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Physiology > Test 2: Pulmonary > Flashcards

Test 2: Pulmonary Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle that flexes neck, assists movement of head

A

sternocleidomastoid

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2
Q

Difference between inside of airway and outside of airway

A

transpulmonary pressure

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3
Q

Passive process due to elastic properties of lungs

A

“quiet”/relaxed exhalation

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4
Q

During forced exhalation, which muscles contract to push up the diaphragm

A

internal intercostal muscle

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5
Q

During forced inspiration, which muscles contract (3)

A

(1) pectoralis major, (2) scalene muscles, (3) sternocleidomastoid

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6
Q

When contraction of diaphragm occurs, vertical diameter [increases/decreases]

A

increases

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7
Q

When inhaling, pleural pressure [increases/decreases]

A

decrease

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8
Q

When exhaling, pleural pressure [increases/decreases]

A

increases

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9
Q

Law that states that for a given surface tension, small spheres require a higher distending pressure

A

Laplace’s Law of Spheres

P = 4T/r for alveoli
P=pressure
T=surface tension
r=radius of alveoli

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10
Q

Pressure necessary to keep lungs inflated

A

distending pressure

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11
Q

Normal inspiration/expiration volume

A

Tidal volume

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12
Q

The amount of extra air taken in during forced inspiration

A

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

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13
Q

The amount of extra air that is expelled during forceful expiration

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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14
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be inspired following normal expiration

A

inspiratory capacity (IC)

IC = TV + IRV

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15
Q

The amount of air in the lungs that stays in the lungs/alveoli

A

residual volume (RV)

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16
Q

The maximum amount of air that can be expired following a maximal inspiration

[All pressure except residual volume (RV)]

A

vital capacity (VC)

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

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17
Q

The amount of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration

[All volumes in the lung together]

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV

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18
Q

The amount of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration

A

function residual capacity (FRC)

FRC = ERV + RV

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19
Q

Number of breaths taken per minute

A

respiratory rate/frequency (F)

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20
Q

Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place

A

anatomic dead space

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21
Q

How much air per minute enters the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange does take place

A

alveolar ventilation (VA)

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22
Q

Tidal volume * respiratory rate

A

minute respiratory volume

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23
Q

Tidal volume-dead space * resp. rate

A

alveolar ventilation

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24
Q

It takes [more/less] pressure to begin to open alveoli than to keep them open

A

more

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25
Q

Total amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute

A

minute ventilation

VE = TV * F

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26
Q

Number of breaths taken per minute

A

respiratory rate/frequency

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27
Q

Part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place

A

anatomic dead space (physiological dead space)

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28
Q

Amount of air per minute that enters the total volume of fresh air entering alveoli per minute

A

alveolar ventilation

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29
Q

What minute ventilation includes in it’s formula that alveolar ventilation does not

A

dead space

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30
Q

Area of anatomic deadspace

A

Nose to terminal bronchioles

1 cc/lb or 150 mL

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31
Q

Area of alveolar deadspace

A

Alveolar dead

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32
Q

Total of anatomic deadspace and alveolar deadspace

A

physiological deadspace

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33
Q

CO2 in blood [increases/decreases) with increase in alveolar ventilation

A

decreases

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34
Q

Alveolar dead space typically occurs due to a lack of this process

A

perfusion

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35
Q

Respiratory rate that is lower than normal age

A

bradypnea

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36
Q

Respiratory rate that is greater than the normal for age

A

tachypnea

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37
Q

Over-ventilation above that needed for the body’s CO2 elimination

A

hyperventilation

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38
Q

CO2 is basic/acidic

A

acidic

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39
Q

Under-ventilation below that needed for the body’s CO2 elimination

A

hypoventilation

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40
Q

Condition of maintaining acid (PCO2) in the blood

A

respiratory acidosis

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41
Q

Condition of maintaining base in the blood

A

respiratory alkalosis

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42
Q

Recoil of lungs and chest wall

A

elastic forces

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43
Q

How much the lungs and chest wall can distend

Change in V / change in P

A

elastance

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44
Q

Change in v / change in p

A

compliance

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45
Q

Amount of air you can force from you lungs in one second (measured during spirometry test)

A

FEV1

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46
Q

Normal FVC and FEV1 reference value

A

80%

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47
Q

Forced expiratory flow over the middle one half of the FVC; average flow from the point at which 25% of the FVC has been exhaled to the point at which 75% of the FVC has been exhaled

A

FEF 25%-75%

48
Q

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

A

forced vital capacity

IRV + ERV + TV

49
Q

System circulation to the tracheobronchial tree and parenchyma (covering of alveoli)

A

bronchial circulation

50
Q

Sheet of blood vessels that surrounds alveoli and oxygenates blood for systemic circulation

A

pulmonary capillary bed

51
Q

Pulsatile flow measuring systolic and diastolic pressures

A

mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MAP)

52
Q

MAP of >35/15

A

pulmonary hypertension

53
Q

MAP of <20/5

A

pulmonary hypotension

54
Q

Average mean systemic arterial pressure

A

120/80

55
Q

Pulmonary arteries originate from which area of the heart

A

left ventricle

56
Q

Pulmonary arteries have [more/less] pressure than the left atrium

A

more

57
Q

As lung volumes increase, vessels [increase/decrease] in radius

A

increase

58
Q

During expiration and low lung volume, extra-alveolar vessels [expand/constrict]

A

constrict

59
Q

During inhalation and high lung volume, extra-alveolar vessels [dilate/constrict]

