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biology 101 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

molecular components of DNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine; deoxyribose (pentose) is the phosphate background (sugar)

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2
Q

molecular components of RNA

A

adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil; ribose (pentose) is the phosphate background (sugar)

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3
Q

nucleotide

A

base+sugar+phosphate= nucleotide

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4
Q

how can nucleotides be measured

A

by distance and length

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5
Q

DNA and RNA strands

A

nucleotide+ nucleotide(n)= strand

deoxyribonucleotides; ribonucleotides

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6
Q

DNA

A

double stranded; double helix; hydrogen bonds enable the ladder and hold the helix together, bonds can be broken; one sequence predicts the next one; complex macromolecules made of several basic atomic components; encodes genes

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7
Q

DNA hierarchical arrangement

A

dna from each parent arranged into chromosomes (23 chromosomes from each) 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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8
Q

replication

A

process through which DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA

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9
Q

transcription

A

process through which DNA serves as the template for the synthesis of RNA

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10
Q

what causes bonds to break

A

increase in temperature and pH

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11
Q

DNA replication

A

relies on complementary base pairing ; occurs before mitosis and meiosis 1; semi conservative; DNA is synthesized by DNA polymerase in a 5’ to 3’ direction

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12
Q

what is DNA polymerase responsible for

A

synthesizing a new strand of DNA during replication

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13
Q

helicase

A

surrounds and separates enzyme

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14
Q

where are the genes

A

indicated by start (ATG) and stop (TAA, TGA, TAG) codones; hold the code for specific protein

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15
Q

transcription

A

relies on base pairing; RNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase 2

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16
Q

RNA processing in eukaryotic cells

A

splicing out of introns, capping with 5’ methyl cap, polyadenylation

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17
Q

translation

A

ribosomes make proteins from the messages encoded in mRNA; three nucleotide groups called codons encode one amino acid (genetic code)

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18
Q

genetic code

A

each 3-nucleotide mRNA codon specifies a particular amino acid; each tRNA transfer a particular amino acid

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19
Q

mRNA

A

template for the production of proteins, the molecules that build and comprise structures and perform enzymatic reactions

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20
Q

tRNA

A

enables the transfer of amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain

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21
Q

rRNA

A

a component of protein producing ribosomes

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22
Q

the chromosome

A

each in a living cell is a DNA double helix; in the cell nuclei of higher organisms usually linear (larger, complex); some of bacteria are circular
*gene, nucleotide, genome, chromosome (smallest to largest)

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23
Q

viral genomes

A

some made of DNA, others RNA; some single stranded, others double stranded; some integrate their genetic material into the host cell’s genome; small, no introns and complex

24
Q

eukaryotic genomes

A

made of DNA; contain introns and exons; frequently include several to many linear chromosomes; size varies

25
Q

overlapping genes

A

are read from two different starting points or in opposite directions from a segment of DNA; common to many species, including humans; 1 gene=1 protein; not evenly distributed; gene poor or gene rich

26
Q

gene

A

short segment of DNA that contains the code or blueprint for one or more proteins

27
Q

prokaryotic genomes

A

made of DNa; circular or linear; do not contain organelles; float freely inside the cell; size varies

28
Q

human genome

A

23 pairs of chromosomes (diploid); 1-22 are autosomes; X and Y are sex chromosomes; males are XY, females are XX; mitochondria in egg; 3 billion base of DNA; 1.5-3% codes for proteins; 35000-100000 genes; 99.9% identical at DNA level; alternation lead to disabilities

29
Q

chromatin and DNA packaging

A

DNA would be 6.8 feet long if stretched out; packaged DNA is chromatin; wound tightly around histones”(bead on a string)*almost 2 meters tiny and thin

30
Q

regulation of human genome

A

the expression of genes within an organism’s genome is tightly regulated by: promoters, enhancers, silencers, methylation, imprinting, alternative splicing, RNA stability; X-inactivation

31
Q

promoters

A

bind RNA polymerase and initiate transcription

32
Q

enhancers

A

increase transcription of associated genes

33
Q

silencers

A

suppress transcription of associated genes

34
Q

methylation

A

attachment of a methyl group to a cytosine base result in silencing of gene expression

35
Q

imprinting

A

special case of methylation, occurs during gametogenesis

36
Q

alternative splicing

A

allows for multiple proteins from one gene

37
Q

RNA stability

A

cells control rates at which new mRNA’s are transcribed and the rate at which mRNA’s decay

38
Q

x-inactivation

A

lionization; turns off most genes on some of the X chromosomes of females; occurs early in a female’s development; inactivated X chromosomes become compacted (Barr Body); random process

39
Q

karyotyping

A

visual representation of a genome; variations in the number or structure of human chromosomes can cause a variety of genetic disorders; variations in numbers within the cell are called aneuploidies

40
Q

extra copy of chromosome 21

A

down syndrome

41
Q

extra copy of chromosome 13

A

patau syndrome

42
Q

blending model

A

offspring are a blend of parents; blend of characteristics is passed on to the next generation; variation is washed out over time

43
Q

particulate model

A

offspring are a combination of the parents; parental contributions are passed to the next generation as separate entities; variations is maintained over time

44
Q

Mendel’s research

A

made pure breeding lines for different phenotypes of pea plants; crossed the pure lines to get F1 generation; recessive traits cannot be inherited through complete dominance only if parents are heterozygous for the trait

45
Q

punnet square

A

bookkeeping tool; allele is the specific form of hereditary particle passed on through male or female gametes; if alleles for the dame gene are different in the same person the individual is heterozygous; useful for predicting the ratios of possible genotypes of a particular combination of alleles

46
Q

Watson and crick

A

determined the structure of DNA

47
Q

mendel

A

breeding experiment with pea plants

48
Q

miescher

A

discovered DNA

49
Q

levene

A

studied nucleotides, tetranucleotide hypothesis

50
Q

chargaff

A

chargaff’s rules (A+G=T+C)

51
Q

franklin

A

x-ray crystalography

52
Q

new sequencing

A

454 pyrosequencing and illumine

53
Q

the DNA instructional manual

A

each chromosome is a continuous strand of DNA; 3 billions ladders

54
Q

met amino acid

A

AUG

55
Q

DNA extraction

A

purified away from proteins and other cellular contaminates isolate DNA for: genetic testing; body identification, analysis of forensic evidence

biology 101 (5 decks)

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