Saladin, big failure

42
Q

Third Crusade (1189–1192)

A

-“Kings’ Crusade
-King Philip II of France
-King Richard I of England (Lionheart)
-Emperor Frederick Barbarossa
-Won pilgrims’ access to Jerusalem, so a partial victory

43
Q

Fourth Crusade (1202–1204)

A

-Europeans and Venitians attack the Byzantine Empire (Constantinople) and loot it

44
Q

Effects of the Crusades

A

-More contact with the Muslim world (commercial revolution, renaissance)
-Church gained power and wealth (cathedrals show this)

45
Q

Commercial Revolution

A

-Bankers started using a credit system (Muslim concept)
-Joint-stock companies (made foreign trade possible)
-Moving away from barter economy and towards a monetary one

46
Q

Scholastic Movement

A

-Created and controlled by the church
-Scholastics were church scholars who combined Christian theology with Greek philosophy
-Thomas Aquinas wrote Summa Theologica (argued that faith and reason should go together)

47
Q

European cities emerge

A

-Large cities emerge due to population increase and contact with the Muslim world
-Land owning Nobles convinced by wealthy merchants to sign charters to allow cities to be created where taxes were paid to Lords
-Centers of trade, commerce, and culture
-Lacked sanitation
-Centers of scholarship and universities (Oxford and Bologne)

48
Q

Vernacular

A

-Local languages, as opposed to Latin (language of scholars)
-The Divine Comedy (Italian)
-Canterbury Tales (English)

49
Q

Capetian Dynasty

A

-Brought France to power
-Gained power and land around Paris
-Eventually became kings
-Combined Germanic and Roman law with bailiffs

50
Q

Bailiffs

A

-Sent by Capetian family
-Administered justice and collected taxes throughout their territories
-Angered the Catholic Church because they previously had dominated the law

51
Q

William of Normandy/William the Conqueror

A

-Lord and Norman warrior who descended from Vikings settling in France
-Rose to power with the death of Saxon King Edward the Confessor in 1066
-Defeated Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings to become the first King of England (William I)
-He gave English land to Norman lords as a reward for helping him defeat Harold

52
Q

King John I

A

-1200s king who started to bankrupt England by losing battles to the French
-A group of English nobles/barons refused to pay taxes to him and defeated him at the Battle of Runnymede
-Forced to sign the Magna Carta

53
Q

Magna Carta

A

-Great Charter
-Gave nobles rights like the prevention of wrongful imprisonment and a right to a fair trial
-Set the precedent for citizens in the future to use documents to limit the government’s power (constitutionalism)

54
Q

English Parliament

A

-Created in the 1300s
-Two house legislature: House of Lords and House of Commons (townspeople)
-Sought to control the king imposing taxes
-Eventually became more powerful than the monarchy (starts of a constitutional government)

55
Q

In 1300, what pope tried to enforce papal authority over kings, and what king did he do it to?

A

Pope Boniface VIII
King Philip IV

56
Q

What happened after King Philip IV asserted his authority over French bishops?

A

-Pope Boniface VIII responded with an official document that said kings must obey popes
-The king sneered at this document and held him prisoner in 1303 (he was rescued but then died a month later)
-Never again could a pope make monarchs obey him

57
Q

Avignon

A

-French city
-Where a second pope lived during the Great Schism

58
Q

Great Schism (1378-1417)

A

-The split within the Roman Catholic Church where two popes ruled from different cities (Rome and Avignon)
-Each called the other a false pope
-Ended with Martin V being sole pope

59
Q

Who challenged the idea that the pope should be the head of the church?

