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Biology 102 (Dr. Sphon) > Test 4 (Chapters 11-13) > Flashcards

Test 4 (Chapters 11-13) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A
  • brain

- spinal

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2
Q

What are the functions of the CNS?

A

receives, processes, and transfers information

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

nerves outside the CNS

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4
Q

What is the function of the sensory division of the PNS?

A

carries information toward the CNS

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5
Q

What is the function of the motor division of the PNS?

A

carries information away from the CNS

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6
Q

What are neurons?

A

specialized cells for communication

generates and conducts electrical impulses

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7
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

neurons found in the PNS that receive stimuli and transmit information to the CNS

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8
Q

What are interneurons?

A

transmit information between components of the CNS

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
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10
Q

What is the cell body?

A
  • main part of the cell

- contains nucleus and most of the cytoplasm and organelles

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

small slender extensions of the cell body that receive incoming info

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12
Q

What is the axon?

A

long slender extension specialized to conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body

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13
Q

What do neurons generate and transmit?

A

action potentials

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14
Q

What is an action potential?

A

an electrical impulse that is the main form of communication throughout the nervous system

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15
Q

What is the function of the sodium potassium exchange pump?

A
  • maintain cell volume

- establish and maintain resting potential by forcing sodium out of the cell and potassium in

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16
Q

What is resting potential?

A

measurable difference in voltage across the cell membrane in a resting cell (-70 mv; interior of the cell negative related to exterior)

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17
Q

What is graded potential?

A

transient local changes in the resting potential

may depolarize or hyperpolarize

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18
Q

What is summation?

A

graded potentials that can add up in space or time

may reach a trigger point that signals an action potential

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19
Q

How is an action potential initiated?

A

graded potentials reach certain threshold

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20
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

potassium moves out

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21
Q

What happens during repolarization?

A

sodium moves into the axon and potassium moves out

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22
Q

How is the resting potential reestablished?

A

normal activity of the sodium potassium exchange pump

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23
Q

What does self propagating mean?

A

continuing to propagate itself in the next region of the axon? (moves like a wave; constant speed and amplitude)

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24
Q

What is the all-or-none principal?

A

a neuron either reaches threshold and fires an action potential or it does not

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25
Q

What is self propagating?

A

continuing to propagate itself in the next region of the axon? (moves like a wave; constant speed and amplitude)

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26
Q

What determines the strength of a stimuli?

A

number of action potentials

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27
Q

What does stronger stimuli generate?

A

more action potentials

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28
Q

What affects the speed of an action potential?

A
  • type of neuron

- diameter of axon

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29
Q

What are the function of neuroglia cells?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • does not transmit action potentials
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30
Q

What are the function of Schwann cells?

A
  • form myelin sheath in PNS
  • save the neuron energy
  • speed up transmission of impulses
  • helps damaged or severed axons regenerate
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31
Q

What is salutatory conduction?

A

leaping pattern of action potential conduction

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32
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

-form myelin sheath in CNS

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33
Q

What are targets?

A
  • another neuron
  • muscle cell
  • gland
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34
Q

What are synapses?

A

special junction between axon terminus and target cell

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35
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

transmission of impulse from sending a (presynaptic) neuron across synaptic cleft to receiving (postsynaptic) target

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36
Q

What does the response of a postsynaptic target cell depend on?

A
  • type of neurotransmitter
  • type of receptors
  • type of gated channels
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37
Q

What is the function of excitatory neurotransmitters?

A

depolarize the postsynaptic cell

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38
Q

What is the function of inhibitory neurotransmitters?

A

hyperpolarize postsynaptic cell

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39
Q

What is the function of the neuron (axons and neurons in a myelin sheath)?

A

carries info to and from the CNS

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40
Q

What is the function of cranial nerves?

A

connect directly to brain (12 pairs)

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41
Q

What is the function of spinal nerves?

