Test 1: Cardiology/Circulation Flashcards
1
Q
Type of antigen on Type A RBCs
A
A antigen
2
Q
Type of antibody in Type A serum/plasma
A
Anti-B antibody
3
Q
Type of antigens on Type B RBCs
A
B antigen
4
Q
Type of antibody in Type B serum/plasma
A
Anti-A antibody
5
Q
Part of circulatory system that perfuses the gas exchange portion of the lungs
A
pulmonary circulation
Walls of the vessel are highly compliant, resistance is low
6
Q
Mediastinum the heart is located in
A
middle mediastinum
7
Q
Very dense, tough outer fibrous layer lined by a serous membrane that helps protect and anchor the heart
A
fibrous pericardium
8
Q
Layer of serous pericardium which adheres to the outermost fibrous layer
A
parietal layer
9
Q
Layer of serous pericardium known as the outer surface of heart wall
A
visceral layer
10
Q
Thin fluid that lubricates the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium
A
pericardial fluid
11
Q
Layers of the heart superficial to deep
A
epicardium > myocardium > endocardium
12
Q
thin, transparent outer layer of the heart aka serous pericardium
A
epicardium
13
Q
Thick, middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle
A
myocardium
14
Q
Innermost smooth muscle layer of the heart
A
endocardium
15
Q
Valves positioned at the entrance to the ventricles of the heart
A
atrioventricular valves (AV)
16
Q
Name of the right AV valve
A
tricuspid valve
17
Q
Name of the left AV valve
A
bicuspid/mitral valve
18
Q
The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) opens into the right/left ventricle
A
right ventricle
19
Q
The left AV valve (bicuspid valve) opens into the right/left ventricle
A
left ventricle
20
Q
Valves positioned at the entrance to the vessels leading into the pulmonary & systemic circulation
A
outflow valves
21
Q
Name of the right outflow valve
A
pulmonary valve
22
Q
Name of the left outflow valve
A
aortic valve
23
Q
The pulmonary valve opens into this blood vessel
A
pulmonary trunk
24
Q
The aortic valve opens into this blood vessel
A
aortic arch
25
Characteristics of AV valves
delicate, leafy folds
26
Characteristics of outflow valves
firm, semilunar cusps
Each cusp makes up approx 1/3 of the valve
27
Junctions where there are no valves present
(1) between the vena cavae & right atrium, (2) between the pulmonary veins & left atrium
28
Action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs typically with the use of a stethoscope
to auscultate
29
Locations for heart auscultation
aortic, pulmonic, mitral, tricuspid
*APMT (All Physicians Take Money)
30
When hematocrit increases, blood viscosity increases/decreases
increases
31
When arterial pressure increases, vascular resistance increases/decreases
decreases
Increased arterial pressure not only increases the force that pushes blood through vessels but also distends the elastic vessels, decreasing vascular resistance
32
Frictional force, or drag, on the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels
shear stress
Measured in force/unit area (eg. dynes/cm^2)
33
Presence or absence of the A & B red cell antigens
ABO blood group system
34
Blood serum contains anti-ABO antibodies of the same/opposite type to the ABO antigen on the red cell surface
opposite
35
Type of antigens on Type AB RBCs
AB antigens
36
Type of antibody in Type AB serum/plasma
none
37
Type of antigen on Type O RBCs
none
38
Type of antibody in Type O serum/plasma
anti-A & anti-B antibodies
39
Blood type known as being "universal recipients"; neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in serum would destroy transfused RBCs
Type AB
40
Blood type known as being "universal donors"; no antigens on the RBCs surface that can potentially react with recipients serum
Type O
41
cell membranes that separate individual cardiac muscle cells from one another
intercalated discs
Cardiac muscle fibers are made up of many individual cells connected in series & in parallel with one another
42
Three major types of cardiac muscle
atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, excitatory/conductive muscle fibers
43
Two syncytia of the heart
atrial syncytium & ventricular syncytium
44
Syncytium which constitutes the walls of the two ventricles
ventricular syncytium
45
Syncytium which constitutes the walls of the two atria
atrial syncytium
46
Bundle of conductive fibers that form a specialized conductive system
A-V bundle
47
What function does syncytial interconnecting of cardiac muscle fibers allow?
