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Physiology > Test 3: Renal > Flashcards

Test 3: Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Arteriole that carries blood to the glomerular capillaries for filtration

A

afferent arteriole

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2
Q

Tuft of glomerular capillaries through which large amounts of fluid are filtered from the blood; primary filtration system

A

glomerulus

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3
Q

Arterioles that carries blood into kidney

A

afferent arterioles

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4
Q

Waste products of metabolism (that are no longer needed by body)

A 
urea
creatine
uric acid
end products of hemoglobin breakdown
metabolites of various hormones
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5
Q

The [right/left] kidney sits higher than the other

A

right

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6
Q

Portion of kidney that filtrates to form urine

A

cortex

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7
Q

Portion of kidney that protects and maintains shape

A

capsule

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8
Q

Part of kidney that collects and excretes urine

A

medulla

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9
Q

Portion of medulla that contains tubules

A

pyramids

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10
Q

Portion of medulla that contains blood vessels

A

columns

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11
Q

Amount of nephrons in each kidney

A

1 million

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12
Q

Rate at which urine is formed

A

1 mL/minute

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13
Q

Bladder capacity

A

~400-500 mL

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14
Q

Part of nephron that converts filtered fluid into urine on its way to the pelvis

A

Long tube

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15
Q

Part of nephron that takes filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule and moves it to the pelvis of the kidney

A

collecting duct

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16
Q

Three portions of the renal tubule

A

proximal convulted tubule (PCT), distal convoluted tubule (DCT), loop of Henle

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17
Q

Nephron that starts in the cortex and extend down into the medulla, in some cases to near the pelvis of the kidney; secretes, reabsobs and concentrates urine

A

juxtamedullary nephron

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18
Q

Entire nephron is located in the outer region of the kidney, the cortex; primarily in secretion and reabsorption of different substances

A

cortical nephron

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19
Q

Blood flow through kidney

A

1100 mL/min

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20
Q

Percent of CO that flows to the kidneys

A

22%

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21
Q

Distal ends of the capillaries of each glomerulus come together to form the efferent arteriole, which leads to a second capillary network that surrounds renal tubules

A

peritublular capillaries

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22
Q

Most blood of kidneys enters

A

Peritubular circulation

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23
Q

Ascending and descending vessels in juxtamedullary nephrons

A

vasa recta

less than 1% blood here

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24
Q

Path of renal blood flow

A

renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries > afferent arterioles > peritubular capillaries > interlobular veins > arcuate veins > interlobular veins > renal vein

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25
Q

Ascending and descending limbs of of this structure loop along with their blood vessels and collecting tubes form the pyramids in the medulla

A

Loop of Henle

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26
Q

Water content of the filtrate when filtrate reaches descending limb of loop of Henle

A

70%

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27
Q

Tubules furthest from the glomerulus that helps regulate potassium excretion

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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28
Q

Equatoin for what is oging ot be excreted

A

Amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted = amount of solute excreted

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29
Q

Apparatus that regulates blood pressure within the kidneys, regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

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30
Q

system that regulates blood pressure and volume

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

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31
Q

Factors that cells of the macula densa are sensitive to in the afferent tubule

A

(1) ionic content and (2) water volume of fluid

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32
Q

Pressure forces filtration of blood in the glomerulus

A

glomerular filtration

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33
Q

Amount of filtrate formed each minute

A

Glomerular filtration

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34
Q

The process of returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body

A

tubular reabsorption

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35
Q

The movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate

A

tubular secretion

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36
Q

Pores which act as a filtration (dialysis) membrane

A

fenestrations

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37
Q

Prevents filtration of larger proteins

A

Basal lamina of glomerulus

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38
Q

Prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins

A

Filtration slit membrane

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39
Q

Push things out

A

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

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40
Q

Section of nephron that extends the medulla and has thick and thin segments

A

Juxtamedullary nephron

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41
Q

Section of nephron that extends into the medulla with thick segments only; the majority of you nephrons

A

Cortical nephron

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42
Q

System that regulates blood pressure within the kidneys

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

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43
Q

Layers of glomerular capillary membrane

A

(1) endothelium of capillary, (2) basement membrane, (3) layer of epithelial cells

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44
Q

Glomerular capillary membrane that prevents filtration of plasma proteins

A

Basement membrane

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45
Q

Final part of the glomerular membrane that a layer of epithelial cells encircle the outer surface of the capillaries

A

Podocytes

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46
Q

Membrane that surrounds glomerular capillaries

A

Glomerular membrane

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47
Q

Charge of epithelial cells; provides additional restriction to filtration of plasma proteins

