Test 2: Pulmonary Flashcards
Muscle that flexes neck, assists movement of head
sternocleidomastoid
Difference between inside of airway and outside of airway
transpulmonary pressure
Passive process due to elastic properties of lungs
“quiet”/relaxed exhalation
During forced exhalation, which muscles contract to push up the diaphragm
internal intercostal muscle
During forced inspiration, which muscles contract (3)
(1) pectoralis major, (2) scalene muscles, (3) sternocleidomastoid
When contraction of diaphragm occurs, vertical diameter [increases/decreases]
increases
When inhaling, pleural pressure [increases/decreases]
decrease
When exhaling, pleural pressure [increases/decreases]
increases
Law that states that for a given surface tension, small spheres require a higher distending pressure
Laplace’s Law of Spheres
P = 4T/r for alveoli
P=pressure
T=surface tension
r=radius of alveoli
Pressure necessary to keep lungs inflated
distending pressure
Normal inspiration/expiration volume
Tidal volume
The amount of extra air taken in during forced inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The amount of extra air that is expelled during forceful expiration
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The maximum amount of air that can be inspired following normal expiration
inspiratory capacity (IC)
IC = TV + IRV
The amount of air in the lungs that stays in the lungs/alveoli
residual volume (RV)
The maximum amount of air that can be expired following a maximal inspiration
[All pressure except residual volume (RV)]
vital capacity (VC)
VC = IRV + TV + ERV
The amount of air in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration
[All volumes in the lung together]
total lung capacity (TLC)
TLC = IRV + ERV + TV + RV
The amount of air remaining in the lungs following a normal expiration
function residual capacity (FRC)
FRC = ERV + RV
Number of breaths taken per minute
respiratory rate/frequency (F)
Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place
anatomic dead space
How much air per minute enters the parts of the respiratory system in which gas exchange does take place
alveolar ventilation (VA)
Tidal volume * respiratory rate
minute respiratory volume
Tidal volume-dead space * resp. rate
alveolar ventilation
It takes [more/less] pressure to begin to open alveoli than to keep them open
more
Total amount of air moved into and out of respiratory system per minute
minute ventilation
VE = TV * F
Number of breaths taken per minute
respiratory rate/frequency
Part of the respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place
anatomic dead space (physiological dead space)
Amount of air per minute that enters the total volume of fresh air entering alveoli per minute
alveolar ventilation
What minute ventilation includes in it’s formula that alveolar ventilation does not
dead space
Area of anatomic deadspace
Nose to terminal bronchioles
1 cc/lb or 150 mL
Area of alveolar deadspace
Alveolar dead
Total of anatomic deadspace and alveolar deadspace
physiological deadspace
CO2 in blood [increases/decreases) with increase in alveolar ventilation
decreases
Alveolar dead space typically occurs due to a lack of this process
perfusion
Respiratory rate that is lower than normal age
bradypnea
Respiratory rate that is greater than the normal for age
tachypnea
Over-ventilation above that needed for the body’s CO2 elimination
hyperventilation
CO2 is basic/acidic
acidic
Under-ventilation below that needed for the body’s CO2 elimination
hypoventilation
Condition of maintaining acid (PCO2) in the blood
respiratory acidosis
Condition of maintaining base in the blood
respiratory alkalosis
Recoil of lungs and chest wall
elastic forces
How much the lungs and chest wall can distend
Change in V / change in P
elastance
Change in v / change in p
compliance
Amount of air you can force from you lungs in one second (measured during spirometry test)
FEV1
Normal FVC and FEV1 reference value
80%
Forced expiratory flow over the middle one half of the FVC; average flow from the point at which 25% of the FVC has been exhaled to the point at which 75% of the FVC has been exhaled
FEF 25%-75%
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs after taking the deepest breath possible
forced vital capacity
IRV + ERV + TV
System circulation to the tracheobronchial tree and parenchyma (covering of alveoli)
bronchial circulation
Sheet of blood vessels that surrounds alveoli and oxygenates blood for systemic circulation
pulmonary capillary bed
Pulsatile flow measuring systolic and diastolic pressures
mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MAP)
MAP of >35/15
pulmonary hypertension
MAP of <20/5
pulmonary hypotension
Average mean systemic arterial pressure
120/80
Pulmonary arteries originate from which area of the heart
left ventricle
Pulmonary arteries have [more/less] pressure than the left atrium
more
As lung volumes increase, vessels [increase/decrease] in radius
increase
During expiration and low lung volume, extra-alveolar vessels [expand/constrict]
constrict
During inhalation and high lung volume, extra-alveolar vessels [dilate/constrict]
dilate
