Test 1 (Ch. 1-5) Flashcards
Social Psychology
study of how people affect and are affected by other people
hindsight bias
you know the ending of something, so you assume you knew it all along
Norman Triplett - bikes
competition; the first social psychologist; people pedal bikes faster in a group thus being in a group makes you work harder
Max Ringelmann
Social loafing; when working in a group people assume others will carry their weight and do not work as heard
Gordon Allport
prejudice and stereotypes, the father of modern social psychology
basic principles of social psychology - itbas
social influence(how do i influence? how am i influenced?), social thinking, social behavior (how does the group influence my decisions?), social achievements (how do i get what i want?), and person-situation interaction (bi-directional, i change the environment and the environment changes me)
FOUR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
- Sociocultural (Edward Ross) - people are influenced by large groups
- Evolutionary (McDougal)
- Social Learning - we learn how to act based on rewards and consequences
- Social Cognitive - interactions are based on our unique interpretations
applied psychology
trying to solve a problem and apply psychology to the real world
scientific method
theory, hypothesis, test the hypothesis, analyze your data, evaluate and potentially revise theory
observational studies
describe experience, early phase of a study. little control, gives a lot of information
correlational studies
understand the relationship between two variables, needed when you cannot manipulate a variable (ex; gender)
experimental study
highest level of control, determines causality
operational definition
defining an abstract concept in a concrete way
construct validity
quality of operational definition, does my operational definition actually define the construct that i want it to?
confederate
they’re in on the study, and engage in specific behaviors for it (ex; pretending to be a doctor)
correlation (-1, 0 ,1)
the closer you are to 0, the less correlation there is. negative: one goes down while the other goes up, positive: both increase or decrease, no correlation: coffee and shoe size
festinger and the alien cult, cognitive dissonance
naturalistic observation. cognitive dissonance: we describe explanations for why things do or don’t go the way we want them to.
social desirability bias
answer how you feel you should, not how you actually are
archival analysis
looking at data from the past to analyze
meta analysis
using published articles to examine the trends in a field
quasiexperiment
used to investigate without random assignment. if any variables cannot be controlled, it is this. cannot give causation.
within-subjects design
exposing participants to different levels of the independent variable
between subjects design
only expose participants to one level of the independent variable
WEIRD
Western culture
Education rates are higher
Industrialized cultures
Rich
Democratic gov’t
Dilemma of Social Psych
internal validity (control over your study) vs. external validity (does it resemble the outside world)
cognitive misers,akalazy
people prefer to choose the fast answer, not the longer one that requires more thought
UNIVERSAL MOTIVATIONS-AAH
- Approval
- Accuracy
- Hedonism
social system
an advanced method of sociality demonstrated through norms and dictate out interactions with others
shared practices
individual expression (valued more or less)
physical behavior (how loud do you speak?)
punctuality
personal space (close to equator, small bubble)
tight vs. loose (how willing are we to accept norm breakers?)
The Duplex Mind
- Automatic system
- Deliberate systen
PARTS OF THE SELF
- self knowledge (the concept you have of yourself)
- interpersonal self (who are you in public?)
- agent self (how do we use others to change the self?)
social roles
we fill different roles depending on the situations we are in
looking glass self
we build our self-identity based on how others percieve us.
Vazire-internal/external
you rate your traits, then your s/o does, and your s/o is more accurate on how you present than you are. we are accurate about our internal state, others are accurate about out external state.
internal vs. external traits
int: traits we have but do not show
ext: traits we have and outwardly show
social comparison-festinger
festinger, we compare ourselves to others to judge how we have done.
downward vs. upward social comparison
downward: compare yourself to someone ‘not as good’ to boost your mood
upward: compare yourself to someone ‘better’, which is good for long–term growth but makes us feel bad
Ex; silver medalists
self knowledge
overall set of beliefs you have about yourself. you describe physical to psychological as you age, and traits to states based on past or present
why do we want self knowledge?-ASEC
- appraisal: to better understand ourselves
- self-enhancement: to boost our image
- consistency: we are uncomfortable if inconsistent, EX; FNAF
Nesbitt and Wilson, Introspection-stockings
5 identical stockings, choose the last one and made up justifications as to why
Mor (diaries)
when asked to record thoughts, etc. in a diary for two weeks, less than half of the thoughts were of themselves
Leary/Baumeister: sociometer theory
we use self esteen as a metric for how much people like us.
terror management theory
we use self esteem to manage our fear of death.
Self-esteem and gender
women have high self esteem about ethics
men have high self esteem about athletic ability and attractiveness
self enhancement
belief that positive trails are more descriptive of us than the negatives.
implicit egotism
we like things that remind us of ourselves
self-serving bias
we explain things as they serve us, Ex; if it’s a positive thing it means we’re good, and if it’s a negative thing it’s not on us!
self-handicapping(behavioral/reported)
behavioral: partied all night and failed test, so it’s not my fault
reported: my teacher sucks, so it’s not my fault that i failed
Bask In Reflected Glory (BIRG)
have a positive experience that someone else has had (ex; your team wins) and you add that to your self-identity
Ciardini - football team
when the football team won, students wore school merch. when they lost, students didn’t!
self-presentation
how we present to those around us to make people think of us in a certain way.
how we perceive ourselves alone OR with others.
