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AP World > Test 4 (1450-1700) Gunpowder Empires, Renaissance, Reformation > Flashcards

Test 4 (1450-1700) Gunpowder Empires, Renaissance, Reformation Flashcards

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1
Q

Silk Road

A

-Term coined by German geographer Ferdinand von Richtofen
-Network of trade routes from 130 BC to 1453 (Han Dynasty to Ottomans)
-4,000 miles, across harsh landscapes like Gobi Desert and Pamir Mountains
-Frequent robberies and roads in poor condition

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2
Q

Caravanserais

A

-Large inns along the silk road to house travelling merchants

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3
Q

Items traded on Silk Road

A

From East: Silk, Jade, precious stones, porcelain, tea, spices

From West: Horses, glassware, textiles, manufactured goods

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4
Q

Evolution of Silk Road Importance

A

-Height in the Tang Dynasty (700s) during the Chinese Golden Age
-Decreased when ocean trade became prominent in the late Song period
-Revived during the Pax Mongolica (1200s-1300s)
-By Ottoman rule and Age of Exploration, only used for local trade

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5
Q

Marco Polo

A

-Important traveler of the Silk Road
-Born in Venice to a wealthy merchant family
-At 17, traveled with his father to Cathay (China)
-After threee yers, arrived at Kublai Khan’s palace at Xanadu in 1275
-Stayed on Khan’s court, sent on missions throughout Asia
-His account of Asia made Europe want routes there to gain riches

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6
Q

Silk Road impacts on history

A

-Horses introduced to China which helped the Mongols
-Gunpowder from China changed European warfare
-Bubonic Plague spread along the silk road to Europe

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7
Q

Oriental vs Occidental

A

Orient= East
Occident= West

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8
Q

Indian Ocean Trading Network

A

-Established before the classical period (500 bc)
-Height in 1000-12000 AD and a resurgence in 1400s
-Declined with he rise of Europe in the Age of Imperialism and steamship invention (1800s)

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9
Q

Africa and the IOTN

A

-Provided raw materials like ivory, timber, gold, animal skins, and slaves
-City-states like Kilwa, Sofala, and Mombasa became centers of wealth and inland states like Great Zimbabwe grew rich from gold exports
-Swahili shows syncretism due to IOTN (Bantu+Arabic)

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10
Q

Muslims and the IOTN

A

-Provided horses, carpets, and swords to the network
-Formed diasporic communities as far as China in the Tang/Song era

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11
Q

Southeast Asia and the IOTN

A

-Provided spices and exotic wood to the network
-Religion spread there
Islam to Melaka
Hinduism and Buddhism to Singosari and Angkor
-States like Srivijaya and Melaka grew wealthy from taxing ships between China and India

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12
Q

India and the IOTN

A

-Center of the IOTN
-Important cities like Hindu-controlled Calicut (pepper, calico cloth) and Muslim-controlled Cambay of the Gujarat region
-Provided the monsoon winds that made seasonal migration of merchants to East Africa possible
-Calicull and Bombay (ports) grew wealthy, and therefore so did the Mughal Dynasty

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13
Q

IOTN Maritime Technology

A

Muslim:
-Arab dhow (slender, triangular sailed ship)
-Astrolabe (calculate position of ship with the sky)

Chinese:
-Chinese Junks
Developed during Yuan dynasty
Largest wooden ships built in history
Zheng He sailed a 400 ft long one “treasure ship”
-Compass, water tight bulkheads, aft, rudder

These technologies spread to Europe and made the Age of Exploration possible. Eg. the Spanish Caravel adapted its shape from the dhow and used IOTN nautical technologies

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14
Q

Europe controlling the IOTN

A

-In the 1500s, the Portuguese, with their gunpowder weapons, tried to monopolize it
-They failed but still taxed ships and made people buy a cartaz (trade license)
-Dutch and Spanish then came in
-English and French began to dominate trade due to colonizing the area in the 1700s

