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test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

functions of blood

A

transportation, regulation, protection

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2
Q

transportation

A

of oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as nutrients and waste products

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3
Q

regulation

A

of body temperature, pH, and fluid volume

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4
Q

protection

A

mounting an immune system

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5
Q

composition of blood

A

plasma, cellular components, buffy coat, red blood cells (RBCs)

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6
Q

plasma

A

55% of total blood volume; 91% water; 7% blood proteins; 2% nutrients

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7
Q

cellular components

A

45% of total blood volume; erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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8
Q

buffy coat

A

white blood cells; platelets

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9
Q

albumins

A

smallest and most abundant plasma proteins; produced in liver; regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid (maintain colloid osmotic pressure); carriers for molecules with low solubility in water

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10
Q

globulins

A

second largest group of plasma proteins; alpha, beta, and gamma

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11
Q

alpha and beta globulins

A

carriers for hydrophobic molecules

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12
Q

gamma globulins

A

immunoglobulins, antibodies; assist in fighting against pathogens

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13
Q

fibrinogen and blood clot formation

A

injured tissues release prothrombin activator, then splits into enzyme thrombin, which splits two short amino acid chains from each fibrinogen molecule; ends join together, forming threads of fibrin; fibrin surrounds the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the shape for the clot; red blood cells are present within the fibrin

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14
Q

regulatory proteins

A

less than 1% of all plasma proteins; enzymes and proenzymes; hormones

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15
Q

hematocrit

A

% of the volume of all cellular component in one’s blood; females- 38%-46%, males- 42%-56%

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16
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells; mature RBC lack nuclei and other organelles; small; biconcave shape; pass through small blood vessels, line up single file

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A

red pigmented protein in erythrocytes; capable of reversibly transporting oxygen and CO2 in blood; consists of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains; each molecule can bind a combo of 4 O2/CO2 molecules

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18
Q

heme group

A

nonprotein group containing iron molecule in each of the four globins

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19
Q

carbon monoxide

A

competes for oxygen binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule

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20
Q

why is CO so dangerous

A

poisoning can cause headaches, nausea and fatigue; prolonged exposure can lead to brain damage and death

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21
Q

blood doping

A

practice of boosting the number of RBC in the circulation in order to enhance athletic performance; RBC from donor are harvested, concentrated and then transfused into the circulation prior to endurance competitions

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22
Q

erythropoietin

A

EPO; naturally occurring hormone growth factor that stimulates the formation of RBC; can boost hematocrit for 6-24 weeks; blood that is more viscous more likely to cause clots

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23
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells; posses a nucleus and organelles; help initiate an immune response and defend the body; large

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24
Q

diapedesis

A

capability of leaving the blood vessels, and entering a tissue

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25
Q

chemotaxis

A

leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by molecules from damaged cells or invading pathogens

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26
Q

granulocytes

A

presence of visible of organelles; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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27
Q

agranulocytes

A

no visible organelles; lymphocytes; monocytes

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28
Q

neutrophils

A

most numerous leukocyte; pale colored granules with lilac background; multi-lobed nucleus; phagocytic cells that secrete lysozyme

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29
Q

eosinophils

A

red granules in cytoplasm; bi-lobed nucleus; important in defense of parasitic infections; increase in numbers in response to antigen-antibody complexes or allergens

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30
Q

basophils

A

least numerous of the granulocytes; bi-loped nucleus and abundant blue granules; release histamine which causes vasodilation resulting in a decrease in blood pressure; release heparin which inhibits blood clotting

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31
Q

lymphocytes

A

in lymphatic tissue; 20-25% of leukocytes; dark staining round nucleus; t-lymphocytes, b-lymphocytes and natural killer cells

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32
Q

t-lymphocytes

A

direct immune response, attack virus infected cells

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33
Q

b-lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

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34
Q

natural killer cells

A

attack abnormal and infected tissue cells

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35
Q

monocytes

A

constitute 3-8% of leukocytes; c-shaped nucleus; mature into macrophages in the periphery

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36
Q

platelets

A

irregular shaped membrane enclosed cellular fragments that represent shed cytoplasm from cells in the red bone marrow(megakaryocytes); involved in the clotting of blood; 1/4 the size of erythrocytes

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37
Q

megakaryocytes

A

about 15X larger than erthrocytes

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38
Q

average adult heart

A

5.5 inches long, 3.5 inches wide; 11oz in males; 8oz in females; located between the right and left lungs; 1/3 is located on the right side

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39
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart propels blood to and from most body tissue via basic types of blood vessels called arteries and viens

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40
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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41
Q

veins

A

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart; larger than venules; smaller and medium sized veins travel with muscular arteries; large travel with elastic arteries; blood pressure in veins is too low to overcome the forces of gravity and posses valves

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42
Q

great vessels

A

arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart

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43
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins; conveys blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

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44
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side of the heart and arteries and veins that convey blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart

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45
Q

heart position

A

slightly left of midline deep to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mesiastinum

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46
Q

pericardium

A

tough sac that encloses the heart; restricts heart movements so that is moves only slightly with the thorax

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47
Q

anatomy of the heart wall

A

epicardium; myocardium; endocardium

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48
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle tissue; the thickest of the three layers

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49
Q

endocardium

A

internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves

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50
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium; simple squamous epithelium; areolar connective tissue and fat

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51
Q

internal heart anatomy

A

four chambers and four valves

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52
Q

four chambers

A

right atrium; right ventricle; left ventricle; left atrium

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53
Q

four valves

A

right atrioventricular(tricuspid); pulmonary semilunar; left atrioventricular(bicuspid or mitral); aortic semilunar

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54
Q

right atrium

A

receives venous blood from heart and systemic circulation, flowing to right ventricle; three veins drain into it: coronary sinus, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava

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55
Q

right atrioventricular valve

A

tricuspid valve; separates the right atrium from the right ventricle; forced closed when right ventricle begins to contract, preventing backwards flow of blood

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56
Q

right ventricle

A

receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium

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57
Q

interventricular septum

A

forms a thick wall between the right and left ventricles

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58
Q

trabeculae carnaeae

A

irregular muscular ridges in the inner walls of each ventricle

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59
Q

papillary muscles

A

three cone shaped muscle projections inside the right ventricle

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60
Q

chordae tendineae

A

thin strands of strong connective tissue made of collagen fibers that papillary muscles anchor; attach to three cusps of the tricuspid valve; prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts

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61
Q

cusps

A

triangular flaps that hang down into the ventricle

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62
Q

conus arteriosus

A

smooth area at the superior end of the ventricle

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63
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

marks the end of the ventricle and the beginning of the pulmonary trunk

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64
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic; in the roof of right and left ventricles; composed of three thin, half moon shaped, pocketlike semilunar cusps; ventricles contract, blood pushes cusps against arterial trunks; ventricles relax some blood flows backwards, enters pockets, push toward midline, closing the valve

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65
Q

left atrium

A

oxygenated blood from the lungs travel through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium; two triangular cusps; forced shut when contracting

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66
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

bicuspid, mitral valve; separates left atrium from left ventricle

67
Q

left ventricle

A

thick than right ventricular wall; has to pump blood to the entire body except the lungs, generates a greater blood pressure;

68
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

marks the end of the left ventricle and beginning of the aorta at the superior end of the ventricle

69
Q

coronary circulation

A

arteries are the only branches given off by the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve

70
Q

right and left coronary arteries

A

travel within the coronary sulcus and supply the heart wall muscle with oxygen and nutrients

71
Q

coronary veins

A

venous return of blood from the heart wall muscle occurs through three major veins: great cardiac, middle cardiac, small

72
Q

coronