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A & P I > Chapter 8 joints > Flashcards

Chapter 8 joints Flashcards

1
Q

joints

A

the junction of two or more bones

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2
Q

synarthosis

A

immovable joint

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3
Q

amphiarthorsis

A

a slightly movable joint

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4
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable joint

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5
Q

fibrous joints

A

bones joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity is present

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6
Q

suture

A

an immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all the bones of the skull are united by sutures

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7
Q

synostoses

A

a completely ossified joint; a fused joint

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8
Q

syndesmosis

A

a fibrous joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue

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9
Q

gomphosis

A

a fibrous joint; peg-in-socket fibrous joint, ex. tooth with bony alveolar socket.

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10
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity

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11
Q

synchondrosis

A

a cartilaginous joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage; almost all are synarthrotic (immovable)
ex. epiphyseal plates in children

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12
Q

symphysis

A

a cartilaginous joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage.

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13
Q

plane joint

A

flat articular surfaces, nonaxial movement, gliding, found in intercarpal joints

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14
Q

hinge joint

A

cylinder & trough; uniaxial movement, flexion and extension (medial/lateral axis) found in elbow joints

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15
Q

pivot joints

A

sleeve(bone and ligament) & axle; uniaxial movement (vertical axis) rotation; proximal radioulnar joints

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16
Q

condylar joint

A

oval articular surfaces, biaxial movement, medial/lateral axis, flexion and extension, adduction and abduction; wrist joints

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17
Q

saddle joint

A

articular surfaces are both concave and convex; biaxial movement, medial/lateral axis, anterior/posterior axis; adduction and abduction; flexion and extension; carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs

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18
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

cup(socket) and spherical head (ball); multiaxial movement, medial/lateral axis, flexion and extension; anterior/posterior axis, adduction and abduction; and vertical axis, rotation, shoulder joints,

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19
Q

synovial joint

A

freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity; also called a diarthrosis

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20
Q

6 synovial joint features

A

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels

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21
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints

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22
Q

joint (articular cavity)

A

potential space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

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23
Q

articular capsule

A

double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint.

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24
Q

synovial membrane’s function

A

make synovial fluid

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25
Q

synovial fluid

A

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages.

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26
Q

reinforcing ligaments

A

synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a number of band-like ligaments.

27
Q

weeping lubrication

A

a form of hydrostatic lubrication in which the interstitial fluid of hydrated articular cartilage flows into its surface when a load is applied.

28
Q

capsular ligaments

A

thickened fibrous structures, lined with synovial membrane and surrounding articulations.

29
Q

intrascapsular ligaments

A

ligaments located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.

30
Q

fatty pads

A

cushioning between fibrous layers and synovial membrane or bone.

31
Q

menisci (articular discs)

A

discs or wedges of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces

32
Q

bursa

A

a fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid; occurs between bones and muscle tendons (or other structures) where it acts to decrease friction during movement

33
Q

tendon sheath

A

an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

34
Q

factors influencing the stability of synovial joints

A
  1. the shapes of the articular surfaces
  2. the number & position of ligaments
  3. muscle tone (for many, this is most important)
35
Q

muscle tone

A

low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscles that keep the muscles healthy and ready to react to stimulation

36
Q

origin

A

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction (one end)

37
Q

insertion

A

(other end) movable attachment of a muscle

38
Q

body movement happens when

A

muscles contract across joints and their insertion moves towards their origin.

39
Q

nonaxial movement

A

slipping movements only

40
Q

uniaxial movement

A

movement in one plane

41
Q

biaxial movement

A

movement in two planes

42
Q

multiaxial movement

A

movement in or around all three planes of space & axes.

43
Q

3 general types of movement

A

gliding, angular movements and rotation

44
Q

gliding

A

occurs when one flat or nearly flat, bone surfaces glides or slips over another without appreciable angle and rotation

45
Q

angular movements

A

increase or decrease the angle between two bones

46
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases the angle of the joint, ex. bending the knee from a straight to an angled position,

47
Q

extension

A

is the reverse of flexion and occurs at the same joints. increases the angle of the joints.

48
Q

hyperextension

A

movements beyond the anatomical position.

49
Q

abduction

A

to move away from the midline of the body

50
Q

adduction

A

moving toward, movement of a limb toward the body midline

51
Q

circumduction

A

circular movement of a body part so that it outlines a cone in space.

52
Q

rotation

A

the turning of a bone around its own long axis.

53
Q

pronation

A

(palm down) radius rotates over ulna, inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna-palms face posteriorly.

54
Q

supination

A

(palm up) radius and ulna are parallel, outward rotatiuon of forearm causing palms to face anteriorly

55
Q

doriflexion

A

pointing foot up

56
Q

plantar flexion

A

pointing foot down

57
Q

inversion

A

sole towards midline

58
Q

eversion

A

sole towards lateral

59
Q

protraction

A

nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane

60
Q

retraction

A

nonangular posterior movement in a transverse plane (mandible)

61
Q

elevation

A

lifting a body part superiorly, ex. shrugging shoulders

62
Q

depression

A

moving the elevated part inferiorly

63
Q

opposition

A

of the thumbs, is the action taken when you touch your thumb to the tips of the other fingers on the same hand

A & P I (15 decks)

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