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Physiology > Test 1: Cardiology/Circulation > Flashcards

Test 1: Cardiology/Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Type of antigen on Type A RBCs

A

A antigen

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2
Q

Type of antibody in Type A serum/plasma

A

Anti-B antibody

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3
Q

Type of antigens on Type B RBCs

A

B antigen

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4
Q

Type of antibody in Type B serum/plasma

A

Anti-A antibody

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5
Q

Part of circulatory system that perfuses the gas exchange portion of the lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

Walls of the vessel are highly compliant, resistance is low

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6
Q

Mediastinum the heart is located in

A

middle mediastinum

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7
Q

Very dense, tough outer fibrous layer lined by a serous membrane that helps protect and anchor the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

Layer of serous pericardium which adheres to the outermost fibrous layer

A

parietal layer

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9
Q

Layer of serous pericardium known as the outer surface of heart wall

A

visceral layer

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10
Q

Thin fluid that lubricates the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium

A

pericardial fluid

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11
Q

Layers of the heart superficial to deep

A

epicardium > myocardium > endocardium

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12
Q

thin, transparent outer layer of the heart aka serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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13
Q

Thick, middle layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

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14
Q

Innermost smooth muscle layer of the heart

A

endocardium

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15
Q

Valves positioned at the entrance to the ventricles of the heart

A

atrioventricular valves (AV)

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16
Q

Name of the right AV valve

A

tricuspid valve

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17
Q

Name of the left AV valve

A

bicuspid/mitral valve

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18
Q

The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) opens into the right/left ventricle

A

right ventricle

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19
Q

The left AV valve (bicuspid valve) opens into the right/left ventricle

A

left ventricle

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20
Q

Valves positioned at the entrance to the vessels leading into the pulmonary & systemic circulation

A

outflow valves

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21
Q

Name of the right outflow valve

A

pulmonary valve

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22
Q

Name of the left outflow valve

A

aortic valve

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23
Q

The pulmonary valve opens into this blood vessel

A

pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

The aortic valve opens into this blood vessel

A

aortic arch

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25
Q

Characteristics of AV valves

A

delicate, leafy folds

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26
Q

Characteristics of outflow valves

A

firm, semilunar cusps

Each cusp makes up approx 1/3 of the valve

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27
Q

Junctions where there are no valves present

A

(1) between the vena cavae & right atrium, (2) between the pulmonary veins & left atrium

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28
Q

Action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs typically with the use of a stethoscope

A

to auscultate

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29
Q

Locations for heart auscultation

A

aortic, pulmonic, mitral, tricuspid

*APMT (All Physicians Take Money)

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30
Q

When hematocrit increases, blood viscosity increases/decreases

A

increases

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31
Q

When arterial pressure increases, vascular resistance increases/decreases

A

decreases

Increased arterial pressure not only increases the force that pushes blood through vessels but also distends the elastic vessels, decreasing vascular resistance

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32
Q

Frictional force, or drag, on the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels

A

shear stress

Measured in force/unit area (eg. dynes/cm^2)

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33
Q

Presence or absence of the A & B red cell antigens

A

ABO blood group system

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34
Q

Blood serum contains anti-ABO antibodies of the same/opposite type to the ABO antigen on the red cell surface

A

opposite

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35
Q

Type of antigens on Type AB RBCs

A

AB antigens

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36
Q

Type of antibody in Type AB serum/plasma

A

none

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37
Q

Type of antigen on Type O RBCs

A

none

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38
Q

Type of antibody in Type O serum/plasma

A

anti-A & anti-B antibodies

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39
Q

Blood type known as being “universal recipients”; neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies in serum would destroy transfused RBCs

A

Type AB

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40
Q

Blood type known as being “universal donors”; no antigens on the RBCs surface that can potentially react with recipients serum

A

Type O

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41
Q

cell membranes that separate individual cardiac muscle cells from one another

A

intercalated discs

Cardiac muscle fibers are made up of many individual cells connected in series & in parallel with one another

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42
Q

Three major types of cardiac muscle

A

atrial muscle, ventricular muscle, excitatory/conductive muscle fibers

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43
Q

Two syncytia of the heart

A

atrial syncytium & ventricular syncytium

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44
Q

Syncytium which constitutes the walls of the two ventricles

A

ventricular syncytium

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45
Q

Syncytium which constitutes the walls of the two atria

A

atrial syncytium

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46
Q

Bundle of conductive fibers that form a specialized conductive system

A

A-V bundle

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47
Q

What function does syncytial interconnecting of cardiac muscle fibers allow?

