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psych 228 (social psych) > Test 4 (Ch. 11-14) > Flashcards

Test 4 (Ch. 11-14) Flashcards

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1
Q

a group is…
m/d/c/i/o

A
  1. minimum 2 people
  2. dynamical system (affected by a large number of variables and can change over time)
  3. cohesive
  4. interdependent (members of the group must be dependent on others in some way)
  5. outgroup presence (the ‘them’)
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2
Q

roles

A

set of expected behaviors in a group; instrumental or expressive

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3
Q

instrumental vs. expressive role

A

instrumental: necessary in order to achieve a goal (ex; healer)

expressive: there to help with emotional and morale needs (ex; mom friend)

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4
Q

prejudice

A

the evaluation of others based on group membership (internal)

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5
Q

stereotypes

A

a belief that associates certain groups with certain positive/negative traits, hard to change (internal)

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6
Q

subtype (stereotypes)

A

a category you make for people who don’t fit the stereotype; we either update the stereotype or create a subgroup (ex; ‘feisty’ women)

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7
Q

discrimination

A

unequal treatment of others based on group membership (external)

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8
Q

you can have prejudice without ____

A

discrimination (and vice versa)

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9
Q

ABC’s of intergroup relationships

A

A = affective (prejudice)
B = behavioral (discrimination)
C = cognitive (stereotypes)

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10
Q

types of prejudice (5)
r/g/r/b/s

A

racism, gender, religion, body size, sexual orientation

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11
Q

racism

A

negative view of people based on their race

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12
Q

freiburger (2009 Wisconsin)

A

incarceration in Wisconsin in 2009, black people were more likely to be jailed than put on probation, hispanics had the longest sentences

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13
Q

bertrand (resumes)

A

sent 5000 resumes to 1300 employment agencies with stereotypical white or black names. white names were called back 1/10 times, black 1/15

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14
Q

greenwald (IAT)

A

IAT, showed black/white faces associated with +/- words. people who don’t outwardly say they’re prejudiced more often relate black with - words

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15
Q

plant (don’t shoot)

A

sat at a computer and clicked shoot/don’t shoot when the subject was holding a gun or an unthreatening object. both black and white were more likely to shoot black males

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16
Q

parsons (baseball)

A

umps were more likely to call pitches of their same ethnicity, happened the most when there was the least accountability

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17
Q

gender prejudice is unique because it is ________

A

prescriptive!

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18
Q

prescriptive vs. descriptive

A

pre: how you think a member of a group SHOULD act (want you to behave a certain way)

de: describe what we think a group is like

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19
Q

ambivalent sexism

A

can be both hostile and benevolent

hostile: characterized by negative assumptions

benevolent: positive assumptions, patronizing

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20
Q

objectification

A

seeing someone as an object instead of an an individual

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21
Q

stankiewicz (ads)

A

looked at 2000 ads, half of them objectified women

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22
Q

bushman (lost email)

A

participants came to lab and take a study to measure prejudice. were sent a fake lost email to an ARAB or WHITE sounding name that said they did/didn’t win a scholarship. those with high prejudice scores were less likely to return a winning email to an ARAB

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23
Q

body size is more relevant for ______

A

women; less likely to be offered a job

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24
Q

sexual orientation (2)

A
  1. approval increased from 27% 1996 to 64% 2017
  2. people who believe sexuality is a choice are more likely to be prejudiced against LGBTQ+
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25
Q

hebl (texas mall)

A

sent research assistants into a texas mall to look for work. have a ‘gay’ or ‘texas’ proud hat on, don’t know which one they have on. had a tape recorder. those wearing the gay hat were spoken to less, hirers were less helpful

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26
Q

correlation between prejudices (2)

A
  1. if one type, likely to be another
  2. victims are aware they are victims
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27
Q

outgroup

A

those groups you don’t belong to

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28
Q

outgroup homogeneity bias

A

assume the outgroup members are more similar to each other than members of your ingroup. (ex; all frat boys are the same)

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29
Q

other race effect

A

it is easier to discriminate among members of the own race than among others (bc of learning, OHB, incentive to make distinctions in your own group)

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30
Q

ingroup

A

the group you are a part of

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31
Q

ingroup favoritism

A

tend to favor members of your own group over others/different

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32
Q

minimal group effect

A

preferential treatment to ingroup members even for seemingly meaningless ingroups

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33
Q

locksley (red/blue)

A

randomly assigned to red/blue group started to perceive the other group as more stupid and irritating very quickly (the wave)

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34
Q

sherif (robber’s cave)

A

trying to understand how competition works with social interacting. 22 white 11 year old boys divided into equal groups at summer camp

  1. bonding (just interacted in their group)
  2. competition (with the other group for tiny prizes, AGGRESSION STARTS, verbal with physical escalation)
  3. de-escalation (told the groups good things about the other FAILED/forcing them to work together on one goal SUCCESS)
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35
Q

realistic conflict theory

A

when groups have to compete for resources, it leads to negative intergroup interactions (sherif)

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36
Q

contact hypothesis

A

if you can increase contact with the outgroup–doesn’t need to be direct–prejudice drops (allport)

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37
Q

law of least effort

A

prejudice and stereotypes are a way for the brain to quickly process info and conserve cognitive capacity

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38
Q

macrae (stereotypical name)

A

gave participants a name OR a name and a stereotype. gave a list that did or didn’t fit with the stereotype. if got stereotype and tested memory, they remembered trait-consistent list more. then given a short story. those with trait-consistent list also remembered more of the short story

took less resources to t-c list, which were then available for story memorization

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39
Q

scapegoat theory

A

we use stereotypes/prejudice/discrimination or outgroup members as a scapegoat (ex; nazi germany blaming the jews)

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40
Q

moral affirmation (scapegoat theory)

A

able to avoid guilty feelings of moral badness by blaming others

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41
Q

control (scapegoat theory)

A

if we’re in control and a bad thing happens, blaming the outgroup takes away those negative feelings

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42
Q

social dominance theory

A

we like our ingroup to be dominant and will engage negatively with outgroup members who threaten that

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43
Q

social rejection

A

engage in prejudiced behavior to avoid rejection by the ingroup

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44
Q

system justification theory

A

we will p/s/d to maintain our current system.

goes with status quo bias

seen in both those who DO and DO NOT have power

45
Q

social identity theory

A

ingroups are comforting, and we engage in p/s/d to feel like we are closed identified with the group

46
Q

stereotype content model
c/p/e/a

A

warmth (emotion)/competence (resources)

low com/low warm = contemptuous
low com/high warm = paternalistic
high com/low warm = envious
high com/high warm = admiration

contempt: low status, high competition, seen as a threat

paternalistic: low power and competition… not my enemy, positive

envious = high in power and competition

admiration = more power, no competition (ex; grandparents)

47
Q

if we’re under stress, stereotypes ___

A

are more likely to be used, since we have fewer cognitive resources

48
Q

sinclair (fem critic)

A

students were praised or criticized by a fem or male professor. when f criticized, she was viewed as less competent. student gender didn’t matter (no significant difference when being praised)

49
Q

darley (rich kid oral)

A

viewed a kid take an oral exam, told they came from a rich or a poor household. asked if they should be admitted to a gifted program, those shows performance + rich recommended. poor = less likely (same exam)

50
Q

stereotypes and memory

A

mole likely to remember info in line with stereotypes than not!

51
Q

effects of stereotypes
f/i/e/sfp/st

A

financial (overweight women are less likely to receive help and raises–white men, while women, black women, black men)

identity (changing your identity based on how others see you with stereotypes ex; STEM girlies)

emotion (feeling worse for longer)

self-fulfilling prophecy (belief an event will happen, change behaviors as if it’s already happened, event occurs)

stereotype threat (when reminded of a stereotype people may have against you, acting in ways that fulfill it)

52
Q

spencer (stereotype threat)

A

1/2 got reminded men performed better or a math test, the others didn’t. those reminded did way worse

53
Q

overcoming prejudice with…
ce/sd/pt/cii/sg

A
  1. conscious effects (implicit automatic, explicit work)
  2. social desirability (being prejudices won’t help you fit in)
  3. perspective taking (put yourself in the outgroup member’s shoes)
  4. common ingroup identity model (teams vs. soccer fans)
  5. superordinate goals (give groups a common goal they must work on together, p/s/d decreases, ex; sherif robber’s cave stage 3)
54
Q

dutton (dress code)

A

white/black couple go to a restaurant. 25% black were turned away for dress code violations, 70% of whites were, and always treated both the same (ex; b admit, w admit)

55
Q

riek (dems vs. repub)

A

dems and repubs were given ‘i’m a dem/repub’ pin or an american flag pin. d/r rated each other negatively, while flag rated each other a bit better

56
Q

deindividuation

requires (p/a):

A

lose your own sense of self and engage in behavior contrary to it

requires:
1. physiological arousal
2. sense of anonymity

57
Q

transactive memory

A

no single member of a group remembers everything about an event. must rely on group memory

58
Q

common knowledge effect

A

when in a group, you primarily discuss information that everybody knows

59
Q

social facilitation theory

A

having an audience can help so long as we don’t feel judged. only when we’re comfy.

