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Physiology > Test 4: Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Test 4: Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Four major functions of the GI tract

A

(1) motility, (2) secretion (3) digestion, (4) absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water

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2
Q

Outer plexus lying between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers

A

Auerbach’s plexus/myenteric plexus

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3
Q

Inner plexus that lies in the submucosa that controls gastrointestinal secretion and local blood flow

A

Meisner’s/submucosal plexus

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4
Q

[Intrinisic/extrinsic] innervation connects the myenteric and submucosal plexus’

A

extrinsic innervation connects the myenteric & submucosal plexus

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5
Q

[Afferent/efferent signal] sends signal from brain to the body

A

afferent signal

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6
Q

[Afferent/efferent] sends signal from the body to the brain

A

efferent signal

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7
Q

Bacteria most common in large intestine

A

commensal bacteria

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8
Q

2 functions of bacteria in intestines

A

(1) several metabolic functions not accomplished by GI enzymes, (2) provide protection against infection from pathogenic microorganisms

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9
Q

Immune system of the intestines

A

Innate and adaptive immunity

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10
Q

Location of most lymphocytes

A

In wall of intestines (NOT circulating in blood)

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11
Q

Layers of GI wall from exterior to interior

A

Serosa/adventita > muscularis externia > submucosa > mucosa

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12
Q

Layers of mucosa from exterior to interior

A

muscularis mucosae > lamina propria > epithelium

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13
Q

Organ of GI tract that has the thickest muscularis mucosae

A

in the esophagus

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14
Q

Layer of GI wall that allows for peristaltic movements

A

submucosa

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15
Q

4 structures within submucosa (NOT LAYERS)

A

(1) collagen, (2) elastin, (3) glands, (4) blood vessels

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16
Q

Layer of GI wall that controls the extent of intestinal villi

A

submucosa

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17
Q

2 layers of muscularis externa from exterior to interior

A

longitudinal layer > circular layer

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18
Q

Area where muscularis is thickest (with 3 layers)

A

In stomach

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19
Q

Longitudinal muscle layered into longitudinal bands in the colon

A

taenia coli

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20
Q

Result of circular muscle contraction on GI tract

A

Decrease diameter of lumen

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21
Q

Result of longitdunal muscle contraction on GI tract

A

Shortening of a segment of tract

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22
Q

Location of Auerbach’s plexus/myenteric plexus

A

Between circular and longitudinal muscle

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23
Q

[Sympathetic/parasympathethic] of nervous tissue in Auerbach’s plexus

A

parasympathetic

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24
Q

Component that allows low-resistance movement of ions from one muscle cell to the next

A

gap junctions

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25
Q

Ordinary fibrous connective tissue arranged around an organ and is attached to surrounding tissue

A

adventitia

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26
Q

Enzyme that chemically digests starches in the mouth but inactivated in stomach

A

salivary amylase

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27
Q

Enzyme released in the mouth but that digests fats in the stomach

A

lingual lipase

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28
Q

Cranial nerve responsible for muscles of chewing

A
  1. Trigeminal
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29
Q

Non-digestible component that chewing breaks down

A

cellulose

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30
Q

Muscle type in the upper third of the esophagus

A

Voluntary, striated muscle

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31
Q

Nerve that innervates esophagus

A

Vagus n

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32
Q

The sphincter between esophagus and stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter (psuedo-sphincter)

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33
Q

Structure that esophagus passes through at the lower esophageal sphincter

A

diaphragm

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34
Q

Length of esophagus in cm

A

30 cm

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35
Q

Portion of the esophagus that sits retroperitoneally

A

Distal 2/3

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36
Q

Histology of esophagus

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (like skin, so it can take a beating)

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37
Q

Site of anastomosis between the esophageal branch of the left gastric a. and the esophageal a. (connects portal system to systemic circulation)

A

distal esophagus

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38
Q

Another word for heartburn

A

pyrosis

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39
Q

What is “food” called in the esophagus

A

bolus

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40
Q

What is “food” called in the stomach

A

chyme

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41
Q

4 portions of stomach from superior to inferior

A

cardia > fundus > body > antrum

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42
Q

Portion of stomach that overlaps with the lower esophageal sphincter

A

cardia

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43
Q

Hormone that does the opposite function of CCK and secretin

A

somatostatin - prevents gastric secretions and motility

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44
Q

Histology of stomach

A

columnar epithelium tissue

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45
Q

Layer of GI wall that contains gastric pits

A

gastric mucosa

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46
Q

Area of stomach that serves as a secretory region

A

fundus

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47
Q

Area of stomach that has extensive motility patterns

A

antrum

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48
Q

Cells that produce mucus that lines the stomach to protect from HCl

A

mucous cells

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49
Q

Cells that produce pepsinogen

A

chief cells

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50
Q

Cells that produce HCl and intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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51
Q