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15
Q

Cartaz

A

Trade license for the IOTN that the Spanish forced people to buy

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16
Q

Status of Anatolia in 1300

A

-Mongols had already destroyed the Seljuk Turk Sultanate of Rum and Abbasid Dynasty
-Anatolia was inhabited by militaristic groups of descendants of nomadic Turks

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17
Q

Ghazis

A

-Warriors for Islam
-What Anatolian Turks often saw themselves as
-Similar to Christian knights in Europe in the middle ages
-Formed military societies led by an emir (prince/chief)
-Followed a strict Islamic code
-Raided the territories of “infidels” (non-believers of Islam)

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18
Q

Osman

A

-Most successful ghazi prince (emir)
-Built a small state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326
-West called him Othman and his followers Ottomans

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19
Q

What accounted for the Ottomans’ military success?

A

Gunpowder:
-Foot soldiers with muskets
-Bronze cannons to break through strong walls

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20
Q

How did Ottomans rule conquered people?

A

-Through local officials appointed by a sultan
-Treated them kindly, often improved the lives of peasants

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21
Q

Muslim Turkish army requirement

A

-Most Muslims required to serve in Turkish armies but didn’t have to pay a personal state tax
-Non-Muslims didn’t have to serve in the army but did have to pay the tax

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22
Q

Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)

A

-Briefly interrupted the Ottoman Empire’s rise in the 1400s
-From Samarkand, claimed to be descended from Genghis Khan (not true)
-Conquered Russia and Persia
-Burned Baghdad to the ground, butchered the inhabitants of Delhi (skull pyramid)

-Crushed the Ottomans at the battle of Ankara (1402) which halted their empire’s expansion
-Took the Ottoman sultan back to Samarkand in a cage (died in captivity)

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23
Q

Four important Ottoman sultans who expanded the empire through 1566

A

-Murad II
-Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror )
-Selim the Grim
-Suleiman I (Suleiman the Lawgiver)

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24
Q

Murad II

A

-First of the four powerful sultans
-Returned the military to its former glory
-Defeated Venetians, invaded Hungary, overcame Italian crusaders in the Balkans

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25
Q

Mehmet II (Mehmet the Conqueror)

A

-Son of Murad II
-Attacked Constantinople when he was 21
-Took five weeks
-Breached the walls (first ever to do so)
-Attacked from land and sea
-100,000 foot soldiers and 125 ships
-Turned the Hagia Sophia into the biggest mosque in the world
-Killed the soldier who was destroying the marble floors
-Constantinople was now Istanbul and open to people of all religions and backgrounds

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26
Q

Selim the Grim

A

-Came to power by overthrowing his father, murdering his brothers, executing his nephews, and killing all but one of his sons
-He was a great general
-Defeated the Safavids of Persia at Chaldiram
-Captured Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina (holiest Islamic cities)
-Conquered Cairo (ending Egyptian Mamluk Dynasty and taking the intellectual Islamic center)

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27
Q

Suleiman I (Suleiman the Lawgiver)

A

-Selim’s son
-Ottoman empire reached its peak
-Came to power in 1520, ruled for 46 years

-Conquered Belgrade, Rhodes, Tripoli, North African coastline to Morocco, and Hungary
-Failed his Siege of Vienna so pulled back from central Europe

-Simplified the tax system and reduced the government bureaucracy which bettered citizens’ daily lives
-Interested in poetry, history, geography, math and architecture

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28
Q

Janissaries

A

-Elite force of 30,000 men drawn from the people of conquered Christian territories under the devshirme system
-Could rise to high government posts

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29
Q

Devshirme system

A

-Sultan’s army taking boys from their families, educating them, converting them to Islam, training them as soldiers
-Sometimes mother would bribe officials to take their sons so they could have a good future in the janissary corps

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30
Q

Millets

A

-Non-Muslim religious communities (Christians, Jews, etc)
-Given freedom to keep their own laws and practices because of the Quran’s teachings
-Head of each millet reported to the sultan and his staff