allows atrial contraction a short time ahead of ventricular contraction (important for heart pumping)
48
Intracellular rise of potential from very negative (-85 millivolts) between each heartbeat to slightly positive value (+20 millivolts) during beats
action potential in cardiac muscle
49
Period of depolarization in a membrane that occurs after the initial spike of an action potential
plateau (lasts approx. 0.2 sec)
50
Channels that allow tremendous amounts of sodium ions to enter skeletal muscle fiber from extracellular fluid; only remain open for a few thousandths of a second
fast sodium channels
51
When fast sodium channels close, this process occurs, and an action potential is over in a thousandth of a second
repolarization
52
Phase 0 of cardiac muscle action potential
depolarization- fast sodium channels open
53
Phase 1 of cardiac muscle action potential
initial repolarization- fast sodium channels close
54
Phase 2 of cardiac muscle action potential
plateau: calcium channels open & fast potassium channels close
55
Phase 3 of cardiac muscle action potential
rapid repolarization- calcium channels close & slow potassium channels open
56
Specialized heart conductive system
Purkinje fibers
57
Interval of time during which a normal cardiac impulse cannot re-excite an already excited area of cardiac muscle
refractory period of the heart
| typically lasts ~.25-.3 seconds
58
Interval of time during which muscle is more difficult to excite than normal, but can be excited be very strong excitatory signal; lasts less time than the refractory period
relative refractory period of the heart
| lasts ~.05 seconds
59
Mechanism whereby action potential causes the myofibrils of muscle to contract
excitation-contraction coupling
60
Type of muscle most similar to cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
61
Cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
cardiac cycle
62
Node located in the wall of the right atrium near opening of vena cava that initiates an action potential
sinus node
63
Method of measuring the electrical voltages generated by the heart
electrocardiogram
64
The electric voltage which represents spread of depolarization through atria, followed by atrial contraction, which causes a slight rise in atrial pressure
P wave
65
The electric voltages which represents the spread of depolarization through the ventricles; causes ventricular pressure to rise
QRS waves
66
The electric voltage which represents the stage of repolarization of the ventricles when the ventricular muscle fibers relax
ventricular T wave
67
Sequence of P, Q, R, S, T waves in ventricular contraction
P wave > QRS waves > (ventricular) T wave
68
The ratio of RBCs to the total volume of blood
hematocrit
69
A high blood pressure measurement during ventricular systole when the aortic valve is open
systolic BP
70
A low blood pressure measurement during left ventricular diastole when the aortic valve is closed
diastolic BP
71
The electrical voltage which represents bicuspid valves closing
S1 wave
72
The electrical voltage which represents semilunar valves closing
S2 wave
73
Heart ventricle with higher pressure
left ventricle
74
Contraction that causes left ventricular pressure to rise above atrial pressure, which closes the mitral valve and produces the first heart sound
isovolumetric contraction
75
Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles every beat
stroke volume (SV)
76
Equation for cardiac output (CO)
CO = SV * HR
77
Difference between cardiac output at rest and the maximum cardiac output the heart can generate
cardiac reserve
78
3 important factors affecting stroke volume (SV)
(1) amount of ventricular filling before contraction, (2) contractility of the ventricle, (3) resistance in the blood vessels or valves the heart is pumping into
79
Law that states the more the heart muscle is stretched before contraction, the more forcefully the heart will contract
Starling's Law
80
3 factors that affect the change in force of contraction
(1) length, (2) contractility, (3) afterload
81
The pressure against which the heart pumps
afterload
82
When afterload increases, force of contraction increases/decreases
increases
83
When afterload increases, stroke volume increases/decreases
decreases
84
Law that states increased wall tension stretches the cardiac fibers, causing increased force of contraction
Law of LaPlace
85
Amount of blood leaving each ventricle per minute
cardiac output (CO)
86
When afterload is increased, stroke volume is increased/decreased
decreased
87
Equation for max heart rate
max heart rate = 220 - age
88
Primary effector of cardiac output
heart rate (HR)
89
4 factors that affect heart rate
