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Biology 102 (Dr. Sphon) > Final (Chapters 14-16) > Flashcards

Final (Chapters 14-16) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the digestive system consist of?

A
  • GI Tract (hollow tube)

- accessory organs

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2
Q

What does the GI tract consist of?

A
  • Lumen (space within the tube
  • Mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum
  • anus
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3
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
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4
Q

What is the mucosa?

A
  • innermost layer

- mucous membrane in contact with lumen

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5
Q

What is the sub-mucosa?

A

layer of connective tissue containing blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

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6
Q

What is the muscularis?

A

two or three layers of smooth muscle responsible for movement and motility

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7
Q

What are sphincters?

A

thick muscular rings that separate some of the organs

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8
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle does the stomach have?

A

3

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9
Q

What happens during the Mechanical Processing and Movement stage of digestion?

A

chewing and mixing

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10
Q

What happens during the Secretion stage of digestion?

A
  • fluid
  • digestive enzymes and hormones
  • bile, acid, alkali metals
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11
Q

What occurs during the Digestion stage of digestion?

A
  • break down food to smallest absorbable units

- chemical and mechanical breakdown

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12
Q

What occurs during the Absorption stage of digestion?

A
  • through mucosa

- into blood or lymph vessels

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13
Q

What occurs during the Elimination stage of digestion?

A

undigested material eliminated

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14
Q

Function of peristalsis?

A

propels food forward

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15
Q

Function of segmentation?

A

mixes food

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16
Q

Function of teeth?

A

bite and chew food

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17
Q

Types of teeth?

A
  • incisors
  • canines
  • premolars
  • molars
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18
Q

How many teeth do children have?

A

20

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19
Q

How many teeth do adults have?

A

32

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20
Q

Structure of the tooth?

A

crown and root

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21
Q

Function of tongue?

A
  • positions and tastes food

- important for speech

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22
Q

What is the tongue made of?

A

skeletal muscle

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23
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A
  • parotid
  • submandibular
  • sublingual
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24
Q

What is saliva made of?

A
  • mucin
  • salivary amylase
  • bicarbonate
  • lysozome
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25
Q

What is the voluntary part of swallowing?

A

tongue pushes bolus of food into pharynx

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26
Q

What is the involuntary part of swallowing?

A

swallowing reflex

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27
Q

Function of pharynx?

A

common passageway for air and food

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28
Q

Function of epiglottis?

A

closes airway temporarily so food will not enter the trachea

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29
Q

How does food move through the esophagus?

A

peristaltic contractions

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30
Q

What happens to the food after going through the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

goes into the stomach

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31
Q

Function of stomach?

A
  • food storage
  • digest proteins
  • regulate delivery of partially digested food to the small intestine
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32
Q

What does gastric juice contain?

A
  • hydrochloric acid
  • intrinsic factor
  • mucus
  • pepsinogen
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33
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid?

A

breaks down large bits of food (pH of 2)

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34
Q

Function of intrinsic factor?

A

absorb B12

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35
Q

Function of mucus?

A

protect stomach lining from acid

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36
Q

Function of pepsinogen?

A

begin breakdown of proteins (turns to pepsin when placed with acid)

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37
Q

Function of stomach contraction?

A

blend food and propel it forward

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38
Q

Where is the bolus heading after stomach contraction?

A

pyloric sphincter

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39
Q

What is chyme?

A

watery mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is delivered to the small intestine

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40
Q

How long does it take the stomach to empty?

A

2-6 hours

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41
Q

What happens in regards to digestion in the small intestine?

A
  • neutralizes acid from stomach
  • adds digestive enzymes and bile
  • breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
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42
Q

What happens in regards to absorption in the small intestine?

A

90% of food is absorbed here

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43
Q

What are the regions of the small intestine?

A
  • duodenum (digestion)
  • jejunum (absorption)
  • ileum (absorption)
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44
Q

What increases the surface area in the small intestine?

A

mucosa adaptations

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45
Q

What are villi?

A

microscopic projections containing blood and lacteal capillaries

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46
Q

What are microvilli?