A

connect spinal cord (31 pairs)

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42
Q

What is the function of the somatic division of the CNS

A
  • voluntary: conscious control of skeletal muscles

- involuntary: spinal reflexes

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43
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

command center

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44
Q

What is the function of the hindbrain?

A

coordinates basic, automatic, and visual tasks

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45
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

coordinates muscle groups and responses to sight and sound

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46
Q

What is the function of the forebrain?

A

receives, integrates sensory input, and determines complex behavior

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47
Q

What is the function of the medulla?

A
  • controls vital automatic function (heart rate and breathing)
  • connects brain and spinal cord
  • motor nerves cross over here
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48
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

-coordinates basic body movements
-stores and replicates sequences of skilled movements
(excessive alcohol disrupts function)

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49
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A
  • connects higher brain centers to spinal cord
  • coordinates flow of info between cerebellum and higher brain centers
  • aids medulla in respiration regulation
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50
Q

How does the midbrain control vision and hearing?

A
  • coordinates movement of head related to vision and hearing

- controls eye movement and pupil size

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51
Q

What is the function of reticular formation?

A
  • helps control skeletal muscle activity related to posture/balance
  • maintains wakefulness
52
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

homeostasis

53
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

receive, process, and transfer center

54
Q

What is the function of the cerebrum?

A
  • language
  • decision making
  • conscious thought
55
Q

What is the structure of the cerebrum?

A

right and left hemisphere (connected by corpus callosum)

56
Q

What is the function of the cerebral cortex (grey matter)?

A
  • memory storage
  • abstract thought
  • conscious awareness
  • conscious control of skeletal muscles
57
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

process visual info

58
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A
  • interprets auditory info

- comprehends spoke/written language

59
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

receives and interprets sensory info from the skin

60
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A
  • initiates motor activity
  • speech
  • conscious thought
61
Q

What is the function of al four lobes?

A

long term memory storage

62
Q

What is the function of the Reticular Activating System?

A

controls level of sleep and wakefulness

serotonin for sleep and norepinephrine for wakefulness

63
Q

What does the hypothalamus serve as?

A

gateway to and from limbic system

64
Q

Function of the limbic system?

A
  • seek food, satisfy thirst
  • sexual gratification
  • behavior modified by cerebellum
  • pathways involving emotion and memory (short term memory)
65
Q

What is short term memory?

A
  • working memory
  • info from last few hours
  • stored in limbic system
66
Q

What is long term memory?

A
  • info from days or years ago

- involves permanent changes in cerebral cortex neurons and synapses

67
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

sensory input that causes some change within or outside the body (heat, pressure, sound, etc.)

68
Q

What is a receptor?

A

a structure that detects stimuli and converts its energy into another form

69
Q

How are nerve impulses transmitted?

A

from receptors to specific portions of the brain

70
Q

What is the function of sensory adaptation?

A

allows the CNS to concentrate on important stimuli and ignore noncritical ones to maintain homeostasis

71
Q

What receptors adapt?

A
  • light touch
  • pressure
  • smell
72
Q

What receptors do not adapt?

A
  • pain
  • joint
  • muscle
73
Q

Where do somatic sensations arise from?

A

receptors located throughout the body

temp, pressure, touch, vibration, pain, awareness of body position

74
Q

Where do special sense arise from?

A

receptors restricted to specific areas of the body (taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision)

75
Q

What is myopia?

A
  • near sightedness
  • distant objects focus in front of the retina
  • concave lenses correct this
76
Q

What is hyperopia?

A
  • far sightedness
  • near objects focus behind the retina
  • corrected with convex lenses
77
Q

What is an astigmatism?

A
  • irregularities in the cornea or lens

- corrected with specially ground lenses that compensate for lens irregularities

78
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

a Moto pigment within rods

sensitive to light

79
Q

What is vision dependent on at night?

A

rods (no color vision; greater density of rods away from the fovea)

80
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A
  • red
  • blue
  • green
81
Q

How does the brain interpret color?

