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Nursing 114 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why are a BUN and Creatinine level important to kidney function?

A

An the ration of creatinine to BUN is used to determine if a patient is dehydrated (Normal ratio is 1:10. Other ratios such as 1:20 or 1:15 etc. can show dehydration). A high creatinine level can be an indicator of kidney damage as well

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2
Q

What is acute renal failure?

A

An abrupt reduction in the kidneys ability to function.

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3
Q

What is nephritis?

A

Inflammation of the kidneys that may involve the glomeruli, tubules or interstitial tissue surrounding them.

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4
Q

What is acute glomerulonephritis

A

Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) comprises a specific set of renal diseases in which an immunologic mechanism triggers inflammation and proliferation of glomerular tissue that can result in damage to the basement membrane, mesangium, or capillary endothelium

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5
Q

What is chronic renal failure?

A

A gradual decrees in the function of the kidneys over time.

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6
Q

What is Nephrosclerosis?

A

Nephrosclerosis, hardening of the walls of the small arteries and arterioles (small arteries that convey blood from arteries to the even smaller capillaries) of the kidney. This condition is caused by hypertension (high blood pressure).

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7
Q

What is creatinine clearance? How is it collected?

A

The amount of blood cleaned of creatinine by your kidneys is called the creatinine clearance. This is measured by a 24hr urine collection.

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8
Q

What is erythropoietin and what does it do?

A

Erythropoietin is a substance secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells

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9
Q

What is creatinine?

A

Creatinine is produced by the breakdown of muscle and filtered out through the kidneys. Normal levels of creatinine are 0.5-1.1 and any elevation above this can be indicative of kidney disease or failure

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10
Q

What causes prerenal kidney failure?

A

Usually, prerenal acute renal failure is caused by sudden, severe interruptions to normal blood flow. Low blood volume or blood pressure can be caused by severe dehydration or severe bleeding such as that which results from a traumatic injury

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11
Q

What causes intrinsic kidney failure?

A

Results from an injury to the kidney. Can be caused by traumatic kidney injury or from drugs

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12
Q

What causes postrenal kidney failure?

A

Caused by blockage of urine that is produced by the kidneys from kidneys stones becoming lodged to tissue scarring in the ureters etc.

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13
Q

What does the glomerular filtration rate measure?

A

Measures how well your kidneys are cleaning your blood – taking out waste and extra water

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14
Q

What is hemodialysis?

A

Hemodialysis is used to filter out the blood of a patient with impaired renal functioning. Although dialysis is used to replace certain aspects of kidney function it cannot fully replicate the kidneys function and adjustments must be made in a persons diet and activity to compensate for such

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15
Q

What is peritoneal dialysis?

A

Peritoneal dialysis uses the peritoneum of the patients abdomen to filter out excess water and wastes. A catheter is placed in the patients peritoneum and a dialysis solution is infused in where it will absorb water and wastes to be drained at a later time.

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16
Q

What is continuous renal replacement therapy?

A

Is used for patients that are critically ill or are hypotensive and cannot afford any more fluid loss by gently removing wastes and fluids from the body

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17
Q

What can cause acute renal failure?

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) severe or sudden dehydration
Toxic kidney injury from poisons or certain medications. autoimmune kidney diseases, such as acute nephritic syndrome and interstitial nephritis
Urinary tract obstruction

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18
Q

What can cause chronic renal failure?

A 
Diabetes 
HTN
Damage to kidney function
Recurring kidney infections
Inflammation in your kidneys’ filtration system
Congenital kidney disease
Obstruction of your urinary tract
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19
Q

What are some ways to treat acute renal failure?

A

Diuretics to treat fluid buildup
Potassium lowering drugs
Dialysis

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20
Q

What are some ways to treat chronic kidney failure?

A

Antianemics

Dialysis

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21
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Active immunity is a form of immunity that occurs from exposure to a disease organism where the body form antibodies to combat the disease

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22
Q

What are basophils?

A

Basophils are the rarest of all of the white blood cells and make up 1% or less of the circulating WBC. They are responsible for the inflammatory reaction during an immune response

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23
Q

What is discoid lupus

A

Discoid lupus erythematosus is the most common type of chronic cutaneous lupus, an autoimmune skin condition on the lupus erythematosus spectrum of illnesses. It presents with red, inflamed, coin-shaped patches of skin with a scaling and crusty appearance, most often on the scalp, cheeks, and ears.
Can be treated with anti inflammatory medicines, steroids, or immunosuppressants

24
Q

What is an erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A

Is used to test the inflammatory process in the body. The sed rate test measures the distance red blood cells fall in a test tube in one hour. The farther the red blood cells have descended, the greater the inflammatory response of your immune system

25
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Hyperemia is the shunting of blood to specific organs or areas of the body.

26
Q

What is Kaposkis sarcoma?

A

A cancer that forms within the lining of the blood vessels and lymph nodes. Caused by herpes virus 8 and is treated by antivirals as well as chemotherapy, surgery, burning, and radiation

27
Q

What is MRSA?

A 
Methacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
Can cause:
Fever
Chills
Low blood pressure
Severe headache
Shortness of breath
Sores or boils on the skin
Swollen, red, painful bumps
Fluid or pus filled bumps
Affected area is warm to touch
28
Q

What is pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia?

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a condition caused by fungi that naturally inhabits the lungs and us an opportunistic pathogen that can affect immunocompromised patients.
Can be treated with Antipneumonics as well as steroids to avoid inflammation

29
Q

What is vancomycin resistant enterococcus?