A

cytoplasmic projections of epithelial cells of the villi

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47
Q

Function of pancreas?

A
  • exocrine functions

- secretes digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate

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48
Q

What are the digestive enzymes secreted?

A
  • proteases
  • pancreatic amylase
  • lipase
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49
Q

Function of liver?

A

produces bile which emulsifies lipids

50
Q

Function of the hepatic portal system of the liver?

A

drains blood from digestive tract to the liver

51
Q

What are the metabolic functions of the liver?

A
  • storage
  • synthesis
  • chemical processing
52
Q

Function of gallbladder?

A

concentrates and stores bile

53
Q

Function of large intestine?

A
  • absorbs nutrients and water

- temporarily stores and eliminates waste

54
Q

What is the structure of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum, appendix
  • colon (ascending, descending, transverse, sigmoid)
  • rectum, anus
55
Q

How are proteins and carbohydrates absorbed?

A

active transport

56
Q

How are lipids absorbed?

A

broken down to fatty acids and then reassembled into triglycerides within epithelial cells

57
Q

How is water absorbed?

A

osmosis

58
Q

How are vitamins absorbed?

A

various ways

59
Q

Regulation of the digestive system depends on what?

A

volume and content of food

60
Q

How does the nervous system affect the digestive system?

A

stretch receptors in the stomach can cause reflexes to increase peristalsis and secretion of gastric juice

61
Q

Function of gastrin?

A

stimulates release of gastric juice (secreted by stomach)

62
Q

Function of secretin?

A

stimulates pancreas to secrete water and bicarbonate

63
Q

Function of cholecystokinin?

A
  • signals pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

- signals gallbladder to release bile

64
Q

What is a healthy diet?

A
  • variety of foods
  • plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
  • low in cholesterol and saturated fat
  • sugar, salt, an alcohol in moderation
65
Q

What percent of carbohydrates should be our caloric intake?

A

45-65%

66
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

sugar

67
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • fiber
68
Q

What are saturated fats?

A

-meat
-dairy
-palm kernel oil
(tends to raise LDL “bad cholesterol)

69
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A

-plant sources, olive, safflower, corn, canola oils, certain cold water fish
(tend to lower LDL and reduce risk of heart disease)

70
Q

What is trans fat?

A

-hydrogenated vegetable oils

raises LDL

71
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

12 made by the body; 8 must be digested through food

72
Q

What do complete proteins contain?

A

all 20 amino acids (incomplete lack 1 or more)

73
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins?

A

-A, D, E, and K

absorbed with fats and stored in adipose tissue

74
Q

What are water soluble vitamins?

A
  • stored only briefly

- must be consumed on a regular basis

75
Q

What are the roles of minerals?

A
  • ions in blood plasma and cell cytoplasm
  • chemical structure of bone
  • nerve and muscle activity
76
Q

Function of the urinary system?

A

excretes nitrogenous wastes, excess solutes, and water

77
Q

Function of kidneys?

A
  • regulates body water levels

- regulates nitrogenous wastes and other solutes (made into urea then transported to kidneys)

78
Q

What solutes are regulated by the kidneys?

A
  • sodium chloride
  • potassium
  • hydrogen ions
  • creatine
  • calcium
79
Q

Function of ureters?

A

transport urine from kidney to bladder

80
Q

Function of urinary bladder?

A

stores urine

81
Q

Function of urethra?

A

carries urine from body

82
Q

Function of nephrons?

A

remove approximately 180 liters of fluid from the blood daily and return most of it minus wastes that are excreted

83
Q

Function of the glomerular capsule?

A

cup like end of nephron tubule surrounding glomerulus where filtration occurs

84
Q

Parts of the nephron?

A
  • glomerular capsule
  • proximal tubule
  • loop of Henley
  • distal tubule
  • collecting duct
85
Q

What are the three steps to form urine?

A
  • Glomerular Filtration
  • Tubular Reabsorption
  • Tubular Excretion
86
Q

What occurs during glomerular filtration?