A

by ratios of impulses coming from ganglion cells connected to the three cone types

82
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

-responsible for visual activity
-color vision
(require stronger light)

83
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A

receives and channels sound

84
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

amplifies sound

85
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

-sorts sound by tone
-senses rotational movement
-senses static position and linear acceleration
(converts all to impulses)

86
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

covers and protects eye

87
Q

Function of the cornea?

A

bends incoming light

88
Q

Function of the aqueous humor?

A

nourishes and cushions cornea and lens

89
Q

Function of the iris?

A

adjusts amount of incoming light

90
Q

Function of the lens?

A

regulates focus

91
Q

Function of the ciliary muscle?

A

adjusts curvature of lens

92
Q

Function of vitreous humor?

A

transmits light to retina

93
Q

Function of the retina?

A

absorbs light and converts to impulses

94
Q

Function of the macula?

A

central region of the retina with the highest density of photoreceptors

95
Q

Function of the optic disk?

A

“blind spot” where optic nerve exits the eye

96
Q

Function of the optic nerve?

A

transmits impulses to brain

97
Q

Function of the choroid?

A

nourishes retina and absorbs light not absorbed by retinal photoreceptors

98
Q

What do mechanoreceptors detect?

A
  • touch/pressure
  • vibration
  • stretch
  • hearing
  • balance
99
Q

What do thermo receptors detect?

A

temperature

100
Q

What do pain receptors detect?

A

pain

101
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

taste and smell

102
Q

What do photoreceptors detect?

A

vision

103
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

a collection of specialized cells and tissues that secrete hormones

104
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless organs that secrete hormones into the blood, interstitial fluid and lymph

105
Q

What are hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine system that circulate the blood stream and act on specific cells (target cells) in the body

106
Q

What does the endocrine system interact with?

A

nervous system (endocrine is slower)

107
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

hormones that are structurally related to cholesterol and are lipid soluble

108
Q

What are non steroid hormones?

A

hormones that are structurally related to proteins and are lipid insoluble but are water soluble

109
Q

Function of non steroid hormones?

A
  • bind to receptors on target cells
  • work through intermediate mechanisms to activate existing enzymes
  • fast acting
110
Q

Function of ADH?

A

targets the kidneys to reduce the amount of water lost in urine

111
Q

Function of oxytocin?

A

targets the uterus and mammary glands to induce uterine contractions and the ejection of milk from the mammary glands

112
Q

Function of ACTH?

A

targets the adrenal cortex to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

113
Q

Function of TSH?

A

targets the thyroid gland to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones

114
Q

Function of FSH?

A

targets ovaries and testes to stimulate egg maturation and secretion of estrogen in females and to stimulate the formation of sperm in men

115
Q

Function of LH?

A

targets the ovaries and testes to stimulate ovulation and secretion of progesterone in women and to stimulate testosterone secretion in men

116
Q

Function of PRL?

A

targets mammary glands to stimulate the development of mammary gland cells and the production of milk

117
Q

Function of GH?

A

targets most cells to stimulate growth in young individuals, help with cell division, help with protein synthesis, and with metabolism in adults

118
Q

Function of the autonomic division of the CNS?

A
  • controls automatic body functions of many internal organs
  • made up of two parts; sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (relaxation); both of these divisions enervate each organ
119
Q

What does the autonomic division target?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • internal organs
120
Q

What are the parts of the outer ear?

A
  • pinna

- auditory canal

121
Q

What are the parts of the middle ear?

A
  • eardrum
  • maleus
  • incus
  • stapes
  • oval window
  • auditory tube
122
Q

Function of the eardrum?

A

serves as a patrician between the outer and inner ear

123
Q

Function of the auditory tube?

A

keeps atmospheric pressure

124
Q

Function of the auditory tube?

A

keeps atmospheric pressure

125
Q

What is depolarization?

A

sodium move in

Biology 102 (Dr. Sphon) (5 decks)

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