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biology 101 > test 4 > Flashcards

test 4 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

digestive system

A

organs injest the food; transport the ingested material; digest the material into smaller usable components; absorb the necessary digested nutrients into the bloodstream; expel waste products from the body

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2
Q

digestion

A

the act or process of converting food into chemical substances that can be absorbed and assimilated

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3
Q

catabolic reactions

A

break down molecules to supply energy

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4
Q

anabolic reactions

A

synthesis of macromolecules

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5
Q

functions of the cell

A

to generate energy captures in the bonds of molecules; synthesize new molecules; housekeeping in cell

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6
Q

hydrolysis

A

splitting of a polymer by adding water to a covalent bond; catalyzed by a hydrolyase enzyme

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7
Q

enzymatic hydrolysis

A

active site is available for a molecule of substrate, the reactant on which the enzyme acts; substratebinds to enzyme; substrate is converted to products; products are released

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8
Q

digestive anatomy

A

digestive organs and accessory digestive organs

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9
Q

digestive organs

A

make up GI tract (alimentary canal, gut)

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10
Q

gi tract organs

A

oral cavity; pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine

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11
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth; tongue; salivary glands; liver; gall bladder; pancreas; biliary apparatus

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12
Q

oral cavity

A

cheeks, lips, palate; tongue, salivary glands, teeth

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13
Q

cheeks

A

cheeks form the lateral wall; cheeks end anteriorly as the lips; gums cover the alveolar processes of the teeth; internal surface of the upper and lower lips are attached to the gingivae by the thin, midline mucosa fold called labial frenulum

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14
Q

palate

A

form the roof; anterior 2/3 of the palate is the hard palate comprised of bone and the posterior 1/3 of the palate is soft and muscular and is called the soft palate

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15
Q

uvula

A

extends from the soft palate posteriorly, elevates during swallowing and closes off the posterior entrance to the nasopharynx

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16
Q

tongue

A

manipulates and mixes ingested materials during chewing and helps compress the partially digested materials into a bolus; inferior surface attaches to the floor by a thin midline mucous membrane called the lingual frenulum

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17
Q

bolus

A

globular mass of ingested materials that can be more easily swallowed

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18
Q

teeth

A

collectively known as the dentition; exposed crown, a constricted neck and one or more roots that fit into dental alveoli; dentin forms the primary mass of the tooth; each root is covered with cementum; external surface of the dentin is covered with a layer of enamel that forms the crown of the tooth

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19
Q

types of teeth

A

deciduous teeth and permanent

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20
Q

deciduous teeth

A

erupt between 6-30 months, 20 in number often called milk teeth

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21
Q

permanent teeth

A

replace the deciduous teeth and are 32 in number

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22
Q

salivary glands

A

produce and secret saliva into the oral cavity; parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland

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23
Q

saliva

A

moistens ingested materials to become a slick bolus; moistens, cleanses and lubricates the structures of the oral cavity; chemical digestion of ingested materials; antibacterial action; dissolves materials so that taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated

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24
Q

parotid gland

A

largest of the three salivary glands; anterior and inferior to the ear; secrete 25-30% of total saliva; parotid duct runs parallel to the zygomatic arch and pierces the buccinators muscle just opposite the second upper molar; secretes amylase

