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A & P I > Test #4 review > Flashcards

Test #4 review Flashcards

1
Q

ventral horn

A

site of efferent soma

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2
Q

dorsal horn

A

site of axons and afferent neurons

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3
Q

lateral horn

A

horn containing autonomic neurons

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4
Q

ventral horn

A

multipolar neurons are common here.

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5
Q

The stage when vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature) reach their lowest normal levels.

A

NREM stage 4

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6
Q

Indicated by movement of the eyes under the lids; dreaming occurs.

A

REM

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7
Q

Theta and delta waves begin to appear

A

NREM stage 3

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8
Q

very easy to awaken; EEG shows alpha waves; may even deny being asleep.

A

NREM stage 1

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9
Q

typified by sleep spindles

A

NREM stage 2

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10
Q

begins about 90 minutes after the onset of sleep

A

REM

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11
Q

necessary for emotional health; may be neural “debugging”

A

REM

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12
Q

Gateway to the cerebrum

A

Thalamus

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13
Q

gateway to the cerebrum

A

thalamus

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14
Q

motor command center

A

cerebellum

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15
Q

survival center

A

brain stem

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16
Q

executive suite

A

cerebrum

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17
Q

visceral command center

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

formed by the union of a cranial and a spinal root

A

accessory nerve

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19
Q

receptors located in epithelium of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory nerve

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20
Q

serves the senses of hearing and equilibrium

A

vestibulocochlear

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21
Q

helps to regulate blood pressure and digestion

A

vagus

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22
Q

turns the eyeball laterally

A

abducens

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23
Q

innervates the superior oblique muscle

A

trochlear

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24
Q

longest cranial nerve

A

vagus

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25
Q

damage to this nerve would cause dizziness, nausea and loss of balance

A

vestibulocochlear

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26
Q

involved in movement of the digestive tract

A

vagus

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27
Q

damage to this nerve would cause difficulty in speech and swallowing, but no effect on visceral organs

A

hypoglossal

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28
Q

damage to this nerve would keep the eye from rotating inferolaterally

A

trochlear

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29
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision

A

parasympathetic division

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30
Q

the division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity or to cope with some stressor (danger, excitement, ); the fight, fright, and fligth subdivision.

A

sympathetic division.

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31
Q

short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers

A

sympathetic

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32
Q

collateral ganglia

A

sympathetic

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33
Q

active after you have eaten a meal

A

parasympathetic

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34
Q

decreases heart rate

A

parasympathetic

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35
Q

maintenance functions

A

parasympathetic

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36
Q

stimulates ciliary muscles of the eye

A

parasympathetic

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37
Q

increases blood pressure

A

sympathetic

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38
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  • control the chemical environment around neurons.
  • guide the migration of young neurons, synapase formation, and helping to determine capillary permability
  • anchors neurons to blood vessles
  • support and brace neurons.
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39
Q

ANS

A

motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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40
Q

What are the ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving cerebrospinal fluid called?

A

ependymal cells.

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41
Q

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

A

frequency of action potentials.

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42
Q

Where are bipolar neurons commonly found?

A

In the retina of the eye,

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43
Q

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?

A

voltage-gated channel

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44
Q

An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the

A

synapse

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45
Q

What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?

A

destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings.

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46
Q

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

A

innervation of glands
innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
innervation of cardiac muscle.

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47
Q

immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?

A

potassium

48
Q

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs)

A

are crucial for the development of neural connections.

49
Q

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential is associated with

A

hyperpolarization.

50
Q

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A

a single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

51
Q

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a

A

generator potential.

52
Q

Which brain nucleus is the body’s “biological clock”?

A

suprachiastmatic nucleus.

53
Q

nuclei of cranial nerves, V, VI and VII are found in the

A

pons.

54
Q

The arbor vitae refers to

A

cerebellar white matter.

55
Q

the brain stem consists of the

A

midbrain, medulla and pons.

56
Q

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

57
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located in the

A

temporal lobe.

58
Q

Why does a hyperpolarization phase generally follow a repolarization phase in an action potential?

A

In hyperpolarization some K channels remain open and NA channels reset. The period of increased K permeability typically lasts longer than needed to restore the resting state. As a result of the excessive K efflux before the K channels close, a hyperpolarization is seen on the AP curve as a slight dip following a spike.

59
Q

What term best describes the cerebrum?

A

executive suite

60
Q

A shallow grove on the surface of the cortex is called a

A

sulcus.

61
Q

Generalizations of the cerebral cortex

A
  • the hemispheres are NOT exactly equal in function
  • each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body
  • No functional area of the cortex works alone
  • There cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas.
62
Q

If the causal portion of the Neural tube failed to develop properly the

A

spinal cord may be affected.

63
Q

The blood-brain barrier is effective against

A

metabolic waste such as urea.

64
Q

All of the following structures are of the limbic system

A

cingulate gyrus
amygdaloid nucleus
hippocampus
but caudate nucleus is not.

65
Q

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called

A

association.

66
Q

What category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

A

procedural

67
Q

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the

A

reticular formation.

68
Q

What does normal cerebrospinal fluid contain?

A

potassium, protein, glucose but NOT red blood cells

69
Q

White matter is found in

A

the outer portion of the spinal cord, the corpus callosum, and the corticospinal tracts but not in the cerebral cortex.

70
Q

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus

A

absolute refractory period

71
Q

the interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions.

A

depolarization

72
Q

the specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability.

A

repolarization

73
Q

also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.

A

action potential

74
Q

an exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response

A

relative refractory period.

75
Q

cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying

A

outside the central nervouse system.