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31
Q

Mosque of Suleiman

A

-Designed by architect Sinan
-Masterpiece with domes and half domes
-The huge complex included schools, a college, library, bath, and hospital

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32
Q

Ottoman Decline

A

-Suleiman killed one son and exiled the other, leaving the throne to his incompetent third son Selim II
-Selim’s fleet of ships was destroyed by Spain and Italy

-Corruption grew and sultans killed their brothers and cut off their sons from education and the outside world, leading to a line of weak, ignorant sultans

-Empire was finally dissolved with the creation of Turkey after WWI

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33
Q

Causes of cultural blending

A

-Migration
-Pursuit of religious freedom/conversion
-Trade
-Conquest

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34
Q

Results of cultural blending

A

-Language (Chinese characters in Japanese language)
-Styles of government (democracy is different in different parts of the country)
-Racial/ethnic blending (mestizo people in Mexico)
-Art (Chinese art in Safavid Empire tiles)
-Religion (different forms of the religion)
-Use of technology/military tactics

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35
Q

Safavid Empire (1501–1736)

A

-Descended from Safi al-Din, leader of Islamic brotherhood in the 1400s
-Located in between Ottoman and Mughal Empires
-Founded by Shah Ismail I

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36
Q

Important people Safavid Empire

A

-Safi al-Din (ancestor)
-Shah Isma’il I (founded empire, lost to Ottomans)
-Tahmasp (son, learned from father, expanded)
-Shah Abbas (golden age)
-Safi (incompetent grandson)
-Nadir Shah Afshar (killed, ended empire)

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37
Q

Isma’il I (1501-1524)

A

-Seized most of present day Iran starting in 1499 when he was only 12
-Took the ancient title Shah (king) to start the Safavid Empire
-Made shi’a Islam the state religion
-Religious tyrant, killed anyone who didn’t convert to shi’ism
-Had all Sunni Muslims in Baghdad killed, Selim the Grim had al Shi’a Muslims in the Ottoman Empire (40,000) killed in response
-Lost to Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514
-Set the border between empires, current border between Iran and Iraq

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38
Q

Tahmasp (1524-1576)

A

-Son of Isma’il
-Learned from the defeat at Chaldiran
-Used artillery (cannons) to expand to the Caucasuses (northeast of Turkey)
-Brought Christians under Safavid rule

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39
Q

Shah Abbas (1587-1629)

A

-Abbas the great
-Created a Safavid culture and golden age that drew from Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds
-Made same mistake as Suleyman (killed/blinded his sons, left empire to incompetent grandson Safi)

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40
Q

Shah Abbas’ reforms

A

-Limited military power and created two new loyal armies (one was Persians, the other was Christians modeled after the Ottoman janissaries)
-Reformed the government with strict punishments for corruption, only promoting competent and loyal officials, and hiring foreigners for gov. jobs)
-Brought Christians to the empire to encourage European migration and trade

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41
Q

Capital of Safavid Empire

A

Esfahan
-Very beautiful
-Foreign elements like Chinese tiles and Armenian carpets

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42
Q

Safavid carpets

A

-Persian carpet weaving flourished
-European demand turned it into a national industry
-Foreign elements over time like European designs when Shah Abbas sent artists to Italy in the Renaissance

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43
Q

Safavid decline

A

-Shah Abbas made same mistake as Suleyman (killed/blinded his sons, left empire to incompetent grandson Safi)
-Started a faster decline than the Ottomans’
-Nadir Shah Afshar conquered all the way to India but was killed by his soldiers for cruel ruling
-His death in 1736 is when the empire fell apart

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44
Q

Rajputs

A

-“sons of kings”
-Ruled Muslim kingdoms in northwest India

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45
Q

Mughals

A

-Mainly of Turkic origin from Central Asia, some Mongol blood
-Name comes from Mongols
-Invaded India, starting with the north
-Sunni Muslims