A

dilate

60
Q

Alveolar vessels (capillary) [expand/constrict] as lung volume increases

A

constrict

61
Q

Extra-alveolar vessel resistance rises/falls with lung inflation

A

falls

62
Q

Alveolar vessel (capillary) resistance rises/falls with lung inflation

A

rises

63
Q

As CO increases, pulmonary arterial pressure [increases/decreases]

A

increases

64
Q

Chief mechanism for decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance when arterial pressure increases from low levels

Process of increasing amount of capillaries blood flows through to lower resistance before entering venules

A

capillary recruitement

65
Q

Chief mechanism for decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance at higher vascular pressures before entering venules

A

capillary distension

66
Q

Which pressure accounts for uneven distribution of blood flow

A

hydrostatic pressure

67
Q

Area of heart with the highest rate of blood flow

A

bases

68
Q

Zone of the top portion of lungs where alveolar pressure is greater than arteriole pressure, potential alveolar deadspace

alveolar > arterial > venous

A

Zone 1

69
Q

Zone of the middle portion of lungs where flow is determined by the gradient between alveolar and arterial pressure, not by the gradient between arterial and venous

Venous pressure is not an influence unless it exceeds arterial

arterial > alveolar > venous

A

Zone 2

70
Q

Zone of the bottom portion of the lung where flow is determined by the arterial-venous pressure gradient

arterial > venous > alveolar

A

Zone 3

71
Q

Blood flow is [highest/lowest] at the base of the lung

A

highest

72
Q

The amount of blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries

A

perfusion

perfusion = CO (5 L/min)

73
Q

Cardiac output equation

A

CO = heart rate x stroke volume

74
Q

Vessels that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary arteries

75
Q

Vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the LA of heart

A

pulmonary veins

76
Q

Extra-alveolar vessel resistance [rises/falls] with lung inflation

A

falls

77
Q

Alveolar vessel resistance [rises/falls] with lung inflation

A

rises

78
Q

Inadequate O2 delivery to a tissue

A

hypoxia

79
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs after taking the deepest breath possible

80
Q

The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs in one second (measured during spirometry test)

A

Forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1)

81
Q

The forced expiratory flow during the middle one half (25%-75%) of FEF

A

Forced expiratory flow 25%-75%

82
Q

During exercise, blood flow [increases/decreases]

A

increases substantially

83
Q

Law that states each pressure exerted by each gas in space is independent of the pressure exerted by other gases

A

Dalton’s Law

P = % total gases * Ptotal

84
Q

Increasing pressure [increases/decreases] resistance

A

decreases

85
Q

Equation for measurement of pulmonary blood flow (Fick Principle)

A

VO2 = Q (CaO2 - CvO2)

86
Q

When CaO2 increases, pulmonary blood flow [increases/decreases]

A

increases

87
Q

Determinants of diffusion (4)

A

(1) pressure gradient, (2) area, (3) distance, (4) solubility & molecular weight (fixed)

88
Q

Equation that demonstrates the relationship between flow and ventilation

A

V/Q

89
Q

In zone 1 of the lungs, the V/Q ratio is [higher/lower]

A

higher

90
Q

The movement of blood away from an area of low ventilation

V/Q is less than normal

A

physiological shunt

91
Q

An area of wasted ventilation (ventilation but no blood flow)

V/Q is higher than normal

A

physiological deadspace

92
Q

The percent of hemoglobin that has oxygen bound

A

saturation

93
Q

The driving pressure for diffusion

A

partial pressure

94
Q

Average tissue PO2 level

A
95
Q

Standard normal amount of hemoglobin in blood

A

15 grams Hb/100 mL of blood

96
Q

Percent saturation of hemoglobin on arterial & venous circulation

A

100% arterial / 75% venous

97
Q

Standard normal amount of O2 in blood

A

20 mL/100 mL blood

98
Q

Amount of O2 delivered to the capillaries per minute

A

oxygen delivery

99
Q

Equation for O2 delivery

A

DO2 = CO * Ca02

100
Q

The amount of oxygen in the arterial circulation is based on (3)

A

(1) the amount of hemoglobin, (2) the saturation of hemoglobin with O2, (3) the amount of O2 each gram of hemoglobin can carry

101
Q

Relationship between affinity and O2 dissociation

A

negative correlation

102
Q

Ways to increase O2 delivery to tissues

A

(1) increased blood flow, (2) increased content

103
Q

Percent of total CO2 involved in bicarbonate reaction

A

70%

104
Q

Percent of total CO2 bonded to hemoglobin after reaction

A

23%

105
Q

Percent of total CO2 still dissolved in blood after reaction with tissue

A

7%

106
Q

Pressure designed to push substances out of capillary beds

A

hydrostatic pressure of capillary

107
Q

Type of pressure that directly correlates with hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries

A

systolic pressure

108
Q

Pressure that protein, albumin, is exerting to keep water in the bloodstream

A

osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid

depends on albumin

109
Q

Pressure designed to pull substances into capillary bed

A

osmotic pressure of capillary

110
Q

Pressure designed to push substances into interstitial fluid

A

hydrostatic pressure of interstitual fluid

111
Q

Major chemical pH buffers in the extracellular fluid

A
112
Q

Major chemical pH buffers in the intercellular fluid

A
113
Q

Major chemical pH buffers in the bone

A
114
Q

acidosis

A

an increase in proton production in extracellular fluid

115
Q

alkalosis

A

a decrease in proton production in extracellular fluid

116
Q
A

titratable acid

Physiology (5 decks)

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