76
Q

Myelination of the nerve fibers in the CNS is

A

the job of the oligodendrocyte

77
Q

during depolarization the inside the neuron’s membrane becomes

A

more positive.

78
Q

in the myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at

A

the nodes of ranvier

79
Q

large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulses much faster than

A

small-diameter fibers.

80
Q

The action potential is caused by permeability changes

A

in the plasma membrane.

81
Q

nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart’s rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

A

parasympathetic division

82
Q

If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies

A

that the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons.

83
Q

immediately after an action potential has peaked which cellular gates open?

A

potassium

84
Q

an inhibitory postsynaptic potential is associated with

A

hyperpolarization.

85
Q

second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the

A

thalamus

86
Q

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the

A

premotor cortex.

87
Q

Which brain waves are not normal for awake adults but are common for children?

A

theta

88
Q

pressure, pain and temperature receptors in the skin are

A

exteroceptors

89
Q

potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by

A

nociceptors

90
Q

which receptors adapt most slowly?

A

nociceptors

91
Q

nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are

A

afferent nerves.

92
Q

Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?

A

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector

93
Q

The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of

A

sympathetic stimulation

94
Q

Describe the ANS.

A

a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
-general visceral motor system
-involuntary nervous system
It is NOT a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells.

95
Q

Preparing the body for the “flight-or-fight” response is the role of the

A

sympathetic nervous system.

96
Q

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except

A

all of the neurotransmitters.

97
Q

the somatic and autonomic nervous system differ

A

to some degree in target responses to their neurotransmitters, their efferent pathways and their effectors.

98
Q

Where do you find a cholinergeric nicotinic receptor?

A

-skeletal muscle motor end plates
- all postganglionic neurons
- adrenal medulla hormone producing cells
but you do not find them in parasympathetic target organs.

99
Q

Control of temperature, endocrine activity and thirst are functions associated with the

A

hypothalmus.

100
Q

Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle. BUT most glands, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are controlled by the ANS.

101
Q

Which of the following is not a result of the parasympathetic stimulation?

A

dilation of the pupils.

102
Q

Examples of parasympathetic stimulation.

A

increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
elimination of urine
salivation

103
Q

Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long post ganglionic fibers;

A

parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers.

104
Q

Sympathetic origin is th thoracolumbar

A

parasympathetic origin is craniosacral

105
Q

sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS

A

parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served.

106
Q

sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers

A

parasympathetic has minimal branchin of pregagnlionic fibers.

107
Q

sympathetic responses generally are widespread because

A

NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response.

108
Q

Sympathetic division stimulation cause

A

increased blood glucose, decrease GI peristalsis and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

109
Q

The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the

A

tenth cranial nerve.

110
Q

The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the

A

vagus nerve.

111
Q

para sympathetic functions include

A

lens accommodation for close vision.

112
Q

Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the

A

hypothalamus.

113
Q

What seven areas of the body does the hypothalamus control?

A
  • control the ANS, regulates the ANS activitity by controling the activity centers in the brain stem and spinal cord.
  • initiate physical responses to emotions. for example, a fearful person has a pounding heart, high blood pressure, pallor, sweating and a dry mouth.
  • regulate food intake: in response to changing bllod levels of certain nutrients (glucose and amino acids) or hormones, the hypothalamus regulates feelings of hunger and satiety.
  • regulate water balance and thirst
  • regulate sleep-wake cycle: suprachiasmatic nucleus sets the timing of the sleep cycle.
  • control endocrine system function: it’s releasing and inhibiting hormones control the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.
114
Q

Names an exteroceptor that is not a cutaneous receptor and explain why it is called an exteroceptor.

A

Exteroceptors that are not cutaneous receptors include the chemoreceptors of the tongue and nasal mucosa, the photoreceptors of the eyes, and the mechanoreceptors of the inner ear. These all monitor changes in the external environment, so they are classified as exteroceptors.

115
Q

How is hypertension (high blood pressure) related to the ANS?

A

Hypertension may result fro an overactive sympathetic vasoconstrictor response promoted by continuous high levels of stress. Hypertension is sometimes treated with andrenergic receptor-blocking drugs that counteract the effects of the sympathetic nervous system on the cardiovascular system.

116
Q

Compare the somatic system and autonomic system, structurally and functionally.

A

The somatic nervous system stimulates skeletal muscles whereas the ANS innervates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. they differ in their effectors, efferent pathways and Target organ responses.
In the somatic nervous system, the motor neuron cell bodies are in the CNS, and their axons extend in spinal or cranial nerves all the way to the skeletal muscles they activate. Somatic motor fibers are typically thick, heavily myelinated Group A fibers that conduct nerve impulses rapidly.
In contrast, the ANS uses a two-nueron chain to reach it’s effectors:
1. The cell body of the first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the brain or spinal cord. Its axon, the preganglionic axon, synapses with the second motor neuron.
2. The postganglionic neuron (sometimes called the ganglionic neuron) is the second motor neuron. Its cell body is in an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS. Its axon, the postganglionic axon extends to the effector organ.
Because the preganglionic axons are thin, lightly myelinated fibers, and the postganglionic axons are even thinner and nonmyelinated, conduction through the ANS is slower that conduction in the somatic nervous system
-Somatic motor division lacks lacks ganglia entirely.
-All somatic motor neurons release one neurotransmitter, ACh while Autonomic postganglionic fibers release two neurotransmitters, NE which is secreted by most sympathetic fibers and ACh secreted by parasympathetic fibers.
Most of the body;s adaptations to changing internal and external conditions involve both skeletal muscles and visceral organs.

A & P I (15 decks)

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