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Psych 228 (Social Psych) > Test 1 (Ch. 1-5) > Flashcards

Test 1 (Ch. 1-5) Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

study of how people affect and are affected by other people

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2
Q

hindsight bias

A

you know the ending of something, so you assume you knew it all along

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3
Q

Norman Triplett - bikes

A

competition; the first social psychologist; people pedal bikes faster in a group thus being in a group makes you work harder

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4
Q

Max Ringelmann

A

Social loafing; when working in a group people assume others will carry their weight and do not work as heard

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5
Q

Gordon Allport

A

prejudice and stereotypes, the father of modern social psychology

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6
Q

basic principles of social psychology - itbas

A

social influence(how do i influence? how am i influenced?), social thinking, social behavior (how does the group influence my decisions?), social achievements (how do i get what i want?), and person-situation interaction (bi-directional, i change the environment and the environment changes me)

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7
Q

FOUR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

A
  1. Sociocultural (Edward Ross) - people are influenced by large groups
  2. Evolutionary (McDougal)
  3. Social Learning - we learn how to act based on rewards and consequences
  4. Social Cognitive - interactions are based on our unique interpretations
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8
Q

applied psychology

A

trying to solve a problem and apply psychology to the real world

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9
Q

scientific method

A

theory, hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze your data, evaluate and potentially revise theory

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10
Q

observational studies

A

describe experience, early phase of a study. little control, gives a lot of information

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11
Q

correlational studies

A

understand the relationship between two variables, needed when you cannot manipulate a variable (ex; gender)

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12
Q

experimental study

A

highest level of control, determines causality

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13
Q

operational definition

A

defining an abstract concept in a concrete way

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14
Q

construct validity

A

quality of operational definition, does my operational definition actually define the construct that i want it to?

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15
Q

confederate

A

they’re in on the study, and engage in specific behaviors for it (ex; pretending to be a doctor)

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16
Q

correlation (-1, 0 ,1)

A

the closer you are to 0, the less correlation there is. negative: one goes down while the other goes up, positive: both increase or decrease, no correlation: coffee and shoe size

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17
Q

festinger and the alien cult, cognitive dissonance

A

naturalistic observation. cognitive dissonance: we describe explanations for why things do or don’t go the way we want them to.

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18
Q

social desirability bias

A

answer how you feel you should, not how you actually are

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19
Q

archival analysis

A

looking at data from the past to analyze

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20
Q

meta analysis

A

using published articles to examine the trends in a field

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21
Q

quasiexperiment

A

used to investigate without random assignment. if any variables cannot be controlled, it is this. cannot give causation.

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22
Q

within-subjects design

A

exposing participants to different levels of the independent variable

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23
Q

between subjects design

A

only expose participants to one level of the independent variable

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24
Q

WEIRD

A

Western culture
Education rates are higher
Industrialized cultures
Rich
Democratic gov’t

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25
Q

Dilemma of Social Psych

A

internal validity (control over your study) vs. external validity (does it resemble the outside world)

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26
Q

cognitive misers,akalazy

A

people prefer to choose the fast answer, not the longer one that requires more thought

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27
Q

UNIVERSAL MOTIVATIONS-AAH

A
  1. Approval
  2. Accuracy
  3. Hedonism
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28
Q

social system

A

an advanced method of sociality demonstrated through norms and dictate out interactions with others

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29
Q

shared practices

A

individual expression (valued more or less)
physical behavior (how loud do you speak?)
punctuality
personal space (close to equator, small bubble)
tight vs. loose (how willing are we to accept norm breakers?)

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30
Q

The Duplex Mind

A
  1. Automatic system
  2. Deliberate systen
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31
Q

PARTS OF THE SELF

A
  1. self knowledge (the concept you have of yourself)
  2. interpersonal self (who are you in public?)
  3. agent self (how do we use others to change the self?)
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32
Q

social roles

A

we fill different roles depending on the situations we are in

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33
Q

looking glass self

A

we build our self-identity based on how others percieve us.

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34
Q

Vazire-internal/external

A

you rate your traits, then your s/o does, and your s/o is more accurate on how you present than you are. we are accurate about our internal state, others are accurate about out external state.