the comfort zone offers privacy and familiarity (we will not be judged)
spotlight effect
we think people pay more attention than they really are, ex; embarassing tshirt
strateigic presentation
we age in congruence with the impression we want people to have of us.
conspicious consuption
social media! we only display our ‘brand’
braginski/ring - secure psych ward
in mental hospital. people were told they would be released or put into a secure wing. those told they were released acted psychotic, those told they’d be moved to secure wing acted normal in order to not leave comfort zone.
favorability vs. plausability
we can lie about ourselves to gain favor, but the lies must be plausible or people will not like us.
awesomeness vs. preservation
we do things to make us look awesome bc people will like us… but we don’t want to get hurt!
the older you get, the more you do preservation
self-verification
we want people to see us as we see ourselves
entirely based on the perceptions we have of ourselves, NOT reality
self-awareness
aware of how we physically and mentally are in space. humans aren’t self aware and must be pushed.
creates a negative mood
increases morality
beaman - honesty box/halloween
“honesty box” if you take coffee, but was not policed. flowers or an eye painting were put by the box, and the eye made people pay 3x more than the flowers did
halloween “take one” with or without a mirror, 34% violate without the mirror, and only 12% violate with the mirror
phenomenal self
the self currently active in your mind. differs with family and friends
the steps of choice
whittling, comparison
what influences choice?
- risk aversion
- temporal discounting (present vs. future, present usually wins)
- certainty effect (we like certain things more than uncertain things)
- keeping options open (potential for paralysis)
- status quo bias (choose to keep things as they are, the devil you know)
- omission bias (make a choice by not choosing, ex; unsubscribing)
- choice paralysis (anxiety from options, either from # or importance)
reactance theory
(brehm) you tell me not to and then i want to more.
increases attraction, makes you want to assert freedom, and increases negative feelings about authority
entity theorist (fixed mindset)
traits are stable/fixed
expect little change and will not work to cause it
incremental theorist (growth mindset)
there’s change and improvement possible
will work repetitively in order to get better
learned helplessness
the dogs, you think that there is no point and therefore will not try, even if you can actually do the thing
self-determination theory (intrinsic/extrinsic motivation)
where does our motivation come from?
intrinsic motivation: i am doing this because i want to
extrinsic motivation: i am doing this because something else drives me
over justification effect
started as an intrinsic motivation, but an external reward appeared and not you’re extrinsically motivated, ex; me posting to tumblr :(
lepper - preschool gold stars
preschool, just observed or told kids to play with markers. they would get a gold star, or they would get a surprise gold star. if you got a gold star you played with markers less
panic button effect
when told not to/cannot leave, we want to go immediately
goal
desired future state that links hopes and actions
short term high motivation, long term less but more consistent
ziegarnik effect
you’re not thinking about a goal, but then it just pops into your head!
goal shielding
you focus on the goal you want to accomplish, shutting your mind to other goals. pick one to focus on
plans
our attempt to focus on specific steps needed to do a goal. we suck at it
planning fallacy
we underestimate the time and energy needed to complete a goal. the further removed you are from the problem, the stronger it is (guinote/wieck)
self regulation
we alter or control out internal processes to change our external behavior
marshmallow experiment
failed to account for socioeconomic status and reward response
monitoring, TOTE
looking at your behavior and determining how in line it is with the standards.
Test: when you monitor
Operate: change behavior to fit
Test: test again
Exit: stop OR start again
drops with age
baumeister - radishes and cookies
radishes and cookies
1. don’t tell people anything
2. you can have tons of cookies but no radishes
3. you can have tons of radishes but no cookies - quit first
then participants spent time doing basically impossible math problems.
decision fatigue
the more decisions we make, the more willpower we lose
danzinger - lenient parole
lenient parole decisions early in the day, after a break the fatigue recharges
habits
behaviors made common and regulated by automatic system (NOT deliberate)
self-regulation makes and breaks habits
self-sabatoge
we rarely want failure but focus on tradeoffs
focus on the benefits of failure (i get a rush) vs. the negatives (smoking is really bad for you)
faulty cognition
focus on the certainty of support, not the uncertain “now what?”
ex; i quit smoking but i want the support of a relapse
naturalistic fallacy
bias that biological adaptations are inherently good or desireable
domain specific vs. domain general
a. adaptation to help with a specific thing
b. adaptation to generally improve in several areas
fusiform face areas
evolved to recognize human faces
socialization
learning from others, such as parents, what is and is not desirable in a culture
limbic system and prefrontal cortex
work together to motivate humans
cognitive appraisal theory
two-step process where first, it’s fast and good/bad, second, it’s what is happening
culture
attitudes, values, norms, morals, customs, social roles, symbols, rituals
warner - culture adaptation
culture helps us adapt to the physical, social, and metaphysical (where did i come from) environment
hogg, uncertaintly-identity theory
in order to reduce discomfort in social situations, people migrate to groups with clear guidelines
misinformation effect
cues given after an event can plant false memories, ex; hit vs. smashed car
correspondent inference
attributing an attitude/trait to an actor that corresponds with their actions
1. individual seems to have a choice
2. person has a choice with only ONE difference
3. someone acts inconsistently with a social role
fundamental attribution error
it is the fault of the individual’s traits, not the situation
ex; she was murdered bc she was dumb