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25
submandibular gland
reside inferior to the body of the mandible; produce the majority of the saliva (60-70%)
26
submandibular duct
transports saliva from each gland through a papilla in the floor of the mouth on the lateral sides of the lingual frenulum
27
sublingual salivary glands
inferior to the tongue; extends multiple tiny sublingual ducts that open onto the inferior surface of the oral cavity; 3-5% of saliva
28
salivary gland secretion
mucous cells and serous cells
29
mucous cells
secrete mucin which forms mucous upon hydration
30
serous cells
secrete watery fluid containing ions, lysozyme and salivary amylase
31
pharynx
shared by the respiratory and digestive systems; fibromuscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to the lower border to the cricoid cartilage;
32
pharyngeal constrictors
superior, middle, inferior; external skeletal muscles participate in swallowing; during swallowing, successive contraction of the superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscles helps to propel the bolus of food down into the esophagus
33
esophagus
tubular passageway that conducts ingested materials from the pharynx to the stomach; passes through the esophageal hiatus as it connects to the stomach; 25cm long
34
wall of the GI tract
composed of four concentric layers -tunics; mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia or serosa
35
mucosa
deepest layer; superficial epithelium; underlying areolar connective tissue-lamina propria; thin layer of smooth muscle-muscularis mucosae
36
submucosa
include: lymphatic ducts; mucin-secreting glands; blood vessels; nerves
37
muscularis
two layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer- constrict lumen, forms sphincters outer longitudinal layer **esophagus has a mix of both smooth and skeletal muscle; stomach contains three layers of smooth muscle
38
adventitia; serosa
outermost layer; areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers
39
inferior esophageal sphincter
junction of esophagus and stomach; prevents materials from regurgitating from the stomach into the esophagus
40
superior esophageal sphincter
junction of pharynx and the esophagus; closes during inhalation preventing air from entering the GI tract
41
phases of swallowing
voluntary phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase
42
voluntary phase
bolus of food is pushed by tongue against hard palate and then moves toward oropharynx
43
pharyngeal phase
involuntary; bolus moves into oropharynx, soft palate and uvula close off nasopharynx, larynx elevates so epiglottis closes over laryngeal opening
44
esophageal phase
involuntary; contractions of the esophageal muscle push bolus toward stomach, soft palate uvula and larynx return to their pre-swallowing positions
45
stomach
upper left quadrant of abdomen; continues mechanical and chemical digestion of bolus, eventually processed into chime;
46
regions of the stomach
cardia, fundus, body, pyloris; inferior border-greater curvature; superior border-inferior curvature; internal surface is thrown into folds-gastric folds
47
wall of stomach
lined by simple columnar epithelium; little absorption occurs in the stomach; indented by numerous depressions- gastric pits
48
gastric secretions
by gastric glands at base of gastric pits that secrete products into the stomach
49
small intestine
finishes chemical digestion; absorbs most nutrietns; major site of chemical digestion and absorption; 6m in cadaver but shorter in living person; duodenum; jejunum; ileum
50
histology of small intestine
mucosa and submucosal thrown into folds- circular folds; microscopic fingerlike projections called villi can be seen on the surface of the circular folds; microvilli can be seen on surface of villi
51
large intestine
three sided perimeter around small intestine; 6.5cm; absorbs fluids ad ions, compacts undigestible wastes and solidifies into feces-stored until defecation; cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
52
cecum
first part of large intestine; blind sac located in right lower quadrant; ileocecal valve represents junction between small intestine and large intestine
53
ascending colon
originates in ileocecal valve and ascends right side of abdomen; approaches inferior border of live, 90 degree turn to left side of cavity-right colic flexure
54
transverse colon
originates at the right colic flexure, approaches the spleen in upper left; 90 degree turn inferiorly at spleen-left colic flexure
55
descending colon
originates at the left colic flexure; left side of abdomen; terminates into the sigmoid colon
56
sigmoid colon
resembles the letter S; terminates into rectum
57
rectum
muscular tube, readily expands to store accumulated fecal material prior to defecation; rectal valves- three thick transverse folds ensure that fecal material is retained during passage of gas; terminates at anal canal
58
anal canal