A

negative

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48
Q

Glomerular filtration depends on (4)

A

(1) pressure gradient across the filtration slit, (2) blood circulation through kidneys, (3) permeability of filtration barrier, (4) filtration surface

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49
Q

Formation of protein-free filtrate of plasma across glomerular membrane

A

glomerular filtration

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50
Q

The equation for what is excreted as urine

A

What is filtered + what is secreted - what is reabsorbed = what is excreted

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51
Q

Blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic filtration

should be 55 mmHg

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52
Q

Average glomerular blood hydrostatic filtration

A

55 mm Hg

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53
Q

Hydrostatic pressure exerted by filtrate into glomerulus, against filtration

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

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54
Q

Average capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

15 mm Hg

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55
Q

Pressure due to proteins in blood that pulls blood into glomerular capillaries

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

should be 30 mmHg

56
Q

Average blood colloid osmotic pressure

57
Q

Equation for net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

NFP = GBHP - CHP - BCOP

NFP = 55 mm Hg - 15 mm Hg - 30 mm Hg

58
Q

Measures the ability of the kidneys to clear plasma of products
ONLY WHAT IS FILTERED, NOT SECRETED/REABSORBED

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

59
Q

The ability of the kidneys to clear plamsa fro mdifferent products

A

renal clearence

60
Q

Equation for glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR = (Concentration of inulin in urine x volume of urine)/concentration of inulin in plasma

61
Q

Constant representing the permeability of the glomerular filter

A

filtration coefficient

62
Q

GFR for kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR

A

> 90 ml/min/1.73 m^2

63
Q

GFR for mild decreased

64
Q

GFR for kidney failure

A

<15 or dialysis

65
Q

Factors that regulate GFR

A

(1) myogenic response, (2) tubuloglomerular feedback at JGA, (3) hormones and ANS

66
Q

2 means of renal autoregulation

A

(1) increased blood pressure in glomerular capillaries: triggers myogenic contraction of smooth muscles in afferent arterioles to reduce GFR, (2) decreased blood pressure in glomerular capillaries: triggers dilation of afferent capillaries to increase blood flow and GFR

67
Q

Typical response to stretch arteriolar smooth muscle due to increased blood pressure

A

myogenic response

68
Q

Afferent arterioles can [dilate/constrict] easier than the other

69
Q

Portion of JGA that monitors NaCl concentration

A

macula densa

70
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback at JGA if GFR increases

A
  1. GFR increases
  2. Flow thorugh tubule increases
  3. Flow past macula densa increases
  4. Paracrine from macula densa to afferent arteriole
  5. Afferent arteriole constricts

Causes resistance in afferent arteriole increases, hydostatic pressure in glomerulus decreases, GFR decreases

71
Q

Specialized contractile cells in the afferent arteriole of JGA

A

juxtaglomerular cells/granular cells

72
Q

As GFR increases, NaCl [increases/decreases]

73
Q

The system used when BP drops drastically, beyond autoregulation; can override autoregulation

A

Hormones & ANS

74
Q

Strong vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent that changes filtration coefficient

A

Angiotensin II

75
Q

Vasodilators that change filtration coefficient

A

prostaglandins

76
Q

Autonomic nervous system regulation causes [vasoconstriction/vasodilation]

A

vasoconstriction

77
Q

Most important regulator to the kidneys with extreme drops of BP

A

Symapthetic input

78
Q

Peptide that causes glomerulus to relax, increasing surface area for filtration

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

79
Q

Angiotensinogen and renin make up which type of angiotensin

A

Angiotensin I

80
Q

Enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

81
Q

AT II causes (2) in RAAS system

A

(1) vasoconstriction of arterioles, (2) increased aldosterone secretion

82
Q

Components of JGA

A

(1) macula densa, (2) juxtaglomerular cells

83
Q

Hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and blood volume

A

Renin-angiotensin system (RAAS)

84
Q

Process of returning important substances from the filtrate back into the renal interstitium

A

tubular reabsorption

85
Q

Role of the proximal tubule in tubular reabsopriton

A

reabsorb most of the electrolyes and water it receives

85
Q

First part of the proximal tubule that is responsible for most of reabsorption

A

Pars convoluta

86
Q

Percent of glomerular filtrate that the proximal tubules reabsorb

A

70% of glomerular filtrate

87
Q

First point at which forming urine is modified

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

88
Q

Percent of water and solutes filtered by the nephron that must be reabsorbed by the nephron

89
Q

Factors that influence osmolarity and concentration gradients

A

Movement of water into the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

90
Q

Amount of sodium and potassium ions that pump into a cell with an ATPases pump

A

3 Na+ ions, 2 K+ ions

91
Q

Water flowing passively to maintain an isotonic fluid environment inside the capillary

