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psych 228 (social psych) > Test 2 (Ch. 5-7) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Ch. 5-7) Flashcards

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1
Q

barnum effect

A

tell anybody something generic enough about them and they’ll think you’re psychic

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2
Q

social cognition

A

the intersection of social and cognitive components… investigating how people think about others

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3
Q

cognitive miser

A

humans are lazy and will conserve resources whenever possible

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4
Q

information overload

A

demands for cognitive capacity is greater than the actual capacity

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5
Q

sacrificer (info overload)

A

conserve resources, more likely to be wrong, happier

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6
Q

maximizer (info overload)

A

think about every aspect of a decision before making it, less happy

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7
Q

knowledge structures

A

organized packets of information stored in cognition

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8
Q

violations of expectations

A

when something goes against your schema

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9
Q

kelly, schemas, cold lecture

A

gave same lecture, but people were lead to believe the lecturer was hot or cold. people rated them as hot or cold based on the original statement, despite getting the same exact lecture

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10
Q

script

A

expectation on how an event should go

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11
Q

priming

A

what happens when you trigger a stereotype (Ex; ‘old’ words made people walk slow, ‘young’ words made people walk fast)

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12
Q

Bargh/Chen/Burrows (rude vs. polite)

A

primed with rude, polite, and neutral worlds, measure % of participants who then interrupted the researcher, 63% of the rude ones did, less neutrals, and almost no polites

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13
Q

framing

A

the way you’re presented info makes you process it differently

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14
Q

gain-framed

A

positive framing of a situation

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15
Q

loss-framing

A

negative framing of a situation

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16
Q

thought suppression

A

purposefully try to not think about a thing. it’s unsuccessful and will become the only thing you think about, conscious thoughts trigger the automatic system

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17
Q

stroop effect (colored words)

A

colored words, people have difficulty not reading word instead of color (deliberate vs. automatic process)

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18
Q

automatic vs. deliberate thinking (all igloos can eat eggs)

A

Awareness
Intention
Control
Effort
Efficiency

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19
Q

counterregulation, aka ‘what the heck’

A

you already messed up, so what the heck–let’s mess up some more!

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20
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

other’s behavior is due to their internal causes, downplay situation

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21
Q

actor/observer bias

A

actors make external attributions, and observers make internal attributions

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22
Q

weiner, attribution dichotomies (i/eu/s)

A

internal/external
unstable/stable
is: ability
es: task difficulty
iu: effort
eu: luck

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23
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts about likelihood of uncertain events

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24
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judge frequency of an event by the extent to which it resembles the typical case (matching)

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25
Q

availability heuristic

A

judge frequency of an event by how easily relevant instances come to mind

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26
Q

simulation heuristic

A

judge frequency of an event by the ease you can imagine it (counterfactual thinking)

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27
Q

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

A

judge frequency of an event by using a starting point (anchor) and adjusting up or down

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28
Q

confirmation bias

A

we search for info that confirms our beliefs and disregard contrary info

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29
Q

illusory correlation

A

overestimate link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all

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30
Q

one-shot

A

after one exposure to a weird thing, you assume all things like it are linked: ex; a mormon with a pet koala

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31
Q

base rate fallacy

A

ignore/underuse info about most people and instead are influenced by distinctive features of the current case

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32
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

believe a particular chance event is affected by previous events

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33
Q

hot hand

A

lucky gamblers think they have a ‘hot’ hand and that their luck will continue

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34
Q

false consensus

A

overestimate # of other people who share your beliefs or ideas

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35
Q

false uniqueness effect

A

underestimate # of people who stare our most prized traits and abilities

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36
Q

theory/belief perseverance

A

when you draw a conclusion, you con’t change unless the evidence is crazy overwhelming

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37
Q

regression to the mean

A

extremes are followed by averages

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38
Q

illusion of control

A

false belief that you can influence uncertain events, especially random or chance ones

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39
Q

counterfactual thinking (up/down)

