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AP World > Test 1 (1200-1450) East Asia, Muslim World, Africa > Flashcards

Test 1 (1200-1450) East Asia, Muslim World, Africa Flashcards

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1
Q

Dhows

A

-Small, slender boats with triangular sails that helped trade in the Indian Ocean
-Not good warships, just for trade (too small for cannons and lots of soldiers)
-Demonstrate the time period around 1200

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2
Q

Sufis

A

-Muslim holy men
-Often traveled on dhows
-Peacefully converted people to Islam
-Spread Muslim culture

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3
Q

Globalism

A

-The process of the world “coming together”
-Due to trade, nomadic invasions, and the spread of religion
-Most notable in Eurasia, but also in the Americas and Sub-Saharan Africa

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4
Q

What was a large reason for China’s success?

A

-Agriculture of wheat, millet, and wet rice
-Led to surplus, which allowed more specialization of bureaucracy

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5
Q

Silk Road

A

-Eurasian trade route
-Connected China to the West

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6
Q

Philosophies and religions in China

A

-Confucianism (main philosophy, men over women, influential in government, encouraged order, discipline, and education)
-Daoism (more spiritual and nature focused, harmony)
-Legalism (social order through strict laws and punishments)

-Buddhism (religion originated in India, but brought to China)

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7
Q

Qin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC)

A

-First dynasty that was all of China, united
-Started by Qin Shi Huang Di
-Standardized weights/measures, language
-Dynasty system lasted until 1911

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8
Q

Han Dynasty (206-220 AD)

A

-Civil service exam established, merit based bureaucracy
-Paper invented, arts flourished
-Confucianism
-Large military created
-People still call themselves “People of the Han” because of how important this dynasty was

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9
Q

Scholar-gentry

A

-Civil servants/officials
-Often people with elite family connections due to literacy tests required
-Passed the civil service exam
-Educated in Confucianism

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10
Q

Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD)

A

-First dynasty since the Han to reunite China (had been 300 years)
-Grand Canal built (linked the Yellow and Yangtze rivers)
-Dynasty ended due to peasants rebelling after being forced to build the canal and lots of other labor (more building, fighting, etc)

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11
Q

Chinese Golden Age

A

-Tang and Song Dynasties (600-1200s)
-Also called “Medieval China”, just due to the Western timeline
-Inventions like wood block printing, gunpowder, compass

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12
Q

Tang Dynasty (618-906 AD)

A

-Emperor Tang Taizong expanded the use of civil service exams, allowed the empire to grow
-Lots of Buddhist influence
-Foreign relations: China was the Middle Kingdom, tributary states were subordinate

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13
Q

Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty

A

-More contact with other cultures through trade led to more foreign philosophies like Buddhism
-A special pagoda built in Chang’an held special Sutras (scriptures) brought from India by Xuanzang (Chinese monk)
-More Buddhism -> more printing technology because people wanted to copy scriptures

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14
Q

Xuanzang

A

-Chinese monk
-Brought sutras to the pagoda in Chang’an during the Tang Dynasty

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15
Q

Kowtow

A

-Ritual of kneeling before the emperor
-Envoys of tributary states did this to show their lesser status and obedience to the Middle Kingdom
-Gifts were sent to tributary states for their compliance

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16
Q

Song Dynasty (960-1279)

A

-Song Taizu had military leaders retire and replaced them with Confucian scholars (weakened the military)
-Internal prosperity was the focus (not conquering other areas)

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17
Q

Decline of the Song Dynasty

A

-Jurchens formed the Jin Empire in the north and forced the Songs south
-By the mid 1200s, even the south was no longer safe and the Mongols (Kubilai Khan)took over it

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18
Q

Southern Song

A

-Cutoff from silk road, so had to trade with ocean
-Led to more innovations with sea travel, like sternpost ruddrs, magnetic compass, ships with several masts
-Big cities developed in Southern Song
-Hangzhou was the capital
-Confucianism revived (people didn’t trust foreign stuff like Buddhism anymore), led to things like foot binding