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46
Q

Pre-Mughal India history

A

-Mahmud of Ghazni invades around 1000 AD with his Turkish armies, destroyed Hindu monuments, etc
-Delhi Sultanate (1200s-1500s), loose empire ruled by turkish warlords
-Delhi destroyed by Timur in 1398 but eventually rebuilt

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47
Q

Important Mughal Emperors

A

-Babur
-Akbar
-Jahangir/Nur Jahan
-Shah Jahan
-Aurangzeb

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48
Q

Babur (1526-1530)

A

-11 year old Babur inherited a small kingdom in Uzbekistan/Tajikistan in 1494, but his elders took it away
-Built up an army and swept into India, laying groundwork for Mughal Empire
-Strong general and defeated much bigger armies
-Defeated 100,000 Dehli Sultanate troops with 12,000 men and then defeated a massive Rajput army
-Loved poetry, art, and gardens
-His incompetent son Humayun took the throne after his death, losing much of his gained territory

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49
Q

Akbar (1556-1605)

A

-“Great One”
-13 year old grandson of Babur, took the throne after Humayun’s death
-Firm defender of religious freedom, married Hindu, Christian, and Muslim women
-Created a minor syncretic religion (the Divine Faith)
-Abolished the jizya (tax on non-Muslims)
-Governed through a diverse bureaucracy
-Redistributed bureaucrats’ land after death, positives and negatives to this

50
Q

Todar Mal

A

-Akbar’s chief finance minister
-Created a graduated income tax based on peasants’ crop amounts
-Very affordable and fair so people paid it
-Brought a lot of wealth to the empire

51
Q

Akbar’s military command

A

-Believed in war for its own sake, said it discouraged uprisings
-Used heavy artillery (cannons) like Safavids and Ottomans
-Made some Rajputs officers to turn potential enemies into allies
-Expanded the empire to a land of over 100 million people (bigger than all of Europe)

52
Q

Languages in Mughal Empire

A

-Persian was the official language of the court and high culture
-Common people spoke Hindi (mix of Persian and a local language)
-Urdu language came out of the diverse Mughal armies (mix of Arabic, Perisan, and Hindi)

53
Q

Art, Literature, and Architecture under Akbar

A

-Miniature paintings became popular, used in the Akbaranamah (Book of Akbar)
-Hindu literature was revived, library built
-Poet Tulsidas wrote a retelling of epic love story of Rama and Sita
-Akbar period architecture included massive graceful structures decorated with intricate stonework depicting Hindu themes

54
Q

Fatehpur Sikri

A

-Akbar’s capital city
-Built with red sandstone and had mosques, palaces, official buildings
-Only briefly capital due to water running out (Agra and Delhi were other capitals)

55
Q

Jahangir and Nur Jahan (1605-1627)

A

-“Grasper of the world”
-Jahangir Akbar’s son
-Weak ruler, left state affairs to his wife Nur Jahan
-Nur Jahan was a Persian princess who loved tiger hunting, horse riding, poetry, fashion, and politics
-Made her father prime minister
-Rejected religious tolerance, only promoted Islam
-Ousted Jahangir’s son Khusrau
-He went to the Sikhs (blend of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sufism)
-Sikh leader Guru Arjun tortured to death and Sikhs targeted from them on becauase of them helping Khusrau

56
Q

Shah Jahan (1628-1658)

A

-Came to power by killing his rivals
-Very cultured like his grandfather Akbar
-Built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal when she died (took 20,000 workers 22 years)
-Also built the Red Fort at Delhi and completed the Peacock Throne
-People suffered under his rule due to famine and high taxes to fund his extravegance
-Became ill, causing his sons to fight over the throne
-Third son Aurangzeb killed his older brother and put Shah Jahan in prison to secure it

57
Q

Aurangzeb (1658-1707)