A

imagine alternatives to past/present events or circumstances–if we changed ONE THING, it would be so different (upward, downward)

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40
Q

first instinct fallacy

A

better not to change initial answer even if another seems correct

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41
Q

upward.downward counterfactual

A

imagine alternatives that are better or worse than actuality, regret

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42
Q

debiasing

A

reducing errors/biases by using deliberate processes instead of automatic ones

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43
Q

meta-cognition

A

thinking about your thinking

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44
Q

prototype

A

the ideal average

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45
Q

cause to effect

A

expect the cause to be the same magnitude as the effect

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46
Q

schwarz et. al (assertiveness)

A

think of 6 or 12 times you were assertive, then rate how assertive you are. 6 said they were more assertive bc it was easier to recall 6 events than 12

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47
Q

chou/edge (facebook)

A

had people rate happiness level of friends’ lives, asked how much time they spent on facebook. the more time they spent on facebook, the happier they perceived their friends to be

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48
Q

ehglich judges

A

make a sentencing decision after reading a file with a low or high anchor (5 vs. 30), those exposed to a harsher sentence decided on a harsher sentence whether the info came from a reporter or a lawyer

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49
Q

covariation model (kelley) (cdc)

A
  1. consensus (do others act in the same way as we do)
  2. distinctiveness (does this person act. the same in other situations)
  3. consistency (does this person act the same way in this situation across several instances)
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50
Q

actions vs. intentions

A

judge others by actions, ourselves by intentions

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51
Q

conformity vs. individuality

A

assume others are sheep

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52
Q

optimistic bias

A

we think things will go good for us rather than bad

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53
Q

overconfidence bias

A

we are overly trustworthy of ourselves

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54
Q

negative bias

A

we focus on negative information when it’s presented to use

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55
Q

illusory correlation

A

assume two things will happen together without any real link

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56
Q

alternative outcomes effect

A

past experience has influence on future random events

57
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

we act in ways to fulfill our expectations

58
Q

daryl and gross (dumb kid)

A

gave packer of info on child applying to a fancy school, were lead to believe child is smarter or dumber, watched the kid take a test and those lead to believe the kid was smart thought they were smarter/had a higher test score and vice versa

59
Q

bodenhausen (off times)

A

more likely to fall for errors and biases in our off times

60
Q

emotion

A

a response to some sort of external stimuli, reaction

61
Q

mood

A

a state not connected to any external stimuli, lasts longer

62
Q

affect

A

good/bad, reflexitive reaction that is either positive or negative, reaction

63
Q

emodiversity

A

degree wo which you experience different types of emotions, Ex; always happy people score low

64
Q

stimulus (ES)
arousal (PA)
appraisal (CA)

A

triggers an emotion
how it physically feels
what you think

65
Q

james-lange theory and facial feedback hypothesis

A

ES –> PA –> CA –> emotion
ffh = skips ES and tricks you with PA, but assumes each emotion has a specific PA

66
Q

schacter-singer theory (schacter two-factor)

A

PA –> ES –> CA –> emotion
Ex; my heart beats fast. i look around and see a snake. i feel fear!
doesn’t have to be accurate

67
Q

negative emotions are stronger than positive ones

A

last longer, more intense, matter to us more

68
Q

excitation transfer

A

put physiological arousal onto a stimulus that did not cause it

69
Q

duttor and aron (bridges)

A

70s, all college men, asked to cross bridges. one was scary and one was normal. at the end a hot assistant gave her number if they wanted results. those on the scary bridge called her for a date, fear = lust

70
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

dependent on the task at hand
medium arousal is generally the best for performance

71
Q

basic emotions

A

happiness, anger, disgust

72
Q

abel and kruger (baseball smiles)

A

smiling baseball cards lived around 7 years longer than those who didn’t smile

73
Q

negative approach emotion

A

anger, a negative emotion that wants you to approach the stimulus instead of avoiding it

