Final Exam: Combined Endocrine & Comprehensive Flashcards
Hormones produced and stored in the anterior pituitary and released into circulation (6)
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH
FLATPiG
Most common form of intercellular communication
Paracrine communication
Hormones that control cortisol secretion
(1) ACTH & (2) CRH from the fetal pituitary & placenta
Cells that posses receptors that bind and “read” hormonal messages
target cells
Location for nonsteroidal hormone receptors
cell membrane
Location for steriod hormone receptors
cell cytoplasm or nucleus
Molecules that bind the receptor & induce all the post-receptor events that lead to a biologic effect
agonists
Molecules that bind the receptor and block the binding of the agonist, but fail to trigger intracellular signaling events
antagonists
Examples of on-lipid soluble hormones
Epinephrine & norepinephrine, ADH, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, glucagon
Examples of lipid soluble hormones
testosterone, T3, T4, calcitonin
When the output of a pathway inhibits inputs to the pathway
negative feedback (furnace is negative feedback circuit
The root of most control mechanisms in the endocrine system
Feedback circuits
Hormone that stimulates thyroid
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
The portion of the pituitary gland that is directly connected to the brain
posterior pituitary
Another name for pituitary gland
hypophysis
Location of pituitary gland
immediately beneath the hypothalamus, in the base of the skull in the sella turnica
The portion of the pituitary that is an extension of the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
The hormones produced in the hypothalamus released from posterior pituitary gland
ADH, oxytocin
The majority of hormones from the hypothalamus are hormone-[releasing/inhibiting]
The majority of hormones from hypothalamus are hormone-releasing
Hormones that stimulates the adrenal gland
CRH > ACTH
Hormones that stimulate gonads in anterior pituitary
GnRH > FSH & LH
Hormone that inhibits prolactin
hypothalamic dopamine
Function of LH
Produce testosterone
Prohormone of T3
T4
Central cavity of sticky fluid on thyroid
colloid
Hormones produced in the colloid when iodine attaches to glycoprotein
thyroglobulin
Location of calcitonin in thyroid
Parafollicular cells (C cells)
Function of calcitonin
Calcitonin tones down calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts (cells that release calcium into blood) and prohibiting osteoblasts
Negative feedback relationship in parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone & calcitonin
Function of PTH
Increases calcium reabsorption > increases excretion of phosphate in urine
(PTH: Phosphorus trashing hormone)
Another name for calcitriol
Vitamin D3
Cells that release PTH in the parathyroid
Chief cells of parathyroid
Hormones released by glomerulosa of adrenal gland
aldosterone (salt)
Hormones released by fasciculata of adrenal gland
cortisol (sugar)
Hormones released by reticularis
testosterone and estrogen (sex)
Hormones (2) released by the cortex of adrenal gland
norepinephrine, epinephrine
Short-term stress, fight-or-flight response, mediated by hormones epinephrine & norepinephrine from adrenal medulla via general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
alarm reaction
Second stage of stress response if stress is not relieved
Stage of resistance
Final stage of stress response if the stress continues for a longer time, may suffer depression, immune response, severe fatigue
Stage of exhaustion
Tissue that the adrenal medulla tissue is composed of
postganglionic sympathetic nervous system neurons
Functions (2) of pineal gland
Inhibits reproduction function, setting circadian rhythms
Percent of pancreas that has endocrine function
1%
Function and location of alpha-Islets of Langerhans
Release glucagon; located peripherial
Function and location of beta-Islets of Langerhans
Release insulin; located centrally
Function and location of delta-Islets of Langerhans
Release somatostatin; interspersed
Transporter responsible for getting insulin into skeletal m and adipose tissue
GLUT 4 transporter
Cells that secrete inhibin in the testes
nurse (sustentacular) cells
Blend of thymic hormones that develop & maintain normal immune defenses
thymosins
Normal pH range of arterial blood
7.35-7.45
Blood pH below 7.35
acidosis
Blood pH above 7.45
alkalosis
The physiological effect of acidosis
depression of synaptic transmission in CNS
The physiological effect of alkalosis
hyperexcitability of CNS and peripheral nerves
Hydrogen (proton) donors
acids (donate H+ to a base)
Hydrogen (proton) acceptors
alkaline OR base (accepts H+)
Movement of uncharged, hydrophobic solute through a lipid bilayer
diffusion
Compensation used for an acidic pH in blood
respiratory compensation
“Acid” component in blood
carbon dioxide (CO2)
“Basic” component in blood
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Most powerful but slow form of compensation
renal compensation
General type of cells that read contents of lumen & prevent overcompensation for an imbalance
Chemoreceptor cells
Degree of compensation where body has made no attempt to correct acid-base imbalance
uncompensated
Degree of compensation where body is attempting to correct the imbalance but blood pH remains abnormal
partially compensated
Degree of compensation where the body has corrected the imbalance and blood pH is normal but other blood gas values remain abnormal
fully compensated
Measurements to determine acid-base status
pH, PCO2, PO2, bicarbonate
Layers of the heart, lumen
epicardium > myocardium > endocardium
Sequence of valves in heart
Function of SA node
Increase HR, increase contractility
Sequence of electrical action propagation
SA > AV > Bundle of His >L, R bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Phases of ventricular action potential (slide 59)
