Test 4 (Ch. 11-14) Flashcards
a group is…
m/d/c/i/o
- minimum 2 people
- dynamical system (affected by a large number of variables and can change over time)
- cohesive
- interdependent (members of the group must be dependent on others in some way)
- outgroup presence (the ‘them’)
roles
set of expected behaviors in a group; instrumental or expressive
instrumental vs. expressive role
instrumental: necessary in order to achieve a goal (ex; healer)
expressive: there to help with emotional and morale needs (ex; mom friend)
prejudice
the evaluation of others based on group membership (internal)
stereotypes
a belief that associates certain groups with certain positive/negative traits, hard to change (internal)
subtype (stereotypes)
a category you make for people who don’t fit the stereotype; we either update the stereotype or create a subgroup (ex; ‘feisty’ women)
discrimination
unequal treatment of others based on group membership (external)
you can have prejudice without ____
discrimination (and vice versa)
ABC’s of intergroup relationships
A = affective (prejudice)
B = behavioral (discrimination)
C = cognitive (stereotypes)
types of prejudice (5)
r/g/r/b/s
racism, gender, religion, body size, sexual orientation
racism
negative view of people based on their race
freiburger (2009 Wisconsin)
incarceration in Wisconsin in 2009, black people were more likely to be jailed than put on probation, hispanics had the longest sentences
bertrand (resumes)
sent 5000 resumes to 1300 employment agencies with stereotypical white or black names. white names were called back 1/10 times, black 1/15
greenwald (IAT)
IAT, showed black/white faces associated with +/- words. people who don’t outwardly say they’re prejudiced more often relate black with - words
plant (don’t shoot)
sat at a computer and clicked shoot/don’t shoot when the subject was holding a gun or an unthreatening object. both black and white were more likely to shoot black males
parsons (baseball)
umps were more likely to call pitches of their same ethnicity, happened the most when there was the least accountability
gender prejudice is unique because it is ________
prescriptive!
prescriptive vs. descriptive
pre: how you think a member of a group SHOULD act (want you to behave a certain way)
de: describe what we think a group is like
ambivalent sexism
can be both hostile and benevolent
hostile: characterized by negative assumptions
benevolent: positive assumptions, patronizing
objectification
seeing someone as an object instead of an an individual
stankiewicz (ads)
looked at 2000 ads, half of them objectified women
bushman (lost email)
participants came to lab and take a study to measure prejudice. were sent a fake lost email to an ARAB or WHITE sounding name that said they did/didn’t win a scholarship. those with high prejudice scores were less likely to return a winning email to an ARAB
body size is more relevant for ______
women; less likely to be offered a job
sexual orientation (2)
- approval increased from 27% 1996 to 64% 2017
- people who believe sexuality is a choice are more likely to be prejudiced against LGBTQ+
hebl (texas mall)
sent research assistants into a texas mall to look for work. have a ‘gay’ or ‘texas’ proud hat on, don’t know which one they have on. had a tape recorder. those wearing the gay hat were spoken to less, hirers were less helpful
correlation between prejudices (2)
- if one type, likely to be another
- victims are aware they are victims
outgroup
those groups you don’t belong to
outgroup homogeneity bias
assume the outgroup members are more similar to each other than members of your ingroup. (ex; all frat boys are the same)
other race effect
it is easier to discriminate among members of the own race than among others (bc of learning, OHB, incentive to make distinctions in your own group)
ingroup
the group you are a part of
ingroup favoritism
tend to favor members of your own group over others/different
minimal group effect
preferential treatment to ingroup members even for seemingly meaningless ingroups
locksley (red/blue)
randomly assigned to red/blue group started to perceive the other group as more stupid and irritating very quickly (the wave)
sherif (robber’s cave)
trying to understand how competition works with social interacting. 22 white 11 year old boys divided into equal groups at summer camp
- bonding (just interacted in their group)
- competition (with the other group for tiny prizes, AGGRESSION STARTS, verbal with physical escalation)
- de-escalation (told the groups good things about the other FAILED/forcing them to work together on one goal SUCCESS)