74
Q

anger superiority effect

A

quicker to ID anger than any other emotion, and slower to look away from it

75
Q

conceal/catharsis

A

hiding your anger (doesn’t last long) or taking it out on a different, safer stimulus (makes you angrier for longer)

76
Q

negative avoidance emotion

A

negative emotion that wants you to avoid the stimulus instead of spproaching it

77
Q

disgust

A

strongest physiological arousal, women are disgusted more than men (shocker)

78
Q

ekman/universal emotions

A

six emotions are well-recognized by all; happy, sad, angry, disgust, fear, surprise, appear by 8 months

79
Q

matsumoto and willingham (blind athletes)

A

compared born-blind and sighted athletes. blind ones has similar expressions to sighted during emotions in the six specific

80
Q

display norms

A

cultural rules on how and to whom you display emotion

81
Q

larson and pleck (emotional beeper)

A

gender differences; gave a beeper, when it went off you reported your emotional state. no significant difference was found

82
Q

self-conscious emotions

A

critical in motivation and regulation, emerge later in development, don’t have specific facial expressions

83
Q

social conparison emotions

A

envy, jealousy

84
Q

envy (benign/malicious)

A

you want something, requires 2 people
benign: we want what they have and work to get it, self focused
malicious: we want what they have and will destroy what or who has it, other focused

85
Q

jealously

A

a threat in a relationship, minimum 3 people
gender difference: women are more jealous of emotional threats, while men are more jealous of physical or sexual threats

86
Q

self-evaluative emotions

A

evaluating yourself as you think others would evaluate you; empathy, guilt/shame, survivor’s guilt, ‘out damned spot’, embarrassment, pride/hubris

87
Q

empathy

A

guilt increases and shame decreases

88
Q

guilt vs. shame

A

guilt is about an action, while shame is about who you are as a person

89
Q

survivor’s guilt

A

feel guilty with no way to make it up, lasts for a long time

90
Q

mcmillen and austin (lies and volunteering)

A

waiting area with confederate who tells all OR says nothing. then asked if they know anything about the experiment, everyone says no, they don’t. those who really did know volunteered after for an hour longer, guilt drives us to do good and absolve ourselves

91
Q

‘out damned spot’

A

cleaning is associated with an absolvement of guilt

92
Q

embarrassment

A

unique, has a facial example (blush), occurs when you’ve violated a social norm
APOLOGIZE and REPAIR the norm
trivial violations

93
Q

pride/hubris

A

about an ACCOMPLISHMENT, not a VIOLATION
pride: ACT; good grades on a test
hubris: PERSON; i’m a narcissist

94
Q

purposes

A

group formation, group control, shared information, behavioral, guide cognition, guide decision, cushion us

95
Q

kramer (+/- facebook)

A

altered facebook feed to be more + or -m people shared info that fit with the feed (+ to + and - to -)

96
Q

affective forecasting

A

try to predict our resulting behavior or emotion based on a decision, and we are ass at it

97
Q

beliefs

A

your thoughts/opinions about something, SEPARATE from understanding (opinion)

98
Q

attitudes

A

global evaluations of something (i like this because this)

99
Q

dual attitudes

A

having two attitudes about the same thing, Ex; automatic and deliberate attitudes

100
Q

mere exposure effect

A

we like things we are routinely exposed to

101
Q

classical conditioning

A

unconditioned stim = pig food
unconditioned response = drool
neutral stim = pig bell
(pavlov)

102
Q

operant conditioning

A

we repeat rewarded behaviors and stop punished behaviors (bf skinner)

103
Q

social learning

A

we learn by mimicking others, Ex; bobo doll and bandura

104
Q

attitude polarization

A

people’s attitudes get more extreme when they reflect on them

105
Q

effort justification

A

when people work hard, they convince themselves that it’s worthwhile

106
Q

post-decision dissonance

A

cog. diss. after making a hard choice, tend to increase the goodness of our choice and decrease the goodness of the other

107
Q

selective exposure

A

people seek info that supports their preexisting views and avoid what contradicts it

108
Q

filter bubbles

A

algorithm that show you what you want on insta, etc.

