Test 2 Flashcards
What is the abnormal involuntary movement scale?
The AIMS records the occurrence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in patients receiving narcoleptic medications (TD is a neurological syndrome that results in involuntary and repetitive body movements).
What is acute dystonia?
Unintentional sustained muscle contractions leading to abnormal postures. This acute condition is a common side effect of antipsychotic drugs.
What is associative looseness?
A disturbance of thinking in which the association of ideas and thought patterns becomes so vague, fragmented, diffuse, and unfocused as to lack any logical sequences or relationship to any preceding concepts or themes
What is automatic obedience?
Automatic obedience is when an individual obeys all orders, commands, and instructions from another person without question or concern. They perform what is requested of them even if it is something they normally wouldn’t do.
What is catatonia?
Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric condition that affects both behavior and motor function, and results in unresponsiveness in someone who otherwise appears to be awake
What is the CAGE questionnaire?
The CAGE questionnaire is a questionnaire that checks for alcohol dependency. The CAGE acronym represents four questions that focus on the condition of the persons drinking habit. These questions include:
Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking?
Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?
Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover (eye-opener)?
What is clang association?
Clang associations are groupings of words, usually rhyming words, that are based on similar-sounding sounds, even though the words themselves don’t have any logical reason to be grouped together. A person who is speaking this way may be showing signs of psychosis in bipolar disorder or schizophrenia
What is delirium tremens?
Delirium tremens is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal. It involves sudden and severe mental or nervous system changes. Can begin having “illusions” where objects become interpreted as something else
What is echolalia?
Meaningless repetition of another person’s spoken words as a symptom of psychiatric disorder. People with autism may display this disorder. It is also difficult for people with this disorder to communicate
What is echopraxia?
Meaningless repetition or imitation of the movements of others as a symptom of psychiatric disorder. Stereotyped imitation of the movements of another person; seen sometimes in catatonic schizophrenia and Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome
What is Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure, done under general anesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain, intentionally triggering a brief seizure. ECT seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental health conditions. The biggest side effect is memory loss
What are extrapyramidal symptoms?
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are side effects of antipsychotic medicines. EPS can cause movement and muscle control problems throughout your body
What is the flat affect?
The flat affect is a condition that causes people to not express emotions in the same way other people might. For example, when a person without flat affect is happy, they may smile brightly or in some other way show that they’re pleased. A person with flat affect shows no facial expressions
What is hypomania?
The symptoms of hypomania are similar to those of mania – elevated mood, inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, etc. – except that they don’t significantly impact a person’s daily function (they are able to stop to eat and sleep) and never include any psychotic symptoms.
What is the labile affect?
Labile affect or Pseudobulbar affect refers to the pathological expression of laughter, crying, or smiling. It is also known as “Emotional Lability”, “Pathological Laughter and Crying”, “Emotional Incontinence”, or more recently Involuntary Emotional Expression Disorder (IEED). [1] An individual may find themselves laughing uncontrollably at something that is only moderately funny, being unable to stop themselves for several minutes. Episodes may also be mood-incongruent; an individual might laugh uncontrollably when angry or frustrated, for example
What is milieu therapy?
Milieu therapy is where a safe environment is precured and patient interactions all have the goal of being therapeutic
What is neologism?
A new word that is coined especially by a person affected with schizophrenia and is meaningless except to the coiner, and is typically a combination of two existing words or a shortening or distortion of an existing word
What is parkinsonism?
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. It is found in Parkinson’s disease
What is postpartum depression?
Also known as baby blues, postpartum depression commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Usually only lasts 6 months
What is psychosis?
A mental disorder characterized by disconnection from reality which results in strange behavior often accompanied by perception of stimuli (voices, images, sensations) and other hallucinations
What is schizoaffective disorder?
Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health disorder that is marked by a combination of schizophrenia symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusions, and mood disorder symptoms, such as depression or mania
What is schizophreniform disorder?
Schizophreniform disorder is a type of psychotic illness with symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia, but lasting for less than 6 months
What is seasonal affective disorder (SAD)?