realistic conflict theory
when groups have to compete for resources, it leads to negative intergroup interactions (sherif)
contact hypothesis
if you can increase contact with the outgroup–doesn’t need to be direct–prejudice drops (allport)
law of least effort
prejudice and stereotypes are a way for the brain to quickly process info and conserve cognitive capacity
macrae (stereotypical name)
gave participants a name OR a name and a stereotype. gave a list that did or didn’t fit with the stereotype. if got stereotype and tested memory, they remembered trait-consistent list more. then given a short story. those with trait-consistent list also remembered more of the short story
took less resources to t-c list, which were then available for story memorization
scapegoat theory
we use stereotypes/prejudice/discrimination or outgroup members as a scapegoat (ex; nazi germany blaming the jews)
moral affirmation (scapegoat theory)
able to avoid guilty feelings of moral badness by blaming others
control (scapegoat theory)
if we’re in control and a bad thing happens, blaming the outgroup takes away those negative feelings
social dominance theory
we like our ingroup to be dominant and will engage negatively with outgroup members who threaten that
social rejection
engage in prejudiced behavior to avoid rejection by the ingroup
system justification theory
we will p/s/d to maintain our current system.
goes with status quo bias
seen in both those who DO and DO NOT have power
social identity theory
ingroups are comforting, and we engage in p/s/d to feel like we are closed identified with the group
stereotype content model
c/p/e/a
warmth (emotion)/competence (resources)
low com/low warm = contemptuous
low com/high warm = paternalistic
high com/low warm = envious
high com/high warm = admiration
contempt: low status, high competition, seen as a threat
paternalistic: low power and competition… not my enemy, positive
envious = high in power and competition
admiration = more power, no competition (ex; grandparents)
if we’re under stress, stereotypes ___
are more likely to be used, since we have fewer cognitive resources
sinclair (fem critic)
students were praised or criticized by a fem or male professor. when f criticized, she was viewed as less competent. student gender didn’t matter (no significant difference when being praised)
darley (rich kid oral)
viewed a kid take an oral exam, told they came from a rich or a poor household. asked if they should be admitted to a gifted program, those shows performance + rich recommended. poor = less likely (same exam)
stereotypes and memory
mole likely to remember info in line with stereotypes than not!
effects of stereotypes
f/i/e/sfp/st
financial (overweight women are less likely to receive help and raises–white men, while women, black women, black men)
identity (changing your identity based on how others see you with stereotypes ex; STEM girlies)
emotion (feeling worse for longer)
self-fulfilling prophecy (belief an event will happen, change behaviors as if it’s already happened, event occurs)
stereotype threat (when reminded of a stereotype people may have against you, acting in ways that fulfill it)
spencer (stereotype threat)
1/2 got reminded men performed better or a math test, the others didn’t. those reminded did way worse
overcoming prejudice with…
ce/sd/pt/cii/sg
- conscious effects (implicit automatic, explicit work)
- social desirability (being prejudices won’t help you fit in)
- perspective taking (put yourself in the outgroup member’s shoes)
- common ingroup identity model (teams vs. soccer fans)
- superordinate goals (give groups a common goal they must work on together, p/s/d decreases, ex; sherif robber’s cave stage 3)
dutton (dress code)
white/black couple go to a restaurant. 25% black were turned away for dress code violations, 70% of whites were, and always treated both the same (ex; b admit, w admit)
riek (dems vs. repub)
dems and repubs were given ‘i’m a dem/repub’ pin or an american flag pin. d/r rated each other negatively, while flag rated each other a bit better
deindividuation
requires (p/a):
lose your own sense of self and engage in behavior contrary to it
requires:
1. physiological arousal
2. sense of anonymity
transactive memory
no single member of a group remembers everything about an event. must rely on group memory
common knowledge effect
when in a group, you primarily discuss information that everybody knows
social facilitation theory
having an audience can help so long as we don’t feel judged. only when we’re comfy.