A

allows atrial contraction a short time ahead of ventricular contraction (important for heart pumping)

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48
Q

Intracellular rise of potential from very negative (-85 millivolts) between each heartbeat to slightly positive value (+20 millivolts) during beats

A

action potential in cardiac muscle

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49
Q

Period of depolarization in a membrane that occurs after the initial spike of an action potential

A

plateau (lasts approx. 0.2 sec)

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50
Q

Channels that allow tremendous amounts of sodium ions to enter skeletal muscle fiber from extracellular fluid; only remain open for a few thousandths of a second

A

fast sodium channels

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51
Q

When fast sodium channels close, this process occurs, and an action potential is over in a thousandth of a second

A

repolarization

52
Q

Phase 0 of cardiac muscle action potential

A

depolarization- fast sodium channels open

53
Q

Phase 1 of cardiac muscle action potential

A

initial repolarization- fast sodium channels close

54
Q

Phase 2 of cardiac muscle action potential

A

plateau: calcium channels open & fast potassium channels close

55
Q

Phase 3 of cardiac muscle action potential

A

rapid repolarization- calcium channels close & slow potassium channels open

56
Q

Specialized heart conductive system

A

Purkinje fibers

57
Q

Interval of time during which a normal cardiac impulse cannot re-excite an already excited area of cardiac muscle

A

refractory period of the heart

typically lasts ~.25-.3 seconds

58
Q

Interval of time during which muscle is more difficult to excite than normal, but can be excited be very strong excitatory signal; lasts less time than the refractory period

A

relative refractory period of the heart

lasts ~.05 seconds

59
Q

Mechanism whereby action potential causes the myofibrils of muscle to contract

A

excitation-contraction coupling

60
Q

Type of muscle most similar to cardiac muscle

A

skeletal muscle

61
Q

Cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next

A

cardiac cycle

62
Q

Node located in the wall of the right atrium near opening of vena cava that initiates an action potential

A

sinus node

63
Q

Method of measuring the electrical voltages generated by the heart

A

electrocardiogram

64
Q

The electric voltage which represents spread of depolarization through atria, followed by atrial contraction, which causes a slight rise in atrial pressure

A

P wave

65
Q

The electric voltages which represents the spread of depolarization through the ventricles; causes ventricular pressure to rise

A

QRS waves

66
Q

The electric voltage which represents the stage of repolarization of the ventricles when the ventricular muscle fibers relax

A

ventricular T wave

67
Q

Sequence of P, Q, R, S, T waves in ventricular contraction

A

P wave > QRS waves > (ventricular) T wave

68
Q

The ratio of RBCs to the total volume of blood

A

hematocrit

69
Q

A high blood pressure measurement during ventricular systole when the aortic valve is open

A

systolic BP

70
Q

A low blood pressure measurement during left ventricular diastole when the aortic valve is closed

A

diastolic BP

71
Q

The electrical voltage which represents bicuspid valves closing

A

S1 wave

72
Q

The electrical voltage which represents semilunar valves closing

A

S2 wave

73
Q

Heart ventricle with higher pressure

A

left ventricle

74
Q

Contraction that causes left ventricular pressure to rise above atrial pressure, which closes the mitral valve and produces the first heart sound

A

isovolumetric contraction

75
Q

Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles every beat

A

stroke volume (SV)

76
Q

Equation for cardiac output (CO)

A

CO = SV * HR

77
Q

Difference between cardiac output at rest and the maximum cardiac output the heart can generate

A

cardiac reserve

78
Q

3 important factors affecting stroke volume (SV)

A

(1) amount of ventricular filling before contraction, (2) contractility of the ventricle, (3) resistance in the blood vessels or valves the heart is pumping into

79
Q

Law that states the more the heart muscle is stretched before contraction, the more forcefully the heart will contract

A

Starling’s Law

80
Q

3 factors that affect the change in force of contraction

A

(1) length, (2) contractility, (3) afterload

81
Q

The pressure against which the heart pumps

A

afterload

82
Q

When afterload increases, force of contraction increases/decreases

A

increases

83
Q

When afterload increases, stroke volume increases/decreases

A

decreases

84
Q

Law that states increased wall tension stretches the cardiac fibers, causing increased force of contraction

A

Law of LaPlace

85
Q

Amount of blood leaving each ventricle per minute

A

cardiac output (CO)

86
Q

When afterload is increased, stroke volume is increased/decreased

A

decreased

87
Q

Equation for max heart rate

A

max heart rate = 220 - age

88
Q

Primary effector of cardiac output

A

heart rate (HR)