passes through levator ani muscles of the pelvic floor; anal sinuses secrete mucin for lubrication during defecation; internal and external anal sphincters open and close the anal canal during defecation
59
histology of the large intestine
lined with simple cuboidal epithelium and goblet cells which secrete mucin to lubricate the fecal material
60
liver
right quadrant; necessary for survival; glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells; plasma protein synthesis; hormone production; detoxification
61
gall bladder
embedded on the inferior surface of liver; collect and concentrate bile; cystic duct connects gall baldder to common bile duct
62
biliary apparatus
network of thin ducts that transport bile from live and gall bladder to duodenum; storage of bile
63
pancreas
secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate-pancreatic juices-into duodenum via pancreatic duct
64
lymphatic system
return interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream; production and maturation of lymphocytes; generates an immune response
65
lymph
comprised of interstitial fluid; solutes; foreign materials
66
lymphatic vessels
formed by lymphatic capillaries; resemble in that they have components of all three vascular tunics and possess valves similar to veins
67
afferent lymphatic vessels
bring lymph to a lymph node
68
efferent lymphatic vessels
transport filtered lymph away from the lymph node
69
lymphatic flow
lymphatic capillaries; lymphatic vessels; lymphatic trunks; lymphatic ducts
70
lymphatic organs
thymus; lymph nodes; spleen; tonsils
71
thymus
bilobed organ located superficial to the heart; continues to grow until puberty and then begins to regress in size and function; site of t-lymphocyte differentiation and maturation in fetus and early childhood
72
lymph nodes
small round or oval structures located along the pathway of lymph vessels; found in clusters 1-25mm; filter antigens from the lymph and initiate an immune response
73
spleen
initiates an immune response when antigens are found in blood; phagocytizes old red blood cells and platelets, bacteria and other foreign materials; contains a reservoir of platelets
74
tonsils
mainly in the pharynx; large clusters of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix that do not have a completed surrounding capsule; outer ridges are invaginated to form crypts which allow for trapping of antigens to be presented to the lymphocytes
75
lymphatic cells
macrophages (phagocytic cells); nurse cells (specialized macrophages found in bone marrow); dendrite cells (antigen presenting cells); lymphocytes (t-cells, b-cells, nk cells)
76
immune system
innate immunity; adaptive immunity
77
innate immunity
skin, stomach acid and difestive enzymes, saliva, tears, inflammatory response; phagocytic cells (macrophages, neutrophils)
78
adaptive immunity
humoral (b-cell immunity); cellular (t-cell immunity)
79
leukocytes
possess a nucleus and organelles; help initiate an immune response and defend the body against pathogens; 1.5-3 times larger than red blood cells; capable of leaving blood vessels-diapedesis and entering a tissue; attracted to a site of infection by molecules from damaged cells or invading pathogens-chemotaxis
80
macrophages
make up the leukocytes; derived from monocytes; phagocytic cells; stimulatory response
81
neutrophils
make up leukocytes; inflammatory first responders; leave blood via chemotaxis; short life span; numerous
82
lymphocytes
all three types migrate through the lymphatic system and search for the presence of antigens; found in lymphoid organs
83
t-lymphocytes
make up about 70-85% of body lymphocytes; helper t-lymphocytes; cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
84
helper t-lymphocytes
cd4+ t cells; express the surface protein cd4; these cells are unusual in that they have no cytotoxic or phagocytic activity; involved in activating and directing other immune cells via secretion of cytokines; cd4 is the primary receptor used by hiv to gain access to helper t-cells
85
cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
cd8+, t8 cells contain the surface marker cd8; come in direct contact with infected or foreign cells and kill them; acts only after it is activated by a helper t-lymphocyte that presents an antigen
86
b-lymphocytes
15-30% of body lymphocytes; contain antigen receptors to only one antigen and produce immunoglobins or antibodies to that single antigen; encounters its cognate antigen and receives an additional signal from a t helper cell, further differentiate into plasma b or memory b cells
87
plasma cells
what activated b-lymphocytes become and secrete large amounts of antibodies; short lived less than a week, long lived months or years
88
memory b-lymphocytes
long lived b lymphocytes and confer years or lifetime immunity to certain antigens
89
primary immune response
develops the first time a specific antigen enters the body; relatively slow and weak
90
secondary immune response
develops upon repeated exposure to same antigen; faster and more robust

biology 101 (5 decks)

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