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35
Q

internal vs. external traits

A

int: traits we have but do not show
ext: traits we have and outwardly show

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36
Q

social comparison-festinger

A

festinger, we compare ourselves to others to judge how we have done.

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37
Q

downward vs. upward social comparison

A

downward: compare yourself to someone ‘not as good’ to boost your mood
upward: compare yourself to someone ‘better’, which is good for long–term growth but makes us feel bad
Ex; silver medalists

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38
Q

self knowledge

A

overall set of beliefs you have about yourself. you describe physical to psychological as you age, and traits to states based on past or present

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39
Q

why do we want self knowledge?-ASEC

A
  • appraisal: to better understand ourselves
  • self-enhancement: to boost our image
  • consistency: we are uncomfortable if inconsistent, EX; FNAF
40
Q

Nesbitt and Wilson, Introspection-stockings

A

5 identical stockings, choose the last one and made up justifications as to why

41
Q

Mor (diaries)

A

when asked to record thoughts, etc. in a diary for two weeks, less than half of the thoughts were of themselves

42
Q

Leary/Baumeister: sociometer theory

A

we use self esteen as a metric for how much people like us.

43
Q

terror management theory

A

we use self esteem to manage our fear of death.

44
Q

Self-esteem and gender

A

women have high self esteem about ethics
men have high self esteem about athletic ability and attractiveness

45
Q

self enhancement

A

belief that positive trails are more descriptive of us than the negatives.

46
Q

implicit egotism

A

we like things that remind us of ourselves

47
Q

self-serving bias

A

we explain things as they serve us, Ex; if it’s a positive thing it means we’re good, and if it’s a negative thing it’s not on us!

48
Q

self-handicapping(behavioral/reported)

A

behavioral: partied all night and failed test, so it’s not my fault
reported: my teacher sucks, so it’s not my fault that i failed

49
Q

Bask In Reflected Glory (BIRG)

A

have a positive experience that someone else has had (ex; your team wins) and you add that to your self-identity

50
Q

Ciardini - football team

A

when the football team won, students wore school merch. when they lost, students didn’t!

51
Q

self-presentation

A

how we present to those around us to make people think of us in a certain way.
how we perceive ourselves alone OR with others.
the comfort zone offers privacy and familiarity (we will not be judged)

52
Q

spotlight effect

A

we think people pay more attention than they really are, ex; embarassing tshirt

53
Q

strateigic presentation

A

we age in congruence with the impression we want people to have of us.

54
Q

conspicious consuption

A

social media! we only display our ‘brand’

55
Q

braginski/ring - secure psych ward

A

in mental hospital. people were told they would be released or put into a secure wing. those told they were released acted psychotic, those told they’d be moved to secure wing acted normal in order to not leave comfort zone.

56
Q

favorability vs. plausability

A

we can lie about ourselves to gain favor, but the lies must be plausible or people will not like us.

57
Q

awesomeness vs. preservation

A

we do things to make us look awesome bc people will like us… but we don’t want to get hurt!
the older you get, the more you do preservation

58
Q

self-verification

A

we want people to see us as we see ourselves
entirely based on the perceptions we have of ourselves, NOT reality

59
Q

self-awareness

A

aware of how we physically and mentally are in space. humans aren’t self aware and must be pushed.
creates a negative mood
increases morality

60
Q

beaman - honesty box/halloween

A

“honesty box” if you take coffee, but was not policed. flowers or an eye painting were put by the box, and the eye made people pay 3x more than the flowers did

halloween “take one” with or without a mirror, 34% violate without the mirror, and only 12% violate with the mirror

61
Q

phenomenal self

A

the self currently active in your mind. differs with family and friends

62
Q

the steps of choice

A

whittling, comparison

63
Q

what influences choice?