A

-Master of military strategy and built the empire to its biggest size
-Power of the empire weakened however due to his oppression of the people
-Enforced Islamic laws like no drinking or gambling
-Appointed censors to make sure people prayed
-Reinstated jizya tax on non-Muslims, dismissed Hindus from top gov jobs, destoryed Hindu monuments

-Hindu Rajputs rebelled
-Marathas (militant Hindus) founded their own state
-Sikhs started their own state, Punjab

-Raised taxes on Hindu merchants to pay for these wars, led to even more rebellion

58
Q

Mughal Decline

A

-Aurangzeb drained the empire’s resources and lost the people’s loyalty
-Millions died of famine while nobles lived in luxury
-Central state weakened (3 emperors in 12 years after Aurangzeb’s death, emperor became a figurehead)
-Local lords grew more powerful

-Europeans started to take hold of India
-Portuguese, then Dutch, then French and English
-Shah Jahan let English build a trading post at Madras, Aurangzeb handed them the port of Bombay

59
Q

The Renaissance

A

1300-1600
-The rebirth of art and learning
-Began in northern Italy but took longer to spread to northern Europe because France and England were in the Hundred Years’ War (1337 to 1453)
-It started in Italy due to its cities, wealthy merchants, and classical heritage

60
Q

Italian urban centers

A

-City-states emerged due to the overseas trade brought from the Crusades
-Each city state (Milan, Florence, etc) managed their own affairs like taxes and their army
-Cities were breeding grounds for intellectual exchange
-The rest of Europe was mainly rural at this point
-Bubonic plague struck cities hard, workers demanded higher wages, and merchants started pursuing other things like art because they had less of a market

61
Q

Italian merchants

A

-Wealthiest, most powerful class
-Dominated politics
-Felt they deserved their power and wealth because they didn’t inherit it but got it from their individual merit

62
Q

Medici

A

-Powerful family with a fortune from trade and banking
-Cosimo de’ Medici was essentially a dictator of Florence for 30 years (1434-1464)
-Didn’t hold his own office but instead influenced rulers in exchange for loaning them money
-His grandson Lorenzo the Magnificent did the same thing starting in 1469

-Sponsored the arts by collecting manuscripts and opening their library to the public

63
Q

Italy’s classical heritage

A

-Connections to Ancient Greece and Rome
-Renaissance scholars looked down on the art/literature of the Middle Ages and wanted to return to Greek/Roman learning

-Scholars started studying the Latin manuscripts preserved in monasteries in 1300
-When Constantinople fell to the Ottomans (1453), Byzantine scholars fled to Rome and brought Greek manuscripts with them

64
Q

Humanism

A

-Focused on human potential and achievement
-Didn’t try to make classical texts agree with Christian teaching, but rather just tried to understand ancient Greco-Roman values and philosophies
-Influenced art+architecture and popularized the study of classical subjects (history, literature, philosophy)

65
Q

Worldly pleasures and luxuries in the Renaissance

A

-People in the Middle Ages proved piety by eating plain food and wearing rough clothes
-The humanists said this wasn’t necessary
-In the Renaissance, the wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, music, and food
-Even church leaders lived in mansions, threw banquets, and wore expensive clothes

66
Q

What was a way wealthy popes, merchants, and families demonstrated their importance?

A

-Becoming patrons of the arts
-Donating art to the city, having their portraits painted

67
Q

The Courtier (1528)

A

Baldassare Castiglione’s book on how to become a
“Renaissance Man”
-Men were expected to create art and be masters of all areas of study
-Being charming and witty, knowing the classics, being good at art, riding, wrestling and sword fighting
-Above all, he emphasized self control

-Said that women should know the classics and be charming but never seek fame of create art (just be the subject)

68
Q

Isabella d’Este

A

-Renaissance woman who exercised power
-Born into the ruling family of Ferrara but married the ruler of Mantua
-Brought Renaissance artists to her court and defended Mantua and winning her husband’s release when he was taken captive in war

