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Biology 102 (Dr. Sphon) > Test 1 (Chapters 2-4) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Chapters 2-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space; is composed of elements

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2
Q

What is chemistry?

A

the study of matter and the energy that causes matter to combine, break apart, and recombine

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3
Q

Can elements be broken down?

A

No

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4
Q

What do atoms consist of?

A

Nucleus and electron shells

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5
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Protons and neutrons

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6
Q

What is in the electron shells?

A

Electrons

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7
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

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8
Q

What is the atomic mass?

A

protons plus neutrons (roughly)

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9
Q

What are unstable isotopes called?

A

Radio isotopes

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10
Q

What do radio isotopes give off?

A

Energy (in the form of radiation) and particles

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11
Q

What is energy?

A

Capacity to do work

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12
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy (can be turned into kinetic energy)

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13
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

energy in motion

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14
Q

How do atoms have potential energy?

A

Shells farther from the nucleus contain electrons with more potential energy

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15
Q

When are atoms most stable?

A

When outermost shell is full

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16
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

attractive bonds holding forces together

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17
Q

What are molecules?

A

Two or more atoms chemically bonded together

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18
Q

What are compounds?

A

2 or more different atoms bonded together

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19
Q

What are the types of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent (strongest), ionic, and hydrogen (weakest) bonds

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20
Q

How do you measure the strength of a bond?

A

By the energy used to break it

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21
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Strong bonds that are formed by atoms sharing electrons
non polar= shared equally
polar= not shared equally

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22
Q

What is an ion?

A

an electrically charged atom or molecule
Positive= atom loses electron
negative= atom gains electron

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23
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

attractive force between oppositely charged ions

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24
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Bonds that form between polar molecules

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25
Q

What are polar molecules?

A

contain polar covalent bonds and are electrically neutral overall but have an uneven charge distribution

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26
Q

What are properties of water?

A
  • polar
  • liquid at body temp
  • can absorb and hold heat energy
  • biological solvent
  • regulates body temp
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27
Q

What is a solvent?

A

liquid in which other substances dissolve

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28
Q

What is a solute?

A

any dissolved substance

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29
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

polar molecules that are attracted to water and interact easily with it

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30
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Nonpolar neutral molecules that do not interact with or dissolve in water

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31
Q

How do acids react in a solution?

A

Donates hydrogen ions and increases the hydrogen ion concentration

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32
Q

How do bases react in a solution?

A

Accept hydrogen ions and lower the hydrogen ion concentration

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33
Q

What are buffers?

A

A weak acid and the salt of that acid working to minimize pH change

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34
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

Builds macromolecules from smaller subunits by the removal of water

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35
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaks down macromolecules by adding water

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36
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

simple sugars (can link together by dehydration synthesis)

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37
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharaides linked together

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38
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

thousands of monosaccharaides linked together

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39
Q

What are the three classes of polysaccharides?

A
  • starch: made in plants; stores energy
  • glycogen: made in animals; stores energy (short term)
  • cellulose: indigestible; made in plants for structural support
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40
Q

What are the four classes of lipids?

A
  • Triglycerides: energy storage
  • Phospholipids: cell membrane structure
  • Steroids: carbon-based ring structures
  • waxes
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41
Q

What are triglycerides composed of?

A

Glycerol and three fatty acids (saturated in fats; unsaturated in oils)

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42
Q

Where are triglycerides stored and what does it do?

A

Adipose tissue and it is for energy storage

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43
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group (one end is hydrophilic and one end is hydrophobic)

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44
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

Primary component of cell membranes

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45
Q

What are steroids composed of?

A

Four carbon rings

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46
Q

What are proteins?

A

Long chains (polymers) of subunits called amino acids

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47
Q

What are amino joined by?

A

Peptide bonds (produced by dehydration synthesis)

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48
Q

What are amino acids made of?

A

Amino end, carboxyl end, and an R group (20 different types of amino acids)

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49
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Permanent disruption of protein structures that can lead to loss of biological function (damaged by temp or pH changes)

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50
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Are proteins that function as a biological catalyst (speeds up reactions but are not altered or consumed by the reaction)

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51
Q

What is the shape of an enzyme dependent on?