A

-Englishman John Wycliffe
-Jesus Christ was the real leader
-Said clergy shouldn’t have land or wealth
-Bible was the final authority, had an English translation of the New Testament made

-Professor in Bohemia Jan Hus
-Inspired by Wycliffe, taught his beliefs
-Excommunicated, seized by the church leaders, burned at the stake in 1415 as a heretic

60
Q

Bubonic Plague

A

-The “Black Death”
-Yersinia Pestis was the bacteria
-Spread through fleas (carried on rats)
-Symptoms included buboes (swellings) on lymph nodes, dark spots on skin, and intense fevers

61
Q

Origins of Bubonic Plague

A

-Started in Issyk-kul (on Silk Road with Mongols)
-Trade and war (Jani Beg) brought it west

62
Q

Kaffa

A

-Black Sea Port
-Controlled by Genoese
-Attacked by Mongols (Jani Beg)
-Italians fled back home

63
Q

Messina

A

-Sicily
-Where Genoese from Kaffa fled to
-Port of entry to Europe for the plague

64
Q

Impact of Bubonic Plague

A

-Killed 1/3 of Europe
-Trade declined, prices rose
-Serfs left manors in search of better wages
-Nobles resisted paying more, led to peasant revolts
-Capitalism increased (people owned their own businesses because the trade guilds were too expensive)
-Jews blamed for the plague (St Valentines Day Massacre)
-Church lost prestige (praying didn’t stop death)

65
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

1337-1453
-On French soil
-Marked the end of medieval Europe
-When last Capetian king died with no successor, England’s Edward III claimed right to the French throne (he was the grandson of Philip IV)
-French won, drove out English except for in port city Calais

66
Q

Longbow

A

-Cheap, easy to carry, fired quickly (15 arrows/minute)
-Could penetrate armor, very deadly
-Demonstrated power at Crecy (1346), Poitiers(1356), and Angincourt (1415)
-Led to fall of chivalric warfare (knights, horseback, heavy armor) because it was cheap, anybody could be a soldier

67
Q

Joan of Arc

A

-Teenage French peasant girl
-In 1429, Joan had visions/heard from the saints, telling her to drive the English from France and make Charles VII king
-Led the French into battle at Orleans, defeated England
-Brought Charles VII to Reims, crowned king
-Captured by the Burgundians (English ally) and given over to England
-Put her through a trial, burned at the stake as a witch and heretic for hearing voices in 1431
-King Charles VII did nothing to stop this, despite the fact that she essentially made him king

68
Q

Impact of Hundred Years’ War

A

-Nationalism and pride of the kings in both England and France
-Power and prestige of the French monarch increased
-This war is considered the end of the Middle Ages due to the declining power of the church and the loss of the code of chivalry

69
Q

Hinduism

A

-No specific founder/set of beliefs
-Goal is to achieve moksha (break out of samsara) by right thinking, right action, or religious devotion
-Atman (soul of individuals) and Brahman (soul of universe)
-Reincarnation, karma
-Dharma (following rules of the religion)
-Supported the caste system

70
Q

Hindu texts

A

Vedas
Upanishads
Mahabharata
Bhagavad Gita

71
Q

Brahman’s 3 personalities of gods

A

Brahma- creator
Vishnu- preserver
Shiva- destroyer

72
Q

Jainism

A

-Founded by Mahavira in the 500s BC
-Believe that everything had a soul and therefore shouldn’t be harmed
-Typically work in trade and commerce (nonviolent jobs) and are some of the wealthiest in India
-Believe in religious tolerance and don’t try to convert people (pretty much all followers still in India)

73
Q

Buddhism

A

-Siddhartha Gautama (childhood stuff, journey, fig tree, enlightenment, becomes Buddha)
-Four Noble Truths (everything suffers, suffering caused by desire, end desire=end suffering, end desire by following Eightfold Path)
-Eightfold Path (Middle Way, staircase, over multiple lifetimes to reach nirvana)
-No caste system
-Dharma
-Reincarnation
-Monks (vow of poverty, Nalanda)

74
Q

Types of Buddhism

A

Theravada:
-Purer form
-Buddha isn’t a “god”, and is skinny
-Practiced by monks in Burma, Cambodia Thailand

Mahayana
-More popular
-Absorbed the beliefs of the areas it spread
-Buddha is fat (fat=wealthy in China)
-Worship Amatabha Buddha (one of five Buddhas)
-Go back to earth and teach after reaching nirvana
-Nature influences
-China, Korea, Japan

75
Q

What religions fell, and which rose, during the postclassical era in India?