A
  1. risk aversion
  2. temporal discounting (present vs. future, present usually wins)
  3. certainty effect (we like certain things more than uncertain things)
  4. keeping options open (potential for paralysis)
  5. status quo bias (choose to keep things as they are, the devil you know)
  6. omission bias (make a choice by not choosing, ex; unsubscribing)
  7. choice paralysis (anxiety from options, either from # or importance)
64
Q

reactance theory

A

(brehm) you tell me not to and then i want to more.
increases attraction, makes you want to assert freedom, and increases negative feelings about authority

65
Q

entity theorist (fixed mindset)

A

traits are stable/fixed
expect little change and will not work to cause it

66
Q

incremental theorist (growth mindset)

A

there’s change and improvement possible
will work repetitively in order to get better

67
Q

learned helplessness

A

the dogs, you think that there is no point and therefore will not try, even if you can actually do the thing

68
Q

self-determination theory (intrinsic/extrinsic motivation)

A

where does our motivation come from?
intrinsic motivation: i am doing this because i want to
extrinsic motivation: i am doing this because something else drives me

69
Q

over justification effect

A

started as an intrinsic motivation, but an external reward appeared and not you’re extrinsically motivated, ex; me posting to tumblr :(

70
Q

lepper - preschool gold stars

A

preschool, just observed or told kids to play with markers. they would get a gold star, or they would get a surprise gold star. if you got a gold star you played with markers less

71
Q

panic button effect

A

when told not to/cannot leave, we want to go immediately

72
Q

goal

A

desired future state that links hopes and actions
short term high motivation, long term less but more consistent

73
Q

ziegarnik effect

A

you’re not thinking about a goal, but then it just pops into your head!

74
Q

goal shielding

A

you focus on the goal you want to accomplish, shutting your mind to other goals. pick one to focus on

75
Q

plans

A

our attempt to focus on specific steps needed to do a goal. we suck at it

76
Q

planning fallacy

A

we underestimate the time and energy needed to complete a goal. the further removed you are from the problem, the stronger it is (guinote/wieck)

77
Q

self regulation

A

we alter or control out internal processes to change our external behavior

78
Q

marshmallow experiment

A

failed to account for socioeconomic status and reward response

79
Q

monitoring, TOTE

A

looking at your behavior and determining how in line it is with the standards.
Test: when you monitor
Operate: change behavior to fit
Test: test again
Exit: stop OR start again
drops with age

80
Q

baumeister - radishes and cookies

A

radishes and cookies
1. don’t tell people anything
2. you can have tons of cookies but no radishes
3. you can have tons of radishes but no cookies - quit first
then participants spent time doing basically impossible math problems.

81
Q

decision fatigue

A

the more decisions we make, the more willpower we lose

82
Q

danzinger - lenient parole

A

lenient parole decisions early in the day, after a break the fatigue recharges

83
Q

habits

A

behaviors made common and regulated by automatic system (NOT deliberate)
self-regulation makes and breaks habits

84
Q

self-sabatoge

A

we rarely want failure but focus on tradeoffs
focus on the benefits of failure (i get a rush) vs. the negatives (smoking is really bad for you)

85
Q

faulty cognition

A

focus on the certainty of support, not the uncertain “now what?”
ex; i quit smoking but i want the support of a relapse

86
Q

naturalistic fallacy

A

bias that biological adaptations are inherently good or desireable

87
Q

domain specific vs. domain general

A

a. adaptation to help with a specific thing
b. adaptation to generally improve in several areas

88
Q

fusiform face areas

A

evolved to recognize human faces

89
Q

socialization

A

learning from others, such as parents, what is and is not desirable in a culture

90
Q

limbic system and prefrontal cortex

A

work together to motivate humans

91
Q

cognitive appraisal theory

A

two-step process where first, it’s fast and good/bad, second, it’s what is happening

92
Q

culture

A

attitudes, values, norms, morals, customs, social roles, symbols, rituals

93
Q

warner - culture adaptation

A

culture helps us adapt to the physical, social, and metaphysical (where did i come from) environment

94
Q

hogg, uncertaintly-identity theory

A

in order to reduce discomfort in social situations, people migrate to groups with clear guidelines

95
Q

misinformation effect

A

cues given after an event can plant false memories, ex; hit vs. smashed car

96
Q

correspondent inference

A

attributing an attitude/trait to an actor that corresponds with their actions
1. individual seems to have a choice
2. person has a choice with only ONE difference
3. someone acts inconsistently with a social role

97
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

it is the fault of the individual’s traits, not the situation
ex; she was murdered bc she was dumb

Psych 228 (Social Psych) (5 decks)

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