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19
Q

Mongols

A

-Nomadic war-like people
-Largest connecting empire in history (Middle East to Korea)
-Kubilai Khan took over China

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20
Q

Singhasari

A

-Modern day Java
-Made an empire by trading with and taxing ships going through China and India

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21
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

-Chinese Song scholars wanted to bring back Confucianism, so they combined it with the more spiritual Buddhism + Daoism (people didn’t just want philosophy)
-Shows syncretism
-Became the official Chinese philosophy

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22
Q

Tang vs Song China

A

-Both part of the golden age
-Both had inventions and trading
-Tang focused on military expansion and supported Buddhism
-Song was more focused on internal improvements and had a Confucian revival

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23
Q

Inventions of Tang/Song era

A

Porcelain, wood block printing, compass, gunpowder

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24
Q

Champa Rice

A

-Originally from Vietnam (tributary state)
-China spread it throughout the empire due to its ability to grow fast and resist disease
-Led to China’s population doubling

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25
Q

Out of Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, which did China invade?

A

Korea and Vietnam

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26
Q

Silia Dynasty

A

-Korean Dynasty
-Compromised with the Tang dynasty to stop the fighting
-Acknowledged China’s supremacy and became a tributary state (kowtow, gifts, etc)
-Chinese influence (Silia capital looked like Tang capital, elites liked Confucianism, commoners liked Chan Buddhism)
-Distinct traits too (Royal houses and aristocrats, no merit based bureaucracy)

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27
Q

What was Vietnam’s relationship with China like?

A

-Much more tense than with Korea
-Resisted the Tang
-Still Chinese influence (agricultural/irrigation methods, administrative techniques, Confucian texts studied)
-Distinct traits too (many kept their own religions, women had more power and could participate in economics)
-Gained independence from China once the Tang Dynasty fell

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28
Q

Explain Japanese periods

A

-Nara Period
-Heian Period
-Kamakura and Muromachi (medieval periods)

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29
Q

Did China invade Japan?

A

No

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30
Q

Nara Period (710-794 AD)

A

-Japan
-Lots of Chinese influence (the capital, Nara, was a replica of Chang’an, Tang inspired court, Chinese style bureaucracy, Confucianism+Buddhism)
-Still maintained their own religion too, Shinto

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31
Q

Shinto

A

Japan’s indigenous religion, held onto by many despite Chinese influence

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32
Q

Heian Period (794-1185)

A

-Japan
-Capital moved to Heian (modern Kyoto)
-Less Chinese influence than before but still lots (literature written in Chinese, boys studied it in school, business and records in Chinese, Chinese characters in the Japanese language)
-Culture was more distinctly Japanese, very refined culture

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33
Q

Why was the Japanese imperial house so long lasting?

A

Aristocratic clans, like the Fujiwara, pretty much controlled everything so nobody blamed the emperor

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34
Q

Murusaki Shikibu

A

-Female author of “The Tale of Genji” (called the first novel)
-Told the story of a fictional prince, but accurately represented life in the imperial court
-Like most women, didn’t have a formal education and didn’t learn Chinese
-Wrote in Japanese instead (best Japanese literature from the time was written by women because of this)

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35
Q

Heian Period Clans

A

Fujiwara, Taira, Minamoto

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36
Q

Minamoto

A

-Aristocratic clan
-Beat the Taira in a big fight
-Set up their capital at Kamakura (modern day Tokyo)
-Their clan leader became shogun
-Dominated Japanese politics for 400 years

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37
Q

Shogun

A

-Military governor who essentially ruled (emperor was a figurehead)
-Shogunate system lasted to 1867

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38
Q

Medieval Japan

A

-Kamakura and Muromachi periods
-In between Chinese influence times (Nara and Heian) and the modern age (starting with the Tokugawa dynasty)
-Politics decentralized (political lords controlled their own regions)
-Military power more important than anything, samurai became extremely important