69
Q

Renaissance art

A

-Continued the medieval trend of painting religious subjects but used more of a classical realistic style
-They also started painting prominent citizens

-More realistic sculpture poses and expressions (Donatello’s David)
-The technique of perspective was also rediscovered by artists like painter Masaccio

70
Q

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

A

-Painter, sculpture, inventor, and scientist (a true renaissance man)
-Tried to understand how things like muscles worked and kept notebooks with observations and sketches
-Most famous works are the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper

71
Q

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

A

-Excelled it in painting, sculpting, architecture, and poetry
-Famous for his portrayals of the human body, showing force and heroic grandeur
-Designed the dome on St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome), painted the Sistine Chapel’s ceiling, and sculpted David 18ft tall in a classical style

72
Q

Raphael (1483-1520)

A

-Learned from studying the works of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
-Advanced realism
-Painted Madonna and the Child a lot
-Filled Pope Julius II’s library with frescoes
-One of them, “School of Athens” shows Classical and Renaissance figures together

73
Q

Women painters in the Renaissance

A

-Sofonisba Anguissola (first with an international reputation, painted her sisters and people like Spain’s King Phillip II)

-Artemisia Gentileschi helped with her father’s paintings and did her own of strong, heroic women

74
Q

Renaissance writers

A

-Used techniques still followed today
-Followed Dante in their writing using their vernacular language
-Wrote for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects

75
Q

Francesco Petrarch

A

-Poet
-One of the earliest and most influential humanists
-Wrote sonnets in Italian to a mysterious woman named Laura
-Wrote letters in Latin to his important friends

76
Q

Boccaccio

A

-Wrote the “Decameron”
-Commented on the follies of humans through a series of realistic and sometimes off-color stories

77
Q

Niccolo Machiavelli

A

-Wrote a book called “The Prince”
-Political guidebook for gaining power and keeping it
-Said most people are selfish and corrupt, so a prince must be willing to trick his enemies and people for the greater good
-Not concerned with what was morally right, just what was politically effective

78
Q

Women writers in the Renaissance

A

-Generally wrote about personal subjects, not politics
-Vittoria Colonna exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo, helped Castiglione publish the Courtier, and wrote her own personal poems

79
Q

What spurred the Renaissance in the north around 1450?

A

-Mostly recovered from the bubonic plague and Hundred Years’ War

80
Q

Where in northern Europe did merchants first have enough money to sponsor artists?

A

Flanders

81
Q

Italy vs. England/France around 1450

A

-Italy was divided into city-states
-England and France were unified under strong monarchs who then sponsored the arts

82
Q

Francis I

A

-King of France who sponsored the arts
-Purchased Renaissance paintings, invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France
-Hired Italian artists/architects to rebuilt his castle at Fontainbleau (became a showcase of the northern Renaissance)

83
Q

What was different about the northern Renaissance?

A

-Mingled with northern traditions
-Northern humanists were more interested in the religious ideas than secular themes in Italy

84
Q

How did the Renaissance spread to Italy?

A

-French king invaded Italy seeking the throne of Naples
-Italian artists and writers fled for a safer life in the north
-Northern artists went down to Italy to study and brought those ideas back

85
Q

Albrecht Durer

A

-German artist that traveled to Italy to study art in 1494 and brought back Renaissance to Germany
-Woodcutting, engravings, realistic landscapes, self portrait of himself as a renaissance man
-Portrayed religious subjects and classical myths in his art

86
Q

Hans Holbein the younger

A

-German artist inspired by Albrecht Durer to use realism
-Painted photographic looking portraits
-Successful in England and painted portraits of King Henry VIII and the royal family

87
Q

Flanders

A

-Artistic center of northern Europe
-Wealthy merchant families liked the emphasis on individualism + worldly pleasures, and were patrons to artists

88
Q

Jan van Eyck (late 1300s-1441)