A

Enterococcus is a natural bacteria that inhabits the intestines and female genital tract that can become resistant to vancomycin and become pathogenic. Enterococcus can cause urinary tract infections as well as other supra-infections but can be treated with other antibiotics

30
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Introduction of antibodies from one person to another

31
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and increases the patients susceptibility to infection

32
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A

HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and increases the patients susceptibility to infection

33
Q

What body fluids could contain the HIV virus?

A

All body fluids contain HIV but in low amounts, but it is especially highly concentrated in blood, sexual fluids (semen and vaginal fluids), and in breast milk

34
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

A chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the joints. Joints will become swollen and inflamed and joint pain and morning stiffness will occur

35
Q

What is used to treat HIV and prevent it from developing into AIDS?

A

Protease inhibitors are used to limit the amount of HIV replication by binding to viral proteins to prevent it from replication.

36
Q

What criteria must be met for HIV to be considered AIDS?

A

HIV affects t cells within the body with t cells normal levels being 500-1600 cells per mm of blood. When HIV develops into aids the t cell threshold falls below 200

37
Q

What is hypovolemic anemia and what are its signs and symptoms?

A

Hypovolemic anemia is due to blood loss and will present as cool, clammy skin. Confusion. Decreased or no urine output. General weakness. Pale skin color (pallor) Rapid breathing

38
Q

What is iron deficiency anemia and what are its signs and symptoms?

A

Caused by the body not being able to produce enough hemoglobin due to insufficient iron. Because of this the blood is unable to carry enough oxygen for the body. This will present as fatigue, weakness, SOB, dizziness, and craving for strange items such as clay or dirt (Pika)

39
Q

What is pernicious anemia and what are its signs and symptoms?

A

Pernicious anemia occurs due to a lack of blood cells being produced due to a shortage of B12 vitamin in the body. It will present as paleness, weakness, SOB, dizziness, etc.

40
Q

What is aplastic anemia and what are the signs and symptoms? How would this be treated?

A

Aplastic anemia is anemia caused by the bone marrow being unable to produce enough red blood cells and is a medical emergency. Symptoms of this disease include fatigue, gingival bleeding, prolonged or frequent bleeding, and prolonged or frequent bleeding

41
Q

What is polycethemia vera?

A

Polycythemia vera is a disorder where bone marrow produces too many red blood cells

42
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia is a disease characterized by excessive bleeding due to a genetic disorder that limits clotting factors in the blood. Patients with this disease are at high risk for anemia and fluid volume deficient

43
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Sickle cell anemia is a disorder in where the red blood cells become crescent shaped. Can only last a few years or can be lifelong but is a very painful and life threatening disease. A condition called sickle cell crisis can occur where the cells clump together and form a clot which cuts off oxygen and blood flow to an area of the body causing severe pain

44
Q

What is Alopecia?

A

Hair loss that can occur from stress, hormonal changes, or autoimmune disorders. Alopecia can also be due to hereditary circumstances

45
Q

What is breast cancer?

A

Breast cancer is a mass that forms in the breast. the patient can have breast pain, discharge, and palpable lumps in the breast tissue. Can be treated with chemotherapy, radiation, or mastectomy

46
Q

Explain prostate cancer

A

Prostate cancer is a common yet dangerous cancer found in men. Symptoms include trouble urinating, frequent urination, pain or discomfort in the pelvis, and blood in semen. Can be diagnosed by a biopsy, blood test, or digital rectal exam. Treated by chemo, radiation, or removal of the prostate entirely

47
Q

Explain cholorectal cancer

A

Cholorectal cancer is a cancer that is usually hard to detect due to symptoms only appearing in the later stages. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue

48
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Leukemia is a disease that causes an excess production of white blood. The patient will bleed easily and experience weakness and fatigue along with bone pain and rapid weight loss. Leukemia is treated by chemotherapy, radiation, and stem cell replacement therapy

49
Q

Explain lung cancer

A

Lung cancer is a common cancer that can prove deadly to many patients due to the delicate nature of the lungs. Symptoms will present as hoarseness and a cough and can progress into weight loss or blood in the sputum. This cancer is treated with chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery to remove the mass

50
Q

Explain skin cancer

A

There are three major types of skin cancer — basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma. Caused by exponential cell growth on the skin. Can be treated by radiation, burning, or removing the cancer by cutting

51
Q

Explain testicular cancer

A

Testicular cancer is usually discovered upon palpation of the testicle where a lump is observed. Shrinking of the testicle can occur as well swelling. Can be treated by chemotherapy or Inguinal orchiectomy which removes the affected testicle

52
Q

Explain cervical cancer

A

Cervical cancer can show no symptoms during the initial stages but further development can lead to vaginal bleeding after intercourse, abnormal discharge with a foul odor, and pain during intercourse. Mostly diagnosed through a PAP smear and can be treated by chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery

53
Q

What is Ewing’s sarcoma?

A

A rare type of cancer that occurs in bones or in the soft tissue around the bones. This cancer most often begins in the long bones of the pelvis, legs or arms, but it can occur in any bone. Usually found in children. Diagnosed by Xray, MRI, or other imaging machines it is usually easily treatable through radiation or chemo therapy. If too severe may lead to amputation.

54
Q

What is Neuroblastoma?

A

Cancer of immature nerve cells arising from the adrenal gland, nerve ganglia or the neck. This cancer forms in the early developing nerve cells of the fetus. Treatment is based on the age of the child, as the disease is usually found in younger children and the stage of the disease. Usually treated with chemotherapy or immunotherapy.

55
Q

What is Wilms tumor?

A

Wilm’s tumor is a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children. S&S include blood in urine, abdominal pain and swelling, and palpable mass

Nursing 114 (6 decks)

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