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39
Q

Samurai

A

-Professional mounted warriors
-Served the provincial lords (enforce authority and gain land)
-Got food, clothing, and housing for them and their families

40
Q

Bushido

A

-Moral code for samurai, how to act
-If broken, must do sepukku (ritual suicide)

41
Q

Japanese class system (during feudal/medieval period)

A
  1. Emperor
  2. Shogun
  3. Daimyo (lords)
  4. Samurai
  5. Artisans
  6. Peasants
  7. Merchants
42
Q

Baghdad

A

-Abbasid capital
-West bank of the Tigris River
-House of Wisdom
-Circular design with 3 rings of walls (Caliph’s palace and Grand Mosque in the inner circle)

43
Q

Caliph

A

Islamic leader

44
Q

Four Social Classes in Islam

A

1: Muslim at birth
2: Converted to Islam
3: “Protected People” (Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians)
4: Slaves (none were Muslim, mainly were prisoners of war)

45
Q

Role of women in Muslim society

A

-Somewhat better than European, Chinese, and Indian women at the time because Shari’a law provided some rights when it came to marriage, family, and property
-Men still had power over women and women were expected to be obedient
-Over time, Muslim women lost freedoms and had to be veiled in public

46
Q

Sharia

A

Islamic law based on the Quran

47
Q

House of Wisdom

A

-In Baghdad
-Library, academy, and translation centers
-Scholars of all different cultures worked to translate texts into Arabic

48
Q

Islamic science + learning

A

-Muhammad supported learning
-Astronomy needed for 3 of 5 pillars (Ramadan fasting, hajj, Mecca praying)
-Astrolabe (calculate time and position)
-House of Wisdom
-Al-Khawarizmi (algebra creator)
-More practical/experimental than the Greeks

49
Q

Hajj

A

A month where you’re supposed to make a pilgrimage to Mecca

50
Q

The Thousand and One Nights

A

-Collection of fairytales, parables, and legends
-Centered around King Shahryar and his wife Scheherezade who told him a new tale each night
-Shows syncretism (this book contained stories from across the Muslim world)

51
Q

“The Ideal Man”

A

-Reflected the Abbasid Empire’s diverse nature
-Included characteristics like being as pious as a Greek and having an Iraqi education

52
Q

How did the Abbasid Empire eventually come to an end?

A

Destroyed by Mongol armies in 1258

53
Q

Mamluks

A

Slave soldiers, won control over the Ayyubids’ territory from Egypt to Syria

54
Q

Baibars

A

-Mamluk general and later sultan of Egypt+Syria
-Defeated the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut (1260 AD) for the first time ever
-Saves the Islamic world and has the Islamic center of the world shift to Cairo

55
Q

Ibn Khaldun

A

-Scholar and historian
-Wrote eyewitness accounts of the Muslim world at the time
-Used tools of historical analysis like cause and effect and looking at how economics affects society

56
Q

Around when did Muslims rule the Iberian Peninsula?

A

711-1492 AD

57
Q

Umayyad Caliphate

A

-Umayyad leadership destroyed by the Abbasids by 750
-Abdal al Rahman, an Umayyad noble, escaped to Spain to start a new Umayyad dynasty

58
Q

Al-Andalus

A

-Established by Abd al-Rahman of the Umayyad Dynasty
-Failed to expand more into Europe (defeated by Franks at Battle of Tours)
-Cordoba (capital), Toledo, Grenada
-Palace of Madinat al-Zahra
-Golden age, very advanced compared to Europe in its Dark Ages
-Scholars came from all over to work on translations
-Religiously tolerant and very diverse

59
Q

Abd al-Rahman III

A

-Lots of advancements (street lights, running water, irrigation systems, etc)
-Had very diverse advisors and officials
-Very rich, golden age ruler