A

Temperature, pH, ion concentration, and the presence of inhibitors

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52
Q

What is the functions of nucleic acids?

A

Store genetic information and provides information used in making proteins

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53
Q

What are nucleotides?

A

The building blocks of nucleic acids

54
Q

What do nucleotides contain?

A

5 carbon sugars, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

55
Q

Does the cell need to expend energy in passive transport?

A

No.

56
Q

Does the cell need to expend energy in active transport?

A

Yes

57
Q

What does bulk transport involve?

A

involves membranous vesicles to move larger substances

58
Q

What is passive transport powered by and how does it occur in the cell?

A
  • powered by the concentration gradient
  • occurs as:
    a. diffusion through lipid layer
    b. diffusion through protein channels
    c. Facilitated transport (transport or carrier proteins that assist in moving molecules across the membrane without expending energy)
59
Q

What does active transport do?

A

Moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (requires a membrane protein and energy)

60
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Material surrounded by cell membrane and brought into the body

61
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Sends material out of the body

62
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

proteins that span the membrane and are required for transmission of information between cells

63
Q

What are receptor cites?

A

sites on receptor proteins that interact specifically with signal molecules

64
Q

What happens when a signal molecule binds with a receptor site?

A

A change is triggered within the cell (different cell types have different receptor proteins)

65
Q

What is the function of the sodium-potassium exchange pump?

A

expels unwanted ions, keeps needed ones, and maintains cell volume

66
Q

What would cause an increase in cell volume?

A

increase water in the cytoplasm by decreasing pumping and allowing more sodium inside cell

67
Q

What would cause cell volume to decrease?

A

less water in cytoplasm by increasing pumping and expelling more sodium ions

68
Q

What is tonicity?

A

relative concentration of solutes in two fluids

69
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

extra and intra cellular ionic concentration is equal (cells maintain normal volume)

70
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

Extracellular ionic concentration is higher than intracellular (cells shrinks and dies (crenate))

71
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

Extracellular ionic concentration is lower than intracellular (water diffuses into cell; cell bursts (plasmolysis))

72
Q

What are the functions of the nucleus?

A
  • contain genetic information of cell

- controls the cell

73
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • double layered nuclear membrane
  • nuclear pores
  • chromosomes/chromatin
  • nucleolus (codes for ribosomes)
74
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

the site of protein synthesis

75
Q

Where are ribosomes located?

A
  • Floating in cytoplasm (free)

- attached to outer surface of ER (bound)

76
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A
  • Rough (ribosomes on surfaces; performs protein manufacturing and modifications)
  • Smooth (No ribosomes; performs lipid synthesis and packages proteins)
77
Q

Where does the ER run from?

A

Central nucleus to the plasma membrane and to the ER of the surrounding cell (cell to cell communication)

78
Q

How does ER keep dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis from interfering?

A

Compartmentalizes cell

79
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • refines synthesized products

- packages products into vesicles and ships them to other locations within the cell membrane for export

80
Q

What are the types of vesicles?

A
  • storage and shipping vesicles
  • secretory vesicles
  • endocytic vesicles
  • peroxisomes (contain enzymes that detoxify)
  • lysosomes (contain digestive enzymes)
81
Q

What are the functions of the mitochondria?

A
  • utilizes O2 and produces CO2

- Generates ATP

82
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

long term storage in animals

83
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • carbohydrate storage

- short term energy for animals

84
Q

What makes up the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filament
85
Q

What are cilia?

A

found on cells lining airways (short; many)

86
Q

What are flagella?

A

enables spermatozoa to swim (long; single)

87
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell

88
Q

What is anabolism?

A

a process used to make/assemble large molecules and cell components

  • requires enzymes
  • may require ATP
  • used in energy storage
89
Q

What is catabolism?

A

a process used to break down molecules and nutrients, recycle cell components, and access energy for storage

  • requires enzymes
  • may release energy
90
Q

How does glucose provide the cell with energy?

A

glucose provides energy for the cell and the energy in glucose is used to generate ATP
-if no glucose; fats, carbohydrates and proteins can be catabolized for ATP

91
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

making of ATP in the cell

92
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

series of 10 reactions that break down sugar into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • add phosphate group to each end (uses 2 ATP)
  • Get 4 ATP (2 produced net)
93
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)?