Cells that produce gastrin in the stomach

A

enteroendocrine cells

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52
Q

Nutrient broke down by pepsin

A

protein

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53
Q

Nutrient broken down by gastric lipase

A

Fat

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54
Q

Component necessary for the absorption of B12

A

intrinsic factor

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55
Q

Two factors that cause pernicious anemia

A

(1) autoimmune destruction of parietal cells, leading to a decrease in Hcl and IF, (2) autoimmune destruction of IF only

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56
Q

Materials absorbed in stomach

A

water, meds, alcohol, some minerals

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57
Q

Components that break down protein in the stomach

A

HCl, pepsin

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58
Q

Chemicals that break down triglyceride in the stomach

A

gastric, pancreatic, salivary lipase

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59
Q

Chemical that breaks down starch in stomach

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase

salivary amylase inactivated in stomach

60
Q

Mineral that HCl “preps”

A

iron

61
Q

Mineral that intrinsic factor “preps”

A

B12

62
Q

Process that ensures the stomach pressure does not increase significantly as it expands

A

receptive relaxation

63
Q

Condition where the stomach cannot empty itself of food in a normal fashion (not due to a mechanical obstruction)

A

gastroparesis

64
Q

Hormone that stimulates motility and gastric acid release

A

gastrin

65
Q

Hormone that stimulates gall bladder contraction and pancreatic secretions

A

CCK

66
Q

Hormone that stimulates pancreas juice and enzyme secretion and inhibits gastrointestinal motility

A

secretin

67
Q

Order of sections of small intestine

A

duodenum > jejunum > ilium

68
Q

Two structures that empty into the duodenum through the sphincter of Ode

A

Bile duct, pancreatic duct

69
Q

Surface area of small intestines

A

~300m^2

70
Q

Area of small intestine that most nutrients are absorbed

A

jejunum

71
Q

3 components of duodenal cluster unit

A

(1) pancreas, (2) biliary, (3) proximal duodenum

72
Q

Gland in duodenal mucosa that secretes mucus to neutralize acidic content (with HCO3-)

A

Brunner’s gland

73
Q

Large circular folds of mucosa that protrude into the lumen

A

Folds of Kerckring

74
Q

Location of microvilli on cells

A

apical surface of villus epithelial cells

75
Q

Portion of small intestine with fewer folds and shorter, sparser villi with less nutrient absorption

A

ileum

76
Q

B-cells stimulated to differentiate into IgA-secreting plasma cells

A

Peyer’s patches

77
Q

The more distended the cecum is, the more intense the ileocecal valve contracts and the more inhibited the peristaltic movement becomes

A

ileocecal feedback

78
Q

Order of structures of large intestine

A

cecum > ascending colon > transverse colon > descending colon > sigmoid colon > rectum > anal canal

79
Q

Period of time that colonic motility increases significantly

A

after feeding

80
Q

Primary motility function in large intestine

A

reservoir

81
Q

[Small/large] intestines that do not contain villi

A

large intestines

82
Q

Portion of mucosa that contains tubular glands and is responsible for mucus secretion

A

crypts

83
Q

Function of motility that mixes food in the GI tract by moving food mass back and forth; involves contraction and relaxation of circular muscles

A

segmentation

84
Q

Function of motility that consists of a series of wavelike rhythmic contractions/relaxation of circular and longitudinal muscles to propel food through GI tract

A

peristalsis

85
Q

Nervous system that inhibits gastrin, gastric secretions, peristalsis and digestion

A

sympathetic nervous system

86
Q

Nervous system that allows gastric secretions and promotes normal, relaxed digestion

A

parasympathetic nervous sytem

87
Q

2 basic patterns of electrical activity across membranes of smooth muscle cells

A

(1) slow waves, (2) spike potentials

88
Q

Type of contraction that includes tone (muscle) contraction like in sphincters

A

tonic contraction

89
Q

Extrinsic nervous system component of the autonomic nervous sytem

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of GI tract

90
Q

Intrinisic components of autonomic nervous system

A

Enteric Nervous system within GI wall

91
Q

2 areas that intrinsic innervation receives input from

A

(1) parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system, (2) mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in mucosa

92
Q

Fluctuation in membrane potential in smooth muscle of GI tract

A

Between -65 mV and -45 mV

93
Q

Exceptions of basic electrical rhythm (2)

A

esophagus and proximal portion of the stomach

94
Q

Location of interstitial cells of Cajal in stomach/small intestine

A

Between circular muscle and myenteric plexus

95
Q

Location of interstitial cells of Cajal in colon

A

In submucosal border of circular muscle layer

96
Q

Ion in charge of depolarizing spike potential

A

Ca2+

97
Q

Ion in charge of repolarizing spike potential

A

K+

98
Q

Factors that affect basic electrical rhythm/spike potentials (2)