60
Q

evaluation apprehension

A

we’re worried about how the audience will judge us which impairs our ability to do a skill

61
Q

commons dilemma

A

we don’t use resources efficiently

  1. self vs. others (put ourself over group)
  2. prevent vs. future (focus on present)
62
Q

social loafing

A

you don’t ork as hard in a group because you assume the group will pick up the slack

less likely to occur with challenging, fun activities, more likely with weak social connections to group members (acceptance vs. rejection)

63
Q

latane (clapping)

A

people came into a lab and clapped. were by themselves, with one other person, with three other people, or five other people. people clapped harder by themselves

64
Q

groupthink

when does it occur?
g/s/p

A

group members think alike, not independently. related to group polarization

occurs with similarity, strong leader, ideologic isolation, narcissism

great pressure to conform, group unanimity, belief in accuracy and moral correctness of decision

65
Q

in order to be persuasive, minority opinions must:
p/s/c/ss/v/a

A

persistence
used to believe the majority
compromise
some support from others
view not completely incompatible
motivated by ACCURACY, not approval

66
Q

sexual orientation theories (bullshit)
f, b, r

A

freudian: male homosexuality occurs when the father is weak or the mother is too attached

behaviorist: homosexuality occurs as a learned preference (ex; aroused around same sex person)

raising: homosexual parents raise homosexual children

67
Q

sexual orientation theories (legit)
ph/ne

A

prenatal hormones: may predispose individuals to homosexual tendencies. (ex; the youngest brother is more likely to be homosexual because mom used up all her testosterone on the other boys)

nature/evolution: twins often may share homosexual tendencies

68
Q

bailey and pillard (homosexuality)

A

surveyed men with identical twins, 52% were both gay. fraternal twins were 22%, adopted 11%

69
Q

sexual orientation relies on:
b/a/i

A

behavior: how you engage with same vs. cross-sex people

attraction: who you feel attracted to

identity: how the person identifies themselves

70
Q

what affects how bad ostracism feels? (2)
c/c

A
  1. care about relationship. closer = more ouchie
  2. clarity of discare. if you’ve clearly been rejected = more ouchie
71
Q

dewall (health risks and rejection)

A

put people on tylenol or placebo consistently. had them keep diaries on who/how they were interacting. those on tylenol feel less emotionally hurt by rejection

72
Q

sommer (school shootings)

A

looked at rejection in 126 school shootings across 33 countries. 88% involved rejection

73
Q

effects of ostracism
h/m/b

A

health risks: more likely to be hurt/fall ill

mental effects: issues with memory and cognitive processing

behavioral: more aggressive and impulsive, less cooperative

74
Q

loneliness

A

wanting but lacking social contact. more likely to occur in transitional times, only has emotional affects and can cause anger or sadness, sleep is less restful

75
Q

loneliness gender differences

A

men deal with loneliness through group affiliation, while women seek personal connections. group affiliation will not help a woman

76
Q

why do we reject people? (3)
a/w/d

A

aggression: it feels threatening

withdraw: a way to avoid our own rejection if we pull away first

deviance: violating social, cultural, or group norms

77
Q

bad apple effect

A

when exposed to deviance, we worry it will run off on us

78
Q

we reject others for ______ reasons, but claim it’s for _______ reasons.

A

internal stable, external unstable

ex; you kick them out of the friend group because they’re spending too much time with their new boyfriend, but in reality you think they’re too selfish.

79
Q

need to belong (and how to create it-2)

A

want/need to affiliate with another, want someone to accept us no matter what.

  1. regular social contact
  2. stable ongoing relationships (deeper = fulfilling)
80
Q

passionate love

A

lust, physiological reaction, want to engage physically with them (lasts 1 year)

81
Q

companionate love

A

mental and emotional commitment, mutual vulnerability. if relationships don’t shift to this over time it’s not good!

82
Q

sternberg’s triangle of love
p/i/c

A
  1. passion
  2. intimacy
  3. commitment

the most successful relationships have all three. levels vary with the type of relationship it is (ex; one night stand vs. married partners)

83
Q

two types of relationships (c/e)

A
  1. communal: what i have, you are welcome to.
  2. exchange: quid pro quo, expect reciprocity

the deeper a relationship is, the more communal it is.