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that’s related to changes in seasons — SAD begins and ends at about the same times every year. If you’re like most people with SAD, your symptoms start in the fall and continue into the winter months, sapping your energy and making you feel moody. Less often, SAD causes depression in the spring or early summer
What is serotonin syndrome?
Serotonin syndrome occurs when you take medications that cause high levels of the chemical serotonin to accumulate in your body. Too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, fever and seizures). Severe serotonin syndrome can cause death if not treated
What is stupor?
A state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility
What is tardive dyskinesia?
A neurological syndrome that results in involuntary and repetitive body movements. Once this has occurred it cannot be fully reversed
What is waxy flexibility?
Waxy flexibility is where a person can be positioned as if they were a wax figurine and hold that position for minutes on end involuntarily
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs? What must be done in order to progress to the next stage?
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. If needs in the previous stage are not met then progression cannot be made.
What does Maslow’s physiological stage encompass?
Breathing Eating Sleep Homeostasis Excretion This stage is the basis for all other stages and is required first and foremost to fulfil the other stages
What does Maslow’s safety stage encompass?
Security of body Employment Resources Morality Family Health Property This is the second stage in Maslow's hierarchy
What does Maslow’s love/belonging stage encompass?
Friendship
Family
Sexual intimacy
This is the third stage in Maslow’s hierarchy
What does Maslow’s esteem stage encompass?
Self esteem Confidence Achievement Respect by and of others This is the fourth stage in Maslow's hierarchy
What does Maslow’s self-actualization stage encompass?
Morality Creativity Spontaneity Problem solving Lack of prejudice Acceptance of facts This is the final stage is Maslow's hierarchy
What are negative traits present in a schizophrenic patient?
Apparent lack of emotion or small emotional range
Reduced ability to plan and follow-through with activities
Neglect of personal hygiene
Social withdrawal, decrease in talkativeness
Loss of motivations
What are positive traits present in schizophrenic patients?
Delusions – falsely held beliefs usually due to a distorted perception or experience. Delusions are the most common symptom of schizophrenia.
Thought disorder – difficulty organizing and expressing thoughts. This might result in stopping mid-sentence or speaking nonsensically; including the making up of words.
Disorganized behavior – unusual and inappropriate behavior. This might be childlike behavior or unpredictable agitation.
Movement disorder – agitated or repeated movements. Catatonia (non-moving and non-responsive) is also possible
What are some treatments for schizophrenia?
First generation antipsychotics
Second generation antipsychotics
What is bipolar disorder?
People with bipolar disorder experience periods of unusually intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns and activity levels, and uncharacteristic behaviors—often without recognizing their likely harmful or undesirable effects. These distinct periods are called “mood episodes.” Mood episodes are very different from the moods and behaviors that are typical for the person. During an episode, the symptoms last every day for most of the day. Episodes may also last for longer periods, such as several days or weeks
How does serotonin effect the body?
Too high levels of serotonin can cause mania or addiction
Too low levels can lead to depressive disorders or other mental disorders
What is word salad?
Random assortment of words with no particular meaning
What is a command hallucinations?
A command hallucination is when a hallucination tells an individual to hurt themselves or someone else. This is a cause for emergency
What are delusions?
False events that you cannot convince the patient are not real
What is your affect?
Display of emotion
There are different types of affect ranging from exaggerated emotion in inappropriate time or complete repression of emotion
What are first generation antipsychotics? What are some side effects of these drugs? How long does it take for these drugs to work?
Haldol
Thorazine
Prolixin
These drugs decrease the patients dopamine levels, can cause acute dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia
Usually takes about two weeks for these drugs to kick in
What are second generation antipsychotics? What is this used to treat? What are some side effects of these drugs? What does Clozaril do differently than the other second generation drugs?
Ziprasidone (Geodon) Quetiapine (Seroquel) Clozapine (Clozaril)* Risperidone (Risperdal) Olanzapine (Zyprexa) Aripiprazole (Abilify) This generation can treat both negative and positive side effects Hyperglycemia is a common side effect Clozaril causes bone marrow suppression
What is akathisia?
This conditions causes fidgeting and the patient cannot sit still
What is Cogentin?
Benztropine is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s disease or involuntary movements due to the side effects of certain psychiatric drugs. Can cause dry mouth
What is the AIMS scale?