evaluation apprehension
we’re worried about how the audience will judge us which impairs our ability to do a skill
commons dilemma
we don’t use resources efficiently
- self vs. others (put ourself over group)
- prevent vs. future (focus on present)
social loafing
you don’t ork as hard in a group because you assume the group will pick up the slack
less likely to occur with challenging, fun activities, more likely with weak social connections to group members (acceptance vs. rejection)
latane (clapping)
people came into a lab and clapped. were by themselves, with one other person, with three other people, or five other people. people clapped harder by themselves
groupthink
when does it occur?
g/s/p
group members think alike, not independently. related to group polarization
occurs with similarity, strong leader, ideologic isolation, narcissism
great pressure to conform, group unanimity, belief in accuracy and moral correctness of decision
in order to be persuasive, minority opinions must:
p/s/c/ss/v/a
persistence
used to believe the majority
compromise
some support from others
view not completely incompatible
motivated by ACCURACY, not approval
sexual orientation theories (bullshit)
f, b, r
freudian: male homosexuality occurs when the father is weak or the mother is too attached
behaviorist: homosexuality occurs as a learned preference (ex; aroused around same sex person)
raising: homosexual parents raise homosexual children
sexual orientation theories (legit)
ph/ne
prenatal hormones: may predispose individuals to homosexual tendencies. (ex; the youngest brother is more likely to be homosexual because mom used up all her testosterone on the other boys)
nature/evolution: twins often may share homosexual tendencies
bailey and pillard (homosexuality)
surveyed men with identical twins, 52% were both gay. fraternal twins were 22%, adopted 11%
sexual orientation relies on:
b/a/i
behavior: how you engage with same vs. cross-sex people
attraction: who you feel attracted to
identity: how the person identifies themselves
what affects how bad ostracism feels? (2)
c/c
- care about relationship. closer = more ouchie
- clarity of discare. if you’ve clearly been rejected = more ouchie
dewall (health risks and rejection)
put people on tylenol or placebo consistently. had them keep diaries on who/how they were interacting. those on tylenol feel less emotionally hurt by rejection
sommer (school shootings)
looked at rejection in 126 school shootings across 33 countries. 88% involved rejection
effects of ostracism
h/m/b
health risks: more likely to be hurt/fall ill
mental effects: issues with memory and cognitive processing
behavioral: more aggressive and impulsive, less cooperative
loneliness
wanting but lacking social contact. more likely to occur in transitional times, only has emotional affects and can cause anger or sadness, sleep is less restful
loneliness gender differences
men deal with loneliness through group affiliation, while women seek personal connections. group affiliation will not help a woman
why do we reject people? (3)
a/w/d
aggression: it feels threatening
withdraw: a way to avoid our own rejection if we pull away first
deviance: violating social, cultural, or group norms
bad apple effect
when exposed to deviance, we worry it will run off on us
we reject others for ______ reasons, but claim it’s for _______ reasons.
internal stable, external unstable
ex; you kick them out of the friend group because they’re spending too much time with their new boyfriend, but in reality you think they’re too selfish.
need to belong (and how to create it-2)
want/need to affiliate with another, want someone to accept us no matter what.
- regular social contact
- stable ongoing relationships (deeper = fulfilling)
passionate love
lust, physiological reaction, want to engage physically with them (lasts 1 year)
companionate love
mental and emotional commitment, mutual vulnerability. if relationships don’t shift to this over time it’s not good!
sternberg’s triangle of love
p/i/c
- passion
- intimacy
- commitment
the most successful relationships have all three. levels vary with the type of relationship it is (ex; one night stand vs. married partners)
two types of relationships (c/e)
- communal: what i have, you are welcome to.