109
Q

a-b problem

A

inconsistency between attitudes and behaviors (general attitudes vs. specific behaviors)

110
Q

behavioral intentions

A

plan to perform the behavior in question

111
Q

subjective norms

A

perceptions about if others do or don’t think you should perform the behavior in question

112
Q

perceived behavior control

A

believing if you can actually perform the behavior in question

113
Q

coping

A

people try to deal with traumas and return to normal life

114
Q

assumptive worlds

A

people believe these things about reality:
1. the world is benevolent
2. the world is fair and just
3. i am a good person

115
Q

cognitive coping

A

beliefs play a central role in helping people cope with and recover from misfortune (downward and upward comparisons)

116
Q

emotional intelligence

A

ability to percieve, generate, understand and regulate emotions

117
Q

affect blends

A

emotion we feel is a mix of different facial expressions making it harder to perceive

118
Q

facilitating thoughts

A

how we process our own emotional thoughts and incorporate them in our emotional cognition

119
Q

mood congruence

A

we pay attention to information that matches our mood

120
Q

tate dependent retrieval

A

easier to retrieve information when your emotion matches emotion you had when encoding

121
Q

mood and attributions

A

mood matches attributions (ex; good mood = person is speeding bc of an emergency, not bc they’re an asshole)

122
Q

affect regulation

A

managing emotions (get into, out of, prolong)
positive: do good feeling things, reach out for social support, exercise
negative: rumination, distraction, consumption

123
Q

explicit vs. implicit

A

explicit: deliberate, recent experiences
implicit: automatic, childhood experiences

124
Q

staats and staats (swedish)

A

paired random norwegian/swedish words with positive/negative words. those with positive words had a higher opinion of the country

125
Q

instrumental learning

A

rewards and punishments are abstract (ex; you share a similar political view as your family and they give you more hugs or attention)

126
Q

what affects the strength of an attitude?

A

embeddedness (embedded attitudes affect several aspects of your life)
commitment (how sure you are that it’s right)
age (older people have stronger attitudes)

127
Q

lord/ross/lepper (polarization)

A

death penalty pro/con, told to read articles that both supported and denied their beliefs, the beliefs were still stronger.
when only exposed to opposite argument, attitudes were still stronger.

128
Q

theory of planned behavior (intention predicts behavior)

A

attitude+subjective norms+control over your behavior

intention to act
=
behavior

129
Q

spontaneous behavior

A

attitude = behavior

130
Q

attitude follows behavior principle

A

we make attitudes based on behaviors we engaged in (and create self knowledge by looking at our own behavior)

131
Q

lapiere (cars, chinese)

A

traveled us with a chinese couple, were served at 249/250 establishments. when sending a survey, 230 said they wouldn’t accommodate.
can’t tell if the person responding was the one they were interacting with

132
Q

howerton, meltzer, olson (lapiere)

A

did with gay couple, still a big disconnect

133
Q

accessibility

A

behavior varies based on the attitude you’re in (ex; if you’re at work, you need good customer service)

134
Q

principle of aggregation

A

stronger predictive of attitude if you look across several instances

135
Q

festinger ($)

A

1/20 dollar lie, those who got one dollar actually changed their minds and said it was a good, not a boring experiment (turning pegs and lying to a confederate about how interesting it was)

136
Q

counterattitudinal action

A

behavior in opposition to your attitude

137
Q

cognitive dissonance ingredients (4)

A
  1. negative consequences
  2. personal responsibility for consequence
  3. physiological arousal/response
  4. response must be attributed to their actions
138
Q

salience of inconsistency

A

if you don’t know you’re being inconsistent, you won’t feel cognitive dissonance

psych 228 (social psych) (5 decks)

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