A

-First great Flemish Renaissance painter
-Developed techniques with recently discovered oil paint that are still used today (layering)
-Used realism and depicted personality, inspiring others to do the same

89
Q

Pieter Bruegel the elder (1525-1569)

A

-Peak of Flemish painting
-Used realism
-Focus on peasant life in his paintings, but also illustrated proverbs and large groups of people

90
Q

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)

A

-Christian humanist from Holland
-Friends with Thomas More
-Wrote in Latin

-Praised by princes, kings, and cardinals for his writing
-Wrote “The Praise of Folly” which poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests

-Believed in Christianity of the heart (not ceremonies/rules) and thought everyone should read the Bible

91
Q

Thomas More (1478-1535)

A

-Christian humanist from England
-Friends with Desiderius Erasmus
-Wrote in Latin

-Wrote the book “Utopia” in 1516 which shapes our definition of the word utopia (originally meant “no place”)

92
Q

Francois Rabelais (1480s-1553)

A

-French humanist
-Wrote in his vernacular (French)
-More secular than Erasmus and More
-Believed humans were good and didn’t need religion to guide them

-Wrote a comedic adventure “Gargantua and Pantagruel” which poked fun at this society in a humorous way while making serious points (humanity, education, government)

93
Q

William Shakespeare (1564-1616)

A

-“Greatest playwright of all time”
-Born in Stratford-Upon-Avon, eventually in Renaissance London
-Commanded the English language, showed understanding of human beings
-Expressed Renaissance view of good human nature sometimes (mainly just examined human flaws though)
-Renaissance connection to the classics (wrote tragedy of Julius Caesar

94
Q

Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)

A

-Another name for England’s Renaissance
-Named for Queen Elizabeth I
-Well educated in many languages and wrote poetry
-Patron to artists and respected by them

95
Q

History of printing

A

-Began in China with block printing
-China started moveable type printing (not practical because alphabet is so big)
-Block printing arrives in Europe in the 1200s
-Johann Gutenburg reinvents movable type (1440) and then invents the printing press

96
Q

Gutenburg Bible (1455)

A

-Named for Johann Gutenberg, inventor of the printing press
-First full-sized book from printing press

97
Q

Spread of printing/books

A

-Books became cheap enough for many to buy them
-By 1500, 250 cities had presses and 9-10 million books had been printed
-Mainly religious works at first, but then other subjects like travel and medicine
-Literacy increased
-Vernacular use increased in writing (more than just Latin scholars could read now)
-Bible printed in vernacular, more people made their own interpretations, demands for religious reforms

98
Q

End of the Renaissance

A

-By the 1600s, new ideas and styles appeared and replaced the Renaissance ones
-Renaissance continued to impact European thought (eg dignity of individual led to democratic ideas)

99
Q

Causes of Reformation

A

-Renaissance emphasis on the individual and secular ideas challenged church authority
-Printing press spread secular themes
-Rulers resented pope’s attempts to control them
-Merchants hated paying church taxes to Rome

100
Q

Where did the Reformation start?

A

Germany

101
Q

Problems with the Catholic church

A

-Corruption
-Popes spent money extravagantly for personal pleasure and didn’t spend much time on spiritual duties
-Many priests couldn’t read
-Priests broke their vows often by marrying, gambling, etc

102
Q

Pre-Martin Luther calls for church reform

A

1300s-1400s: John Wycliffe and Jan Hus
-Pope shouldn’t have worldly power
-Bible has more authority than pope

1500s: Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More
-Christian humanists who criticized the church

Girolamo Savonarola
-Italian friar, came to Florence in 1490s
-Fiery sermons, called for reform
-People burned worldly possessions like gambling equipment
-Florence turned on him and had him executed for herecy

103
Q

Martin Luther

A

-Became a monk in 1505
-Taught scripture at Wittenburg University in Saxony (Germany)
-Started the Reformation

104
Q

Johann Tetzel

A

-Friar who raised money to rebuild a cathedral by selling indulgences
-Pardons that released a sinner from performing the penalty for their sin
-People thought they could buy their way into heaver

105
Q

The 95 Theses

A

-Published by Martin Luther
-Attacked “pardon-merchants” like Tetzel
-Posted on the castle church door in Wittenburg to foster debate with scholars
-Somebody took them to a printer and they spread across Germany

106
Q

The Reformation

A

-Started by Martin Luther
-Movement for religious reform
-LEd to the founding of Christian churches who didn’t accept the pope’s authority

107
Q

What ideas did Luther base his call for reform on?