60
Q

Great Mosque of Cordoba

A

Cultural blending:
-Greek columns
-Roman arches
-Islamic design (red and white marble)
-Currently a Christian church

61
Q

Reconquista

A

-Europeans slowly conquering Al-Andalus back
-Took hundreds of years, finished in 1492
-Spain united by the marriage of Queen Isabella of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon
-A lot less tolerant to Jews and Muslims (Spanish Inquisition)

62
Q

Toledo’s role in the Renaissance

A

The Classical works that people in Toledo translated into Arabic led to this European rebirth of Classical ideas where they could translate and study those texts

63
Q

Dar-al-Islam

A

“House/Abode of Islam”
-Basically just all of Islamic territory
-United by currency, culture, law, religion, etc

64
Q

Three ways Islam spread to Northern India

A

-Arab conquest (Umayyad and Abbasid)
-Muslim merchants
-Turkic migration/invasion

65
Q

Sind/Sindh

A

-Indus river valley (NW India)
-Conquered by Umayyads in 711
-Transferred to the Abbasids in 750
-On the fringe of the Abbasid empire, they didn’t have much power there
-Most stayed Hindu, Buddhist, or Parsee

66
Q

Muslim merchants in India

A

-Formed small communities in the coastal parts of India
-Spread Islam
-Cambay in the Gujarat region was a big place for Muslim merchants becuase it was India’s main trading center
-Often became part of Indian society and married local women

67
Q

Mahmud of Ghazni

A

-Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan
-Invaded northern India
-Mainly just wanted to plunder the country’s temples to gain wealth and destroy Hindu+Buddhist sites
-Built replacement Islamic shrine (didn’t lead to a lot of converting to Islam though, people were mad)

68
Q

Dehli Sultanate (1206-1526)

A

-Established by Mahmud’s successors
-Capital was Delhi (could control land from Punjab to the Ganges River Valley)
-Tried to extend to the south (like the Deccan region) but the Hindus resisted too much
-No real bureaucracy/administrative apparatus and people kept on killing the sultans
-Very little power or influence, Hindu leaders were in control

69
Q

Umayyad vs Abbasid

A

-Umayyad first (661-750)
-Abbasid (750-1258) was very fragmented but held together by Islam and the idea of the caliph

70
Q

Who ruled North Africa while the West African empires emerged?

A

Almohads and Almoravids

71
Q

Where did the West African empires emerge?

A

-The Sahel
-A savanna region just south of the Sahara

72
Q

Who were the first to use camels in the 200s and why were they good?

A

-Berber (indigenous North Africans) nomads
-Could travel 60 miles/day and ten days with no water
-Substantially increased trade

73
Q

Gold-Salt Trade

A

-Gold (from a forest region south of the savanna)
-Salt (from deposits in the Sahara like Taghaza, sold for gold dust)

74
Q

Ghana

A

-Founded by the Soninke people
-King collected taxes (gold nuggets and salt slabs) which kept the prices up because it limited supply
-Some people and later rulers converted to Islam (spread through trade)
-Declined after the Almoravids conquered and messed up the gold-salt trade

75
Q

Animism

A

Belief that things in nature have spirits, common in Africa

76
Q

Mali

A

-Rose up when trade routs shifted east of Ghana
-Capital was Niani (huge trading spot)
-Very rich and educated
-Muslim rulers
-Sundiata (defeated cruel leader Sumangura to gain power)
-Mansa Musa
-Timbuktu

77
Q

Mansa Musa

A

-African Muslim ruler
-Devout Muslim (went to Mecca, built mosques in Gao and Timbuktu)
-Strong military, grew Mali to twice Ghana’s size and split it into provinces
-“Richest man in history”, showered people with gifts on his way to Mecca

78
Q

Timbuktu

A

-One of Mali’s most important cities
-Important trade city
-Attracted Muslim scholars, judges, doctors, etc to its universities and mosques
-25% of people there were students