Abnormal involuntary movement scale. Used to determine the effects of tardive dyskinesia
What is used to reverse benzodiazepine?
Romazicon
How long is the normal grieving process?
Usually up to a year
What are some antidepressant SSRIs?
Fluoxetine (Prozac) Sertraline (Zoloft) Paroxetine (Paxil) Citalopram (Celexa) Escitalopram (Lexapro)
What is St johns wort?
A OTC medication that can be used to treat depression. A problem with this is that patients may take this in conjunction with regular antidepressants which will cause their serotonin levels to skyrocket
What are the risk of antidepressant TCA’s?
TCA’s cause nervous system depression, therefore overdosing is a problem weather voluntarily or involuntarily
What is major depression?
This type of depression is categorized by a feeling of hopelessness and despair that interferes with ADLs.
What is anorexia nervosa? Who is this commonly found in?
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder where the individual sees themselves as overweight even if they are dangerously underweight. They tediously monitor their weight and restrict calories. This disorder is commonly found in adolescents individuals especially among women
What is bulimia nervosa? Who is this commonly found in?
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder categorized by eating and then purging. The individual constantly sees themselves as overweight. This disorder is commonly found in adolescents
What is poverty of speech in patients?
Clients will give one or two word answers when asked a question even if open ended
The same with mentally stable patients, what is the priority when first meeting a delusional patient?
Establishing trust and rapport. A delusional or paranoid patient will more than likely exhibit paranoia toward a healthcare worker especially during states of psychosis
What are some antidepressant MAOI’s? Things to know about these medications?
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Tranylcypromine (Marplan)
Isocarboxazid (Parnate)
These medications are used to treat depression and multiple personality disorders
These medications require a dietary change for most as smoked meats, teas, chesses, etc. contain tyramine which cannot be broken down after taking MAOI’s
These medications are usually contraindicated to take with most other medicines
Causes hypertension
What mood stabilizers require serum level monitoring? How do these medications function? What are they used to treat? What is the normal level?
lithium carbonate (Lithane,
Eskalith, Lithonate)
Alters cation transport in nerve and muscle, may also influence reuptake of neurotransmitters
These medications are used to treat personality disorders
0.5-1.5
What does “Depo” mean?
Depo means long acting
Depo antipsychotics can be given to help with medication compliance as it does not require a daily dose that can be forgotten
What are some medications that can be used to combat alcohol addiction? What do these medications do?
Antabuse – once a day pill and if you mix with alcohol you will have forceful vomiting and stays in your
system for 2 weeks
Vivitrol (IM) once a month – decrease the urge to drink over time
What is mild depression?
Mild depression is triggered by an external event and follows a normal grief reaction. The condition lasts for less than 2 weeks with general sadness or feeling of being let down. Mild alterations in sleep patterns occur and patient can become irritable. An increase in drug or alcohol use may occur in this time
What is moderate depression?
Moderate depression persists over time with the subject experiencing changes in their personality and habits such as increased irritability, dejection, low self-esteem, and negative thinking and suicidal thoughts. Most of the time the patient will notice these changes and seek help
What is catatonia posturing?
A schizophrenic patient will sometimes display this disorder by holding bizarre positions for long periods of time
What is catatonic excitement?
A schizophrenic patient may exhibit this condition when they move excitedly with no environmental stimuli present
What is contraindicated to be given with patients with anorexia/bulimia, and seizures?
Wellbutrin
What is the expected side effects of lithium toxicity?
Weight gain Fine hand tremor Hypertension Vtach Vomiting Diarrhea AMS
What medications can be used as mood stabilizers that aren’t primarily used as mood stabilizers?
Anti seizures
Depakoat is used to stabilize mood
What is used to reverse the effects of opioids?
Narcan
What should be given to an alcoholic?
Magnesium
B12 Folic acid
B1 Thiamine
“Rally packs”
What is Librium?
Librium is a benzodiazepine that decreases delirium tremens and helps the patient detox off of alcohol
How should you go about therapeutic communication?
Be honest and direct Focus on client feelings Demonstrate active listening Indicate acceptance Relate to cues or actions