A

-Salvation is only won by faith or forgiveness
-Church teachings based on Bible (pope and church traditions are false authorities)
-All people with faith are equal, priests not necessary to “interpret God”

108
Q

What did Pope Leo X do in response to Luther becoming more radical?

A

-Threatened him with excommunication unless he took back his words
-He didn’t, he threw the decree into a bonfire
-He was excommunicated

109
Q

Charles V

A

-Holy Roman Emperor
-Devout Catholic, opposed Luther
-Summoned him to Worms to stand trial and take back his statements
-When he refused, he issued the Edict of Worms which said he was a heretic and nobody could help him with food/shelter

110
Q

Prince Frederick of Saxony

A

-Sheltered Luther after the Edict of Worms for a year
-Luther translated the New Testament into German that year

111
Q

How had priests in Wittenberg put Martin Luther’s ideas into practice when he returned?

A

-Dressed in ordinary clothes
-Called themselves ministers
-Led services in German
-Some married

112
Q

Lutherans

A

-Martin Luther supporters
-A new faith/group, no longer trying to reform Catholic church

113
Q

German peasant revolt 1524

A

-People inspired by Luther’s revolutionary ideas
-German peasants demanded an end to serfdom
-Raided monasteries, pillaged, burned things

-Luther hated this and had the German princes crush them (100,000 massacred)
-Many peasants now felt betrayed

114
Q

Why did many German priests support Lutheranism and what did they call themselves?

A

-His teachings were an excuse to assert their independence from Charles V
-Called themselves the Protestants (because they protested the Catholic gov)

115
Q

Peace of Augsburg (1535)

A

-End to the fighting between Catholic and Protestant German priests
-Managed by Charles V
-Each state’s ruler could choose their state’s religion

116
Q

What problem did Henry VIII have?

A

-His wife Catherine only gave him a daughter (Mary)
-Needed a male heir
-Wanted to divorce her (not allowed without annulment)
-Pope didn’t annul the marriage because Catherine’s niece was the Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V)

117
Q

Who did Henry secretly marry in 1533 before his divorce was legal?

A

Anne Boleyn

118
Q

Act of Supremacy

A

-Passed by the Reformation Parliament
-Made the English king leader of England’s church (no longer the pope)

119
Q

How did Henry VIII gain power/wealth after becoming supreme head of England’s church?

A

-Closing all the monasteries
-Seized their money and land (20% of all English land)

120
Q

Henry VIII’s legitimate kids

A

Ruled after his death in 1547

Edward VI
-Mother was Jane Seymor (3rd wife)
-King at nine years old, lasted six years
-Protestants gained power

Mary I
-“Bloody Mary”
-Mother was Catherine of Aragon
-Returned English Church to pope’s rule
-Had Protestants killed

Elizabeth I
-Mother was Anne Boleyn
-Returned Protestantism

121
Q

Elizabeth I

A

-Had the church return to Henry VIII’s setup
-Don’t go to church=pay a fine
-Became head of the Anglican church

Protestant/Catholic Compromises:
-Priests could marry and sermon in English
-C of E kept vibe of Catholic church (robes, crucifixes) and Book of Common Prayer was pretty Catholic

122
Q

Spanish Armada

A

-Led by Philip II of Spain because he was Catholic and Elizabeth supported Protestants who rebelled against him
-130 ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers
-England defeated them (with the help of bad weather)

AP World (4 decks)

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