A

obligatory water reabsorption

because water is OBLIGED to follow Na+

92
Q

Portion of nephron tubule that moves more substances across than any other portion of the nephron

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

93
Q

Integral membrane protein that simultaneously transports two substances across the membrane in the same direction

94
Q

Integral membrane transport protein that simultaneusly transports two different molecules, in opposite directions, across the membrane

95
Q

Process of passive transport, facilitated by specific integral proteins

A

Facilitated transfusion

96
Q

Substances transported with Na+ (symport mechanism) on the apical membrane

A

Cl-, Ca++, amino acids, glucose, and PO3-4

97
Q

Three ions that diffuse laterally between adjacent cell membranes

A

K+, Ca++, Mg++

98
Q

Equation for transport maximum of glucose (reabsorption of urine)

A

Transport maximum = Plasma glucose x GFR

99
Q

Ion that is vital to the maintenance of acid-base balance (very powerful fast-acting buffer)

100
Q

Ion that HCO3 binds with to form carbonic acid

A

hydrogen ions

101
Q

Absorption of water occurs when it is obliged to follow the solutes as they are reabsorbed (to maintain osmotic gradient)

A

obligatory reabsorption

102
Q

Cells that become more permeable to water to increase facultative water reabsorption

A

Principal cells

103
Q

Main role of the loop of Henle

A

produce a hypertonic environment within the medulla to allow the reabsorption of water by osmosis from collecting tubules

104
Q

Tubular fluid osmolality changes during loop of Henle

A

from isonic to plasma to being hypotonic to plasma

105
Q

Loop of Helne that is permeable to water

A

descending loop

106
Q

Loop of Henle that is permeable to ions, NOT water

A

ascending loop

107
Q

Countercurrent multiplier system

A

The fact that the descending and ascedning loop sare next to each other and their fluid flows in opposite directions

108
Q

Hormone that increases Na+/K+ ATPase in the basal membrane of the DCT

A

aldosterone

109
Q

Ion that moves out of the lumen of the DCT into the interstitial space with Na+ to create a negative charge

110
Q

Capillaries that receive solutes and water in the distal tubule and return them to the circulation

A

peritubular capillaries

111
Q

Actions of calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)

A

(1) induces production of calcium-binding proteins that transport Ca++ into cell, (2) binding protein for movement of calcium inside the cell and aid in exocytosis of calcium across the basolateral membrane, (3) any Ca++ not reabsorbed at the point is lost in the urine

112
Q

Two cells of the collecting duct

A

(1) principal cells, (2) intercalated cells

113
Q

Function of collecting duct

A

Regulation of urine volume and osmolarity

114
Q

Blood when the collecting ducts recover more water to dilute the blood

A

hyperosmotic blood

115
Q

Blood when the collecting ducts recover less water, leading to concentration of blood

A

hyposmotic blood

116
Q

Hormone/organ that regulates the collecting duct

A

ADH from the posterior pituitary hormone

117
Q

Cells of the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of ADH

A

osmoreceptors

118
Q

What is secreted into urine at the loop of henle

119
Q

Hormone that affects water reabsorption by increasing water permeability in the collecting duct

120
Q

The hormone that binds to receptors in the distal tubule; increases calcium channels = increases calcium reabsoprtion

121
Q

Hormone that regulates the blood osmolality, blood pressure and osmolarity

122
Q

Part of brain that produces ADH

A

hypothalamus

123
Q

Ion recovery that aldosterone regulates

124
Q

An increase in aldosterone causes an [increase/decrease] in Na+ recovered from the forming urine

125
Q

Hormone that creates an obligatory response

A

aldosterone

126
Q

Hormone that creates a facultative response

127
Q

Waste products of kidneys

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid. end products of hemoglobin, metabolites of various hormones

128
Q

The pyramids of the kidney contain [tubules/blood vessels]

129
Q

The columns of the kidney contain [tubules/blood vessels]

A

blood vessels

130
Q

Majority of nephrons are [cortical/juxtamedullary]

131
Q

Artery that supplies kidney

132
Q

Three layers of endothelial cell in glomerulus

A

(1) fenestration (prevents blood cells, allows blood plasma to filter_, (2) basal lamina (prevents large proteins from filtering), (3) slit membrane between pedicels (prevents medium-sized proteins)

133
Q

Hormone that is released during an increase in BP (is a dieretic)

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

134
Q

Location and function of volume receptors

A

In affterent arteriole; constricts afferent arteriole, decreases perfusion

Physiology (5 decks)

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