84
Q

types of attachments (john bowlby)
aa/s/a

A
  1. anxious ambivalent: incredibly clingy, always worried about rejection, opinion of themselves
  2. secure: happy to be with, but also away
  3. avoidant: avoid letting people in, then they avoid rejection, opinion of the other
85
Q

dimensional model of attachment

A
  1. low avoidance and anxiety is SECURE
  2. high avoidance and low anxiety is DISMISSIVE AVOIDANT (narcissists)
  3. low avoidance and high anxiety is ANXIOUS AMBIVALENT (clingy)
  4. high avoidance and anxiety is FEARFUL AVOIDANT (run away to avoid rejection)
86
Q

there is a _______ correlation between money spent on a wedding and divorce

A

positive

87
Q

there is a __________ correlation between people attending the wedding and divorce

A

negative

88
Q

investment model (rusbult)
s/q/s

A

cost vs. benefit of a relationship.

  1. satisfaction (how much do you want?)

*2. quality of alternate outcomes (can you get better?)

*3. sunk costs (how much time/effort have you spent)

*associated with abusive relationships

89
Q

equity theory

A

you get out what you put in.

90
Q

relationship-enhancing attribution

A

internal attributions for good things they do, and external for the bad

91
Q

distress-maintaining attribution

A

external attributions for good things they do, and internal for the bad

92
Q

relationship dissolution/rusbult
a/p/a/pl

A
  1. actively harm the relationship (cheat)
  2. passively harm the relationship (forget birthday)
  3. actively help it (therapy)
  4. passive loyalty (won’t hurt, but not happy)
93
Q

divorce varies based on: (6)
caleer

A

culture
age
length of relationship
economics
environment
religiosity

94
Q

social constructionist theory of sexuality

A

sexuality and sexual attraction can be culturally affected (geography, etc.)

95
Q

evolutionary theory of sexuality

A

reasons why same sex attraction is helpful–good division of resources devoted to children who otherwise wouldn’t have much or any

96
Q

sex drive is higher for _______

A

men! naturally

97
Q

coolidge effect

A

sex drive is higher with new partners (ex; passion)

98
Q

erotic plasticity

A

how variable your sexual drive is (ex; experimenting)

99
Q

kinsey scale (too rigid to be accurate)

A

ranks from 1-6 from a study of gay men and women vs. straight men and women.

1: strictly heterosexual

6: strictly homosexual

100
Q

extradyadic sex

A

having sex with more that 2 people in the relationship. (ex; cheating! 1/4 or 1/3 MARRIED men cheat, whereas 1/10 women do)

101
Q

polyandry

A

harem with a woman, usually happens when poor resources are available

102
Q

familial relationships influence….
n/s/i/s

A

non-familial relationships
self esteem
interpersonal trust (how much you trust other people)
siblings (only children have delayed development)

103
Q

friendships require these 4 things
e/e/t/h

A

equals
enjoy each other
trust each other
help each other (reciprocated behavior)

104
Q

casual cruelty

A

friendship; shows a level of created intimacy where you observed the other was afraid of something and show that you listened by exploiting it

(ex; chasing them around with a spider)

105
Q

3 components of romantic/intimate relationships
e/f/i

A

emotional attachment: when you’re around them, you get an emotional reaction. can change over time

fulfillment of psychological needs

interdependence: can you be an individual, but also do they have traits that make your life easier? do they have a life you can engage in?

106
Q

__________ hinders romantic/intimate relationships

A

dominance! often seen in abusive relationships, creates an exchange of power where the sub has poor self esteem and thinks that they cannot do better

107
Q

gender differences
a/t/l/d/c

h/l/i

A

women are more:

attentive
intimate
likely to offer/receive social support
direct
committed after a threat to the relationship

men are more:

hierarchical
likely to befriend coworkers
ignore conflicts

WOMEN ARE BETTER FRIENDS

108
Q

clark and hatfield (3 questions)

A

5 women and 4 male confederates, some more attractive than others. went up to strangers of the opposite sex and asked them one of three questions: will you date me, will you stay over at my place tonight, will you have sex with me.

date: 56% women, 50% men

my place: 6% women, 69% men

sex: 0% women, 75% men

MEN HAVE HIGHER SEX DRIVES AND CARE LESS FOR RELATIONSHIPS. WOMEN HAVE HIGHER EROTIC PLASTICITY.

109
Q

matching hypothesis

A

people end up with people of similar attractiveness

psych 228 (social psych) (5 decks)

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