Test 4 (1450-1700) Gunpowder Empires, Renaissance, Reformation Flashcards
Silk Road
-Network of trade routes from 130 BC to 1453 (Han Dynasty to Ottomans)
-Cities like Baghdad and Samarkand located along it
-Spread key innovations like gunpowder, compasses, paper, etc
Caravanserais
-Large inns along the silk road to house travelling merchants
Items traded on Silk Road
From East: Silk, Jade, precious stones, porcelain, tea, spices
From West: Horses, glassware, textiles, manufactured goods
Evolution of Silk Road Importance
-Height in the Tang Dynasty (700s) during the Chinese Golden Age
-Decreased when ocean trade became prominent in the late Song period
-Revived during the Pax Mongolica (1200s-1300s)
-By Ottoman rule and Age of Exploration, only used for local trade (other routes became more efficient)
Indian Ocean Trading Network
-Established before the classical period (500 bc)
-Height in 1000-12000 AD and a resurgence in 1400s
-Declined with he rise of Europe in the Age of Imperialism and steamship invention (1800s)
Key players on the IOTN
Africa:
-Raw materials (ivory, gold, animal skins)
-City-states (Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa)
-Swahili (Bantu+Arabic)
Muslim traders:
-Horses, carpets, swords
-Formed diasporic communities (Gujarat)
-Arab dhow
-Astrolabe
Southeast Asia:
-Spices
-Malacca, Srivijiya, etc
India:
-Center of the IOTN
-Calicut (pepper) and Bombay ports
-Provided monsoon winds
China:
-Chinese junk ship
-Zheng He expeditions
Portugal and the IOTN
-In the 1500s, the Portuguese, with their gunpowder weapons, tried to monopolize it
-They failed but still taxed ships and made people buy a cartaz (trade license)
-Them and other European influence led to the decline of this trade network
Gunpowder Empires
Ottomans (1299-1922)
Safavids (1501-1736)
Mughals (1526-1858)
Origins of Ottoman Empire
-Mongols/Timur had already destroyed Abbasid Dynasty (Baghdad) and defeated the Seljuk Turks
-Mongols began the gunpowder trend
-Anatolia was left weak and ready for conquering
Osman I
-Most successful ghazi prince (emir)
-Ghazis were “warriors for Islam”
-Built a small state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326
-West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans
What accounted for the Ottomans’ military success?
Gunpowder:
-Foot soldiers with muskets
-Bronze cannons to break through strong walls
Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror)
-Attacked Constantinople when he was 21
-Breached the walls (first ever to do so)
-Turned the Hagia Sophia into the biggest mosque in the world
-Constantinople was now Istanbul and open to people of all religions and backgrounds
-Center of trade routes between east and west
-Legitimized Ottoman rule by claiming he was the new Roman Caesar (taking over the Byzantine empire)
Selim the Grim
-Came to power by overthrowing his father, murdering his brothers, executing his nephews, and killing all but one of his sons
-Defeated the Safavids of Persia at Chaldiram
-Captured Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina (holiest Islamic cities)
-Conquered Cairo (ending Egyptian Mamluk Dynasty and taking the intellectual Islamic center)
-Secured the East so Suleiman could take the West
Suleiman I (Suleiman the Lawgiver)
-Selim’s son
-Ottoman empire reached its peak
-Came to power in 1520, ruled for 46 years
-Conquered Belgrade, Rhodes, Tripoli, North African coastline to Morocco, and Hungary
-Failed his Siege of Vienna so pulled back from central Europe
-Simplified the tax system and reduced the government bureaucracy which bettered citizens’ daily lives
-Interested in poetry, history, geography, math and architecture
Ottoman Harem
-Where the sultan and wives lived
-Where government ran
-Women often involved and tried to promote their sons
Roxelana
-Influential wife of Suleiman
-Got her son to be next Sultan
Janissaries
-Elite force of 30,000 men drawn from the people of conquered Christian territories (Ukraine and Russia mostly) under the devshirme system
-Could rise to high government posts
-Turned into a social class
Devshirme system
-Sultan’s army taking boys from their families, educating them, converting them to Islam, training them as soldiers
-Sometimes mother would bribe officials to take their sons so they could have a good future in the janissary corps
Millets
-Non-Muslim religious communities (Christians, Jews, etc)
-Given freedom to keep their own laws and practices because of the Quran’s teachings
-Head of each millet reported to the sultan and his staff
-Leads to Eastern European tension (groups never had to interact and learn to get along)
Mosque of Suleiman
-Designed by architect Sinan
-Masterpiece with domes and half domes
-The huge complex included schools, a college, library, bath, and hospital
-Shows cultural flourishing under Suleiman
Tax farming
-Ottoman decentralized tax system
-People bid on taxation rights
-Saved the empire money but got currupt
Tanzimat Reforms
-Ottoman attempt to reform in the 1830-70s
-Tried to modernize military, education, laws, government, etc
-Tried to be more secular
-Failed
Ottoman Decline
-Secession issues (incompetent rulers chosen)
-Military failure at Lepanto against Spain and Italy
-Nationalism (countries like Egypt, Greece, Serbia broke off )
-Empire was finally dissolved with the creation of Turkey after WWI
Isma’il I (1501-1524)
-Seized most of present day Iran starting in 1499 when he was only 12
-Took the ancient Persian title Shah (king) to start the Safavid Empire
-Made shi’a Islam the state religion and became a religious tyrant
-Lost to Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514
-Set the border between empires, current border between Iran and Iraq
Tahmasp (1524-1576)
-Son of Isma’il
-Learned from the defeat at Chaldiran
-Used artillery (cannons) to expand to the Caucasuses (northeast of Turkey)
-Brought Christians under Safavid rule
Shah Abbas (1587-1629)
-Abbas the great
-Similar slave army to janissaries
-Created a Safavid culture and golden age
-Tolerant
-Opened empire up to foreign influence in art
-Hired foreigners for gov jobs
-Made same mistake as Suleyman (left empire to incompetent grandson)
Safavid foreign influence
-Capital Esfahan
-Chinese tiles and Armenian carpets
-Chinese art
-Carpet industry (showed European influence in designs eventually)
Mughals
-Mainly of Turkic origin from Central Asia, some Mongol blood
-Name comes from Mongols
-Invaded India, starting with the north
-Sunni Muslims