A
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • produces 2 ATP and CO2
  • Extracts high energy electrons to form NADH and FADH2
94
Q

What is the cell doctrine?

A
  • all living things are made of cells
  • a cell is the smallest unit of life
  • all cells come from pre-existing cells
95
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A
  • plasma membrane
  • no nucleus
  • cytoplasm: fluid within membrane
  • no true organelles
96
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A
  • plasma membranes
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • organelles: structured with specialized functions
  • all human cells are eukaryotic
97
Q

How do eukaryotic cells differ?

A

structure

98
Q

Why do cells remain small?

A
  • small cells have a higher surface: volume ratio

- higher surface: volume ratio promotes efficiency in acquisition of nutrients and waste disposal

99
Q

How is the plasma membrane structured?

A
  • lipid bilayer
  • non rigid
  • fluid mosaic
100
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a common function

101
Q

What are the four primary tissues?

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscular
  • nervous
102
Q

What do epithelial tissues do?

A

line body cavities and cover surfaces

103
Q

What is glandular epithelia?

A

epithelial cells adapted to make up glands

104
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

glands that secrete into ducts to the exterior of the body (sweat glands and oil glands)

105
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

secrete into the blood to carry chemical messages throughout the body chromosomes

106
Q

What are the three classifications of epithelial tissues?

A
  • squamous (flattened cells; line vessels, part of lungs, and body surface)
  • cuboidal (cube shaped; form lining of tubules)
  • columnar (column shaped; line respiratory ,digestive, and reproductive tracts)
107
Q

What are the two types of epithelial layers?

A
  • simple
    * adapted for diffusion across cell barriers
    * line glands, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts
  • stratified
    * provide protection
108
Q

What is the function of the basement membrane?

A
  • provide structural support to overlying cells

- attaches epithelial layer to underlying tissues

109
Q

What is the function of junctions?

A

hold epithelial cells together

110
Q

Do tight junctions allow anything to move through?

A

No

111
Q

Do adhesion junctions allow and movement through them?

A

Some movement between cells

112
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

protein channels

113
Q

What are the general functions of connective tissues?

A
  • support softer organs of the body
  • connects parts of the body
  • stores fat
  • produces blood cells
114
Q

Where are cells contained in connective tissue?

A

a nonliving extracellular matrix (matrix provides strength and gives connective tissue its characteristics )

115
Q

What are the two types of connective tissue?

A
  • Fibrous

- Special

116
Q

What are the functions of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • provide strength

- provide elasticity

117
Q

What does fibrous connective tissue contain?

A
  • fibers

- cells embedded in a gel-like matrix

118
Q

What cells are in fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • fibroblasts
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • neutrophils
119
Q

What fibers are in fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • collagen
  • elastin
  • reticular
120
Q

What are the four types of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  • Loose (surrounds organs, lines cavities around blood vessels)
  • Dense (forms tendons, ligaments, and deeper layers of skin)
  • Elastic ( surrounds stomach and bladder; maintains shape)
  • Reticular (makes up internal framework of soft organs and lymphatic system)
121
Q

How is collagen described?

A
  • produced by chondroblasts
  • found in lacunae
  • no blood vessels
  • high collagen content
122
Q

What is bone?

A

an inorganic matrix with calcium salts for hardness

123
Q

What is blood?

A

a fluid matrix of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

124
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

fat cells (function is insulation, protection, and energy storage)

125
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

muscle that moves body parts, is voluntary, and is multinucleated

126
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

muscle that functions in the heart, is involuntary, and has a single nucleus

127
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

muscle that surrounds hollow structures, is involuntary, and has a single nucleus

128
Q

What are organs?

A

something that contains two or more tissue types joined together to preform a specific function

129
Q

What are organ system?

A

groups of organs that perform a common function

130
Q

What are the four tissue membranes?

A
  • serous (reduces friction between organs)
  • mucous (lubricates)
  • synovial (lines spaces in moveable joints)
  • cutaneous (skin)
131
Q

What is the function of negative feedback?

A

deviations from the normal are detected and counteracted

132
Q

What are the components of the negative feedback system?

A
  • controlled variable
  • sensor
  • control center
  • effector

Biology 102 (Dr. Sphon) (5 decks)

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