(1) autonomic innervation, (2) hormones, (3) fitness levels, (4) age
90
Equation for stroke volume
SV = end of distolic volume - end of systolic volume
91
Equation for ejection fraction
Ef = SV/end diastolic volume
91
Equation for ejection fraction
Ef = SV/end diastolic volume
92
Inner lining of smooth muscle in a blood vessel in direct contact with blood
tunica interna
93
Thick, smooth muscle layer that regulates the diameter of the a blood vessel lumen; controls vasocontriction/dilation
tunica media
94
Layer of blood vessel that anchors a blood vessel to surrounding tissue through use of elastic and collagen fibers; contains numerous nerve fibers and tiny blood vessels
tunica externa
95
Terminal end of an arteriole that tapers toward the capillary junction and forms this single structure
single metarteriole
96
Sphincter at metarteriole-capillary junction formed by distal cells
precapillary sphincter
97
Properties of large, elastic arteries
(1) walls are thin compared to overall size, (2) stores mechanical energy during ventricular systole and transmiting energy to keep blood moving after valves close
98
Properties of medium-sized, distributing arteries
(1) contain more smooth muscle, (2) vasoconstrict and vasodilate (3) maintain proper vascular tone to ensure efficient blood flow
99
Union of vessels supplying blood to the same body tissue
anastomosis
100
Process of gas and nutrient exchange
passive diffusion process
101
Pressure that promotes filtration generated by the pumping action of the heart
blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)
102
2 pressures that promote filtration
(1) blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP): generated by pumping of heart, (2) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)
103
Forces at the capillaries that determine how much fluid leaves the arterial end of a capillary and how much is reabsorbed at the venous end
Starling Forces
104
The 2 Starling Forces
(1) filtration, (2) reabsorption
105
Movement of fluid through the walls of the capillary into the interstitial fluid (pressure driven)
filtration
106
Movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillary (pressure given)
reabsorption
107
Blood flows from low/high pressure to low/high pressure
from low to high pressure
108
The amount of blood which actually reaches the end organs/tissues
blood flow
109
Factors that affect peripheral resistance
(1) viscosity of blood, (2) length of all blood vessels in the body, (3) diameter of a blood vessel
110
The volume of blood returning through the veins to the right atrium must be the same amount as blood pumped into the arteries from the left ventricle
venous return
111
Pump that uses the action of muscles to push blood in one direction, due to valves; drives venous return
skeletal muscle pump
112
Pump that uses the negative pressures in the thorax and abdomen generated by the diaphragm during inspiration to pull venous blood towards the heart; drives venous return
respiratory pump
113
The cardiovascular system's ability to adjust pressure and resistance to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs at all times
autoregulation
114
The process that controls autoregulation
negative feedback loops
115
Role of vascular system in autoregulation
(1) senses alterations of BP and blood flow, signals cardiovascular centers in the brain, (2) vasoconstricts/vasodilates vessels, (3) heart appropriately modifies rate and force of contraction
116
Pressure receptors located in the arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus that normalize blood pressure
cardiac baroreceptors
117
Stimulation of the baroreceptor in the carotid sinus that helps normalize blood pressure in the brain
carotid sinus reflex
118
Stimulation of aortic baroreceptors helps normalize systemic/diastolic BP
systemic BP
119
Sensory receptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies that sense hormones and help autoregulation of BP; located close to baroreceptors
chemoreceptors
120
When chemoreceptors signal cardiovascular centers, they increase/decrease sympathetic stimulation
increase
121
Role of endocrine system in autoregulation
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system
122
Chemical released by kidneys when blood volume falls or blood flow decreases
renin
123
Active hormone derived from renin that raises BP by vasoconstriction and stimulates secretion of aldosterone from adrenal glands
angiotensin II
124
Hormone released from the pituitary gland in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
125
A natural diuretic polypeptide hormone released by cells of the atria
Atrial Naturetic Peptide (ANP)
