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Physiology > Final Exam: Combined Endocrine & Comprehensive > Flashcards

Final Exam: Combined Endocrine & Comprehensive Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones produced and stored in the anterior pituitary and released into circulation (6)

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH

FLATPiG

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2
Q

Most common form of intercellular communication

A

Paracrine communication

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3
Q

Hormones that control cortisol secretion

A

(1) ACTH & (2) CRH from the fetal pituitary & placenta

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4
Q

Cells that posses receptors that bind and “read” hormonal messages

A

target cells

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5
Q

Location for nonsteroidal hormone receptors

A

cell membrane

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6
Q

Location for steriod hormone receptors

A

cell cytoplasm or nucleus

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7
Q

Molecules that bind the receptor & induce all the post-receptor events that lead to a biologic effect

A

agonists

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8
Q

Molecules that bind the receptor and block the binding of the agonist, but fail to trigger intracellular signaling events

A

antagonists

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9
Q

Examples of on-lipid soluble hormones

A

Epinephrine & norepinephrine, ADH, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, glucagon

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10
Q

Examples of lipid soluble hormones

A

testosterone, T3, T4, calcitonin

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11
Q

When the output of a pathway inhibits inputs to the pathway

A

negative feedback (furnace is negative feedback circuit

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12
Q

The root of most control mechanisms in the endocrine system

A

Feedback circuits

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13
Q

Hormone that stimulates thyroid

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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14
Q

The portion of the pituitary gland that is directly connected to the brain

A

posterior pituitary

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15
Q

Another name for pituitary gland

A

hypophysis

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16
Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

immediately beneath the hypothalamus, in the base of the skull in the sella turnica

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17
Q

The portion of the pituitary that is an extension of the hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

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18
Q

The hormones produced in the hypothalamus released from posterior pituitary gland

A

ADH, oxytocin

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19
Q

The majority of hormones from the hypothalamus are hormone-[releasing/inhibiting]

A

The majority of hormones from hypothalamus are hormone-releasing

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20
Q

Hormones that stimulates the adrenal gland

A

CRH > ACTH

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21
Q

Hormones that stimulate gonads in anterior pituitary

A

GnRH > FSH & LH

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22
Q

Hormone that inhibits prolactin

A

hypothalamic dopamine

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23
Q

Function of LH

A

Produce testosterone

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24
Q

Prohormone of T3

A

T4

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25
Q

Central cavity of sticky fluid on thyroid

A

colloid

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26
Q

Hormones produced in the colloid when iodine attaches to glycoprotein

A

thyroglobulin

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27
Q

Location of calcitonin in thyroid

A

Parafollicular cells (C cells)

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28
Q

Function of calcitonin

A

Calcitonin tones down calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts (cells that release calcium into blood) and prohibiting osteoblasts

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29
Q

Negative feedback relationship in parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone & calcitonin

30
Q

Function of PTH

A

Increases calcium reabsorption > increases excretion of phosphate in urine

(PTH: Phosphorus trashing hormone)

31
Q

Another name for calcitriol

A

Vitamin D3

32
Q

Cells that release PTH in the parathyroid

A

Chief cells of parathyroid

33
Q

Hormones released by glomerulosa of adrenal gland

A

aldosterone (salt)

34
Q

Hormones released by fasciculata of adrenal gland

A

cortisol (sugar)

35
Q

Hormones released by reticularis

A

testosterone and estrogen (sex)

36
Q

Hormones (2) released by the cortex of adrenal gland

A

norepinephrine, epinephrine

37
Q

Short-term stress, fight-or-flight response, mediated by hormones epinephrine & norepinephrine from adrenal medulla via general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

alarm reaction

38
Q

Second stage of stress response if stress is not relieved

A

Stage of resistance

39
Q

Final stage of stress response if the stress continues for a longer time, may suffer depression, immune response, severe fatigue

A

Stage of exhaustion

40
Q

Tissue that the adrenal medulla tissue is composed of

A

postganglionic sympathetic nervous system neurons

41
Q

Functions (2) of pineal gland

A

Inhibits reproduction function, setting circadian rhythms

42
Q

Percent of pancreas that has endocrine function

A

1%

43
Q

Function and location of alpha-Islets of Langerhans

A

Release glucagon; located peripherial

44
Q

Function and location of beta-Islets of Langerhans

A

Release insulin; located centrally

45
Q

Function and location of delta-Islets of Langerhans

A

Release somatostatin; interspersed

46
Q

Transporter responsible for getting insulin into skeletal m and adipose tissue

A

GLUT 4 transporter

47
Q

Cells that secrete inhibin in the testes

A

nurse (sustentacular) cells

48
Q

Blend of thymic hormones that develop & maintain normal immune defenses

A

thymosins

49
Q

Normal pH range of arterial blood

A

7.35-7.45

50
Q

Blood pH below 7.35

A

acidosis

51
Q

Blood pH above 7.45

A

alkalosis

52
Q

The physiological effect of acidosis

A

depression of synaptic transmission in CNS

53
Q

The physiological effect of alkalosis

A

hyperexcitability of CNS and peripheral nerves

54
Q

Hydrogen (proton) donors

A

acids (donate H+ to a base)

55
Q

Hydrogen (proton) acceptors

A

alkaline OR base (accepts H+)

56
Q

Movement of uncharged, hydrophobic solute through a lipid bilayer

A

diffusion

57
Q

Compensation used for an acidic pH in blood

A

respiratory compensation

58
Q

“Acid” component in blood

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)

59
Q

“Basic” component in blood

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

60
Q

Most powerful but slow form of compensation

A

renal compensation

61
Q

General type of cells that read contents of lumen & prevent overcompensation for an imbalance

A

Chemoreceptor cells

62
Q

Degree of compensation where body has made no attempt to correct acid-base imbalance

A

uncompensated

63
Q

Degree of compensation where body is attempting to correct the imbalance but blood pH remains abnormal

A

partially compensated

64
Q

Degree of compensation where the body has corrected the imbalance and blood pH is normal but other blood gas values remain abnormal

A

fully compensated

65
Q

Measurements to determine acid-base status

A

pH, PCO2, PO2, bicarbonate

66
Q

Layers of the heart, lumen

A

epicardium > myocardium > endocardium

67
Q

Sequence of valves in heart

A
68
Q

Function of SA node

A

Increase HR, increase contractility

69
Q

Sequence of electrical action propagation

A

SA > AV > Bundle of His >L, R bundle branches, Purkinje fibers

70
Q

Phases of ventricular action potential (slide 59)

A

Physiology (5 decks)

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