A

-movement of protein-free solution of fluid and solutes from blood into the glomerular capsule
-large volume filtration; highly selective
(impermeable to large proteins; filtration is driven by high blood pressure

87
Q

What occurs during tubular reabsorption?

A

return of most of the fluid and solutes into the blood

88
Q

What occurs during tubular secretion?

A

addition of certain solutes from the blood into the tubule

89
Q

How do kidneys respond to excess water?

A

excreting it

distal tubule impermeable to water; NaCl is reabsorbed without reabsorption of water

90
Q

How do kidneys respond to insufficient amounts of water?

A
  • conserve it

- mediated by ADH from the posterior pituitary gland; the ADH increases permeability of collecting ducts to water

91
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

-responds to stretch receptors in bladder wall

internal urethral sphincter=smooth muscle; external urethral sphincter=skeletal muscle

92
Q

What can override the micturition reflex?

A

brain (voluntary control becomes harder as the bladder gets full)

93
Q

How does the kidneys maintain homeostasis?

A
  • maintain water balance
  • aldosterone, renin, and ANH help maintain salt balance to control blood volume
  • maintain acid base balance and blood pH
  • regulate blood cell production by erythropoietin
  • activate inactive form of vitamin D
94
Q

Function of testes?

A

produce sperm

95
Q

Function of scrotum?

A

maintains testes at a slightly lower temperature

96
Q

Function of the seminiferous tubes?

A

produce sperm

97
Q

Function of the ductus deferens?

A

transports sperm to where it becomes the ejaculatory duct

98
Q

What is the route sperm takes through the reproductive system?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • epididymis
  • ductus deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • penis
99
Q

Function of seminal vesicles?

A

secrete fructose (energy for sperm) and most of the seminal fluid

100
Q

Function of prostate gland?

A

secretes watery alkaline fluid to raise vaginal pH

101
Q

Function of bulbourethral gland?

A
  • secretes lubricating mucus

- cleanses urethra

102
Q

What does meiosis accomplish?

A
  • halves chromosome number

- shuffles genetic info so that each egg and sperm combination is different

103
Q

What is testosterone?

A

steroid hormone produced by interstitial cells in testes

104
Q

Function of testosterone?

A
  • controls growth and function of male reproductive tissues
  • stimulates aggression, sexual behavior, and secondary sexual characteristics
  • determines rate of sperm formation
105
Q

Hormones that regulate testosterone and sperm production?

A
  • Gonadotropin
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Inhibin
106
Q

Function of Gonadotropin?

A

releases GnRH from hypothalamus

107
Q

Function of LH?

A

stimulates production of testosterone

108
Q

Function of FSH?

A

may enhance sperm formation with sertoli cells

109
Q

Function of inhibin?

A

produced by sertoli cells and inhibits secretion of FSH

110
Q

Function of ovaries?

A

release oocytes and secretes estrogen and progesterone

111
Q

Function of oviduct?

A

-leads from ovary to uterus

112
Q

Function of uterus?

A

fertilized egg grows and develops here

113
Q

Function of endometrium?

A
  • supports fertilized egg

- part sloughs off

114
Q

Function of myometrium?

A

expands during pregnancy and constricts during labor (smooth muscle)

115
Q

Function of cervix?

A
  • permits sperm to enter the uterus

- allows fetus to exit during birth

116
Q

Function of vagina?

A

organ of sexual intercourse and birth canal

117
Q

What are the external genitalia?

A
  • labia majora and minora

- clitoris

118
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

series of changes in ovaries associated with oocyte maturation (controlled by FSH and LH)

119
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A

changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus (controlled by estrogen and progesterone)

120
Q

What does chorine tissue do during pregnancy?

A

secretes hCG

121
Q

What does hCG cause during pregnancy?

A

corpus luteum continues to produce estrogen and progesterone for another 9-10 weeks until the placenta can take over

122
Q

What does increased estrogen and progesterone cause?

A

prevents ovulation during pregnancy

Biology 102 (Dr. Sphon) (5 decks)

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