A

(1) polypeptides, (2) neurotransmitters

99
Q

Chemical that increases the number of spikes and tension of smooth muscle

A

acetylcholine

100
Q

Chemical that decreases the number of spike potentials and smooth muscle tension

A

epinephrine

101
Q

3 factors that stimulation spike potential

A

(1) stretch, (2) acetylcholine, (2) parasympathetics

102
Q

2 factors that stimulates hyperpolarization (slowing function)

A

(1) norephinephrine, (2) sympathetics

103
Q

2 roles of “slow waves”/migrating motor complex

A

(1) flush remaining food and bacteria into large intestine, (2) to tell you that you’re hungry

104
Q

Area of GI tract that experiences MMC

A

stomach to SI

105
Q

Hormone that initiates migrating motor complexes

A

motilin

106
Q

Time interval of MMC

A

every 90 minutes

107
Q

Components that increase during MMC

A

(1) gastric secretion, (2) bile flow, (3) pancreatic secretion

108
Q

Process that consists of rhythmic contractions and relaxation involving circular and longitudinal muscle

A

peristalsis

109
Q

Process that mixes food in the GI tract by moving food mass back and forth

A

segmentation

110
Q

Involuntary stages of swallowing

A

pharyngeal and esophageal stage

111
Q

The process that precedes peristalsis and is transmitted through myenteric inhibitory neurons in the stomach

A

receptive adaptation

112
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of stomach

A

vagus n

113
Q

Sympathetic innervation of stomach

A

splanchnic n

114
Q

Time required for passage of chyme from pylorus to ileocecal valve

A

3 to 5 hours

115
Q

Hormones that excite peristalsis

A

gastrin, CCK, insulin, motilin, serotonin

116
Q

Hormones that inhibit peristalsis

A

secretin, glucagon

117
Q

2 functions of colon

A

(1) absorption of water and electrolyes from chyme to solid feces, (2) storage of fecal matter

118
Q

Organ that synethesizes and sends bile to gallbladder

A

liver

119
Q

75% of the liver’s blood supply is [arteriole/venous] blood

A

venous

120
Q

distensible vascular cheannels lined with highly fenestrated endotheilia cells and bounded by hepatocytes

A

sinusoids

121
Q

facial amphipathic

A

contain both non-polar (non polar) and polar (hydrophilic) faces

122
Q

Hormone secreted in response to high acid in the duodenum

A

secretin

123
Q

Product that must be eliminated in hemoglobin

A

heme

124
Q

Roles of liver

A

(1) removal of ammonia, (2) synthesis of non-essential amino acids, (3) synthesize albumin

125
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

produce hormones

126
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

produce digestive enzymes

127
Q

Beta-islet endocrine cells of the pancreas; secrete insulin, glucagon & several other hormones cell

A

Islets of Langerhans

128
Q

2 Exocrine cells of the pancreas

A

acinar cells, centroacinar cells

129
Q

Amount of isotonic aqueous secretions, secretions in the duodenum per day

A

1 L/day

130
Q

Ions involved in a reciprocal relationship to maintain anionic concentration

A

HCO3- and Cl-

131
Q

Protein associated with B12

A

R-protein

132
Q

Inactive pancreatic proteases that are packaged

A

trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen

133
Q

Enzyme that activates trypsinogen

A

enterokinase

134
Q

Cells responsible for the final digestion of peptides into mono form

A

peptidases on the surface of small intestinal epithelial cells

135
Q

Enzyme that digests lipase into 2-monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids

A

pancreatic lipase

136
Q

Nerve that innervates the pancreas

A

vagus n

137
Q

Hormone synthesized & secreted by enteric endocrine cells stimulated by presence of partialy digested proteins and fats in SI; stimulates gallbladder

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

138
Q

Hormone that is a product of endocrinocytes, secreted in response to acid in the duodenum, stimultaes duct cells to secrete water and bicarbonate

A

secretin

139
Q

Hormone secreted by stomach in response to gastric distention and irritation; stimulates parietal cells & acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes

A

gastrin

140
Q

Secretory section of the stomach

A

fundus

141
Q

Mixing, grinding section of the stomach

A

antrum

142
Q

Cells in stomach that secrete mucus to protect from HCl

A

mucous cells

143
Q

Lingual amylase and salivary lipase production will [increase/decrease] with age

A

decrease

144
Q

Cells in the crypts of Lyberkum that test lumen

A

paneth cells

145
Q

All asepcts of RBC are recycled exceped heme

A
145
Q

All aspects of the RBC are recycled except _______

A

heme

Physiology (5 decks)

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