Alveolar vessels (capillary) [expand/constrict] as lung volume increases
constrict
Extra-alveolar vessel resistance rises/falls with lung inflation
falls
Alveolar vessel (capillary) resistance rises/falls with lung inflation
rises
As CO increases, pulmonary arterial pressure [increases/decreases]
increases
Chief mechanism for decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance when arterial pressure increases from low levels
Process of increasing amount of capillaries blood flows through to lower resistance before entering venules
capillary recruitement
Chief mechanism for decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance at higher vascular pressures before entering venules
capillary distension
Which pressure accounts for uneven distribution of blood flow
hydrostatic pressure
Area of heart with the highest rate of blood flow
bases
Zone of the top portion of lungs where alveolar pressure is greater than arteriole pressure, potential alveolar deadspace
alveolar > arterial > venous
Zone 1
Zone of the middle portion of lungs where flow is determined by the gradient between alveolar and arterial pressure, not by the gradient between arterial and venous
Venous pressure is not an influence unless it exceeds arterial
arterial > alveolar > venous
Zone 2
Zone of the bottom portion of the lung where flow is determined by the arterial-venous pressure gradient
arterial > venous > alveolar
Zone 3
Blood flow is [highest/lowest] at the base of the lung
highest
The amount of blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries
perfusion
perfusion = CO (5 L/min)
Cardiac output equation
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
Vessels that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary arteries
Vessels that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the LA of heart
pulmonary veins
Extra-alveolar vessel resistance [rises/falls] with lung inflation
falls
Alveolar vessel resistance [rises/falls] with lung inflation
rises
Inadequate O2 delivery to a tissue
hypoxia
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs after taking the deepest breath possible
The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs in one second (measured during spirometry test)
Forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1)
The forced expiratory flow during the middle one half (25%-75%) of FEF
Forced expiratory flow 25%-75%
During exercise, blood flow [increases/decreases]
increases substantially
Law that states each pressure exerted by each gas in space is independent of the pressure exerted by other gases
Dalton’s Law
P = % total gases * Ptotal
Increasing pressure [increases/decreases] resistance
decreases
Equation for measurement of pulmonary blood flow (Fick Principle)
VO2 = Q (CaO2 - CvO2)
When CaO2 increases, pulmonary blood flow [increases/decreases]
increases
Determinants of diffusion (4)
(1) pressure gradient, (2) area, (3) distance, (4) solubility & molecular weight (fixed)
Equation that demonstrates the relationship between flow and ventilation
V/Q
In zone 1 of the lungs, the V/Q ratio is [higher/lower]
higher
The movement of blood away from an area of low ventilation
V/Q is less than normal
physiological shunt
An area of wasted ventilation (ventilation but no blood flow)
V/Q is higher than normal
physiological deadspace
The percent of hemoglobin that has oxygen bound
saturation
The driving pressure for diffusion
partial pressure
Average tissue PO2 level
Standard normal amount of hemoglobin in blood
15 grams Hb/100 mL of blood
Percent saturation of hemoglobin on arterial & venous circulation
100% arterial / 75% venous
Standard normal amount of O2 in blood
20 mL/100 mL blood
Amount of O2 delivered to the capillaries per minute
oxygen delivery
Equation for O2 delivery
DO2 = CO * Ca02
The amount of oxygen in the arterial circulation is based on (3)
(1) the amount of hemoglobin, (2) the saturation of hemoglobin with O2, (3) the amount of O2 each gram of hemoglobin can carry
Relationship between affinity and O2 dissociation
negative correlation
Ways to increase O2 delivery to tissues
(1) increased blood flow, (2) increased content
Percent of total CO2 involved in bicarbonate reaction
70%
Percent of total CO2 bonded to hemoglobin after reaction
23%
Percent of total CO2 still dissolved in blood after reaction with tissue
7%
Pressure designed to push substances out of capillary beds
hydrostatic pressure of capillary
Type of pressure that directly correlates with hydrostatic pressure within the capillaries
systolic pressure
Pressure that protein, albumin, is exerting to keep water in the bloodstream
osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid
depends on albumin
Pressure designed to pull substances into capillary bed
osmotic pressure of capillary
Pressure designed to push substances into interstitial fluid
hydrostatic pressure of interstitual fluid
Major chemical pH buffers in the extracellular fluid
Major chemical pH buffers in the intercellular fluid
Major chemical pH buffers in the bone
acidosis
an increase in proton production in extracellular fluid
alkalosis
a decrease in proton production in extracellular fluid
titratable acid