79
Q

Ibn Battuta

A

-Traveled the Muslim world for 27 years and helped make historical accounts of it
-Visited cities in Mali like Timbuktu
-Devout Muslim from Tangiers
-Thought West Africa could be a bit more strict Islamic

80
Q

Songhai

A

-Gold trade moved east again, rose to power
-Capital was Gao
-Sunni Ali (captured Timbuktu and Jenne, married its queen)
-Askia Muhammad (defeated Sunni Ali’s son for not being Muslim enough, ruled for 35 years)
-Defeated by Morocco (lack of modern weapons), marked the end of W African dominance

81
Q

West Africa’s main empires

A

-Ghana Empire (830-1235)
-Mali Empire (1235-1600s)
-Songhai Empire (1460-1591)

82
Q

Hausa City-States

A

-Included the Kano, Katsina, and Zazzau city states
-Named for their shared language
-Each had an army of mounted horsemen and they fought a lot
-This prevented them from forming one big Hausa empire

83
Q

Origins of powerful East African seaports

A

-Bantu speaking people migrated there and formed coastal villages
-Increased trade from Arabia, Persia, and India made these villages into cities

84
Q

Swahili

A

-Mix of Arabic and Bantu
-Formed due to increased Muslim trader settlement in Eastern port cities

85
Q

East Africa in the IOTN (Indian Ocean Trade Network)

A

-African raw materials brought to Asia (ivory, gold, leopard skins)
-Asian manufactured goods brought to Africa (porcelain, jewels, cotton, cloth)
-Sometimes African manufactured goods were also traded (like iron tools and cloth)

86
Q

Kilwa

A

-East African city state
-Extremely rich
-Its location was the furthest south Indian ships could go in one monsoon season, so cities further south had to filter their items through Kilwa to trade to Asia
-They seized the port city Sofala which controlled the overseas gold trade

87
Q

Portuguese conquest of East Africa

A

-Portuguese ships sailed around south Africa and then north to try to find a route to India
-They discovered the wealth of East African city-states
-They took Sofala, Kilwa, and Mombasa
-They remained a force in the area for 200 years

88
Q

Islamic influence on the East African coast

A

-Muslim traders introduced it
-Even small towns had a mosque and Muslim sultans governed the cities
-Officials+wealthy merchants were Muslim
-Most people though were not Muslim and continued following their traditional beliefs (animism)

89
Q

Shaikh

A

Sultan

90
Q

Qadi

A

-Judge
-Decided cases with religious law

91
Q

Wazirs

A

Government advisors

92
Q

Amirs

A

Military commanders

93
Q

East African enslavement

A

-Some brought to Arabia, Persia, and Iraq where wealthy people bought them for household work
-Some stayed in East Africa and worked on docks+ships
-Some exported to India, where rulers made them soldiers
-Some exported to China, where they were household servants

-Around 1,000 per year and not due to race (different from European slavery later on)

94
Q

What were the important cities/city-states on the African east coast?

A

-Kilwa (super wealthy)
-Sofala (gold trading center, also made cloth)
-Mogadishu (made cloth to export)
-Mombasa (made iron tools, taken by the Portuguese)

95
Q

Great Zimbabwe

A

-Established by the Shona people (Bantu speaking)
-Fertile plateau between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers which was good for farming and cattle raising
-Made money by taxing traders on the nearby gold trade route to Sofala
-Zimbabwe means “stone enclosure”
-Impressive stone architecture
-Abandoned in 1450 (grasslands worn out, bad soil, no more salt and timber)

96
Q

Mutapa Empire

A

-Mutota founded it after he left Great Zimbabwe in 1420 to find a new source of salt
-Conquered pretty much all of Zimbabwe
-Got gold from streams/forcing conquered people to mine it and then sold it to eastern coastal cities for luxuries
-Portuguese interfered with politics

97
Q

Gunpowder Empires

A

Started around 1300s
-Ottomans in the Middle East
-Mughals in India
-Safavids in Persia

AP World (4 decks)

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