A

-Jainism and Buddhism fell
-Hinduism (south) and Islam (north) rose

76
Q

Why did Buddhism fail in India?

A

-Buddhists wanted to join Hinduism and Islam because they promised salvation
-Turkish invaders destroyed Buddhist stupas and shrines
-In 1196, Muslim overran the city of Nalanda (destroyed buildings, killed and exiled monks)

77
Q

Devotional Cults

A

-Very popular in Hindu southern India
-Individuals/families honored their chosen deities (typically a local spirit/deity associated with Vishnu or Shiva)
-They venerated images of Vishnu/Shiva, made offerings of food and drink, and meditated to achieve a mystic union with the gods to bring salvation

78
Q

Shankara

A

-Early 800s
-Worshipped Shiva
-Wanted to synthesize Hindu writings
-Believed that the physical world was an illusion (this concept was called maya)
-Mistrusted emotional services and ceremonies
-Preferred disciplined logical reasoning as the way to understand Brahman

79
Q

Ramanuja

A

-1000s-1100s
-Devotee of Vishnu
-Disagreed with the importance of logic/understanding
-Instead stressed the importance of personal union with the deity (more of a devotional cult stance)
-Followed the Bhagavad Gita in its intense devotion of Vishnu

80
Q

Initial response to Islam in India

A

-Merchant communities accepted it because Muslim merchants settled down with local Indian women
-People generally resented the religion though because Turkish invaders tried to force it upon them
-There were also few incentives to join because Muslim conquerers didn’t give important military/political positions to Indians, even if Muslim

81
Q

What was a motivation for some Hindus to convert to Islam?

A

-Trying to escape their low caste
-Didn’t really work because often a whole community of the same caste would join at the same time

82
Q

Sufi mystics

A

-Most successful agents of conversion to Islam
-Encouraged an emotional/devotional approach rather than following strict doctrine
-Pious and sincere, attracted people wanting a faith that could provide meaning to their lives
-Let people continue some of their existing traditions

83
Q

Bhakti Movement

A

-Started in southern India during the 1100s originally just promoting devotion to Hinduism
-Spread north and was exposed to Islamic values of monotheism and spiritual equality of all believers
-Failed to fully harmonize Hinduism and Islam but built bridges between the communities

84
Q

Guru Kabir (1440-1518)

A

-Blind weaver and bhakti teacher
-Claimed that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of a single, universal deity

85
Q

Why were religions like Hinduism and Buddhism helpful for Southeast Asian rulers?

A

They reinforced their divine right to rule

86
Q

Southeast Asian States

A

-Funan
-Srivijaya (670-1025)
-Angkor (889-1431)
-Singosari (1222-1292)
-Majapahit (1293-1520)

-Melaka

87
Q

Funan

A

-Mekong River, near modern Cambodia/Vietnam
-Agricultural economy
-Indian Influence
-Hinduism spread
-Sanskrit used
-Divine right to rule

88
Q

Srivijaya

A

-Island of Sumatra
-Taxed ships between China and India
-Kings were Buddhist

89
Q

Singosari

A

-Island based (Java)
-Taxed ships between China and India
-Mix of Buddhist, Hindu, and indigenous religion (syncretism)

90
Q

Angkor Thom

A

-Microcosmic reflection of the Hindu world order
-Center was a temple representing the Himalayan Mount Meru (abode of Shiva)
-Surrounded by smaller temples representing other parts of the Hindu universe

-When the kings converted to Islam, Buddhist temples were added to the temple complex without removing the Hindu ones

91
Q

Angkor Wat

A

-Half a mile from Angkor Thom
-A smaller but more elaborate temple complex built there in the 1100s

92
Q

Melaka

A

-Economy based on taxing ships
-Islamic faith promoted
-Ruling class converted
-Theologians and sufis came to Melaka
-Sponsored missionary trips around the region
-Mosques defined the urban landscapes of Java, Sumatra, and Malay

AP World (4 decks)

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