89
Q

4 factors that affect heart rate

A

(1) autonomic innervation, (2) hormones, (3) fitness levels, (4) age

90
Q

Equation for stroke volume

A

SV = end of distolic volume - end of systolic volume

91
Q

Equation for ejection fraction

A

Ef = SV/end diastolic volume

91
Q

Equation for ejection fraction

A

Ef = SV/end diastolic volume

92
Q

Inner lining of smooth muscle in a blood vessel in direct contact with blood

A

tunica interna

93
Q

Thick, smooth muscle layer that regulates the diameter of the a blood vessel lumen; controls vasocontriction/dilation

A

tunica media

94
Q

Layer of blood vessel that anchors a blood vessel to surrounding tissue through use of elastic and collagen fibers; contains numerous nerve fibers and tiny blood vessels

A

tunica externa

95
Q

Terminal end of an arteriole that tapers toward the capillary junction and forms this single structure

A

single metarteriole

96
Q

Sphincter at metarteriole-capillary junction formed by distal cells

A

precapillary sphincter

97
Q

Properties of large, elastic arteries

A

(1) walls are thin compared to overall size, (2) stores mechanical energy during ventricular systole and transmiting energy to keep blood moving after valves close

98
Q

Properties of medium-sized, distributing arteries

A

(1) contain more smooth muscle, (2) vasoconstrict and vasodilate (3) maintain proper vascular tone to ensure efficient blood flow

99
Q

Union of vessels supplying blood to the same body tissue

A

anastomosis

100
Q

Process of gas and nutrient exchange

A

passive diffusion process

101
Q

Pressure that promotes filtration generated by the pumping action of the heart

A

blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)

102
Q

2 pressures that promote filtration

A

(1) blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP): generated by pumping of heart, (2) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

103
Q

Forces at the capillaries that determine how much fluid leaves the arterial end of a capillary and how much is reabsorbed at the venous end

A

Starling Forces

104
Q

The 2 Starling Forces

A

(1) filtration, (2) reabsorption

105
Q

Movement of fluid through the walls of the capillary into the interstitial fluid (pressure driven)

A

filtration

106
Q

Movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillary (pressure given)

A

reabsorption

107
Q

Blood flows from low/high pressure to low/high pressure

A

from low to high pressure

108
Q

The amount of blood which actually reaches the end organs/tissues

A

blood flow

109
Q

Factors that affect peripheral resistance

A

(1) viscosity of blood, (2) length of all blood vessels in the body, (3) diameter of a blood vessel

110
Q

The volume of blood returning through the veins to the right atrium must be the same amount as blood pumped into the arteries from the left ventricle

A

venous return

111
Q

Pump that uses the action of muscles to push blood in one direction, due to valves; drives venous return

A

skeletal muscle pump

112
Q

Pump that uses the negative pressures in the thorax and abdomen generated by the diaphragm during inspiration to pull venous blood towards the heart; drives venous return

A

respiratory pump

113
Q

The cardiovascular system’s ability to adjust pressure and resistance to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs at all times

A

autoregulation

114
Q

The process that controls autoregulation

A

negative feedback loops

115
Q

Role of vascular system in autoregulation

A

(1) senses alterations of BP and blood flow, signals cardiovascular centers in the brain, (2) vasoconstricts/vasodilates vessels, (3) heart appropriately modifies rate and force of contraction

116
Q

Pressure receptors located in the arch of the aorta and the carotid sinus that normalize blood pressure

A

cardiac baroreceptors

117
Q

Stimulation of the baroreceptor in the carotid sinus that helps normalize blood pressure in the brain

A

carotid sinus reflex

118
Q

Stimulation of aortic baroreceptors helps normalize systemic/diastolic BP

A

systemic BP

119
Q

Sensory receptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies that sense hormones and help autoregulation of BP; located close to baroreceptors

A

chemoreceptors

120
Q

When chemoreceptors signal cardiovascular centers, they increase/decrease sympathetic stimulation

A

increase

121
Q

Role of endocrine system in autoregulation

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system

122
Q

Chemical released by kidneys when blood volume falls or blood flow decreases

A

renin

123
Q

Active hormone derived from renin that raises BP by vasoconstriction and stimulates secretion of aldosterone from adrenal glands

A

angiotensin II

124
Q

Hormone released from the pituitary gland in response to dehydration or decreased blood volume

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

125
Q

A natural diuretic polypeptide hormone released by cells of the atria

A

Atrial Naturetic Peptide (ANP)

Physiology (5 decks)

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