- exchange: quid pro quo, expect reciprocity
the deeper a relationship is, the more communal it is.
types of attachments (john bowlby)
aa/s/a
- anxious ambivalent: incredibly clingy, always worried about rejection, opinion of themselves
- secure: happy to be with, but also away
- avoidant: avoid letting people in, then they avoid rejection, opinion of the other
dimensional model of attachment
- low avoidance and anxiety is SECURE
- high avoidance and low anxiety is DISMISSIVE AVOIDANT (narcissists)
- low avoidance and high anxiety is ANXIOUS AMBIVALENT (clingy)
- high avoidance and anxiety is FEARFUL AVOIDANT (run away to avoid rejection)
there is a _______ correlation between money spent on a wedding and divorce
positive
there is a __________ correlation between people attending the wedding and divorce
negative
investment model (rusbult)
s/q/s
cost vs. benefit of a relationship.
- satisfaction (how much do you want?)
*2. quality of alternate outcomes (can you get better?)
*3. sunk costs (how much time/effort have you spent)
*associated with abusive relationships
equity theory
you get out what you put in.
relationship-enhancing attribution
internal attributions for good things they do, and external for the bad
distress-maintaining attribution
external attributions for good things they do, and internal for the bad
relationship dissolution/rusbult
a/p/a/pl
- actively harm the relationship (cheat)
- passively harm the relationship (forget birthday)
- actively help it (therapy)
- passive loyalty (won’t hurt, but not happy)
divorce varies based on: (6)
caleer
culture
age
length of relationship
economics
environment
religiosity
social constructionist theory of sexuality
sexuality and sexual attraction can be culturally affected (geography, etc.)
evolutionary theory of sexuality
reasons why same sex attraction is helpful–good division of resources devoted to children who otherwise wouldn’t have much or any
sex drive is higher for _______
men! naturally
coolidge effect
sex drive is higher with new partners (ex; passion)
erotic plasticity
how variable your sexual drive is (ex; experimenting)
kinsey scale (too rigid to be accurate)
ranks from 1-6 from a study of gay men and women vs. straight men and women.
1: strictly heterosexual
6: strictly homosexual
extradyadic sex
having sex with more that 2 people in the relationship. (ex; cheating! 1/4 or 1/3 MARRIED men cheat, whereas 1/10 women do)
polyandry
harem with a woman, usually happens when poor resources are available
familial relationships influence….
n/s/i/s
non-familial relationships
self esteem
interpersonal trust (how much you trust other people)
siblings (only children have delayed development)
friendships require these 4 things
e/e/t/h
equals
enjoy each other
trust each other
help each other (reciprocated behavior)
casual cruelty
friendship; shows a level of created intimacy where you observed the other was afraid of something and show that you listened by exploiting it
(ex; chasing them around with a spider)
3 components of romantic/intimate relationships
e/f/i
emotional attachment: when you’re around them, you get an emotional reaction. can change over time
fulfillment of psychological needs
interdependence: can you be an individual, but also do they have traits that make your life easier? do they have a life you can engage in?
__________ hinders romantic/intimate relationships
dominance! often seen in abusive relationships, creates an exchange of power where the sub has poor self esteem and thinks that they cannot do better
gender differences
a/t/l/d/c
h/l/i
women are more:
attentive
intimate
likely to offer/receive social support
direct
committed after a threat to the relationship
men are more:
hierarchical
likely to befriend coworkers
ignore conflicts
WOMEN ARE BETTER FRIENDS
clark and hatfield (3 questions)
5 women and 4 male confederates, some more attractive than others. went up to strangers of the opposite sex and asked them one of three questions: will you date me, will you stay over at my place tonight, will you have sex with me.
date: 56% women, 50% men
my place: 6% women, 69% men
sex: 0% women, 75% men
MEN HAVE HIGHER SEX DRIVES AND CARE LESS FOR RELATIONSHIPS. WOMEN HAVE HIGHER EROTIC PLASTICITY.
matching hypothesis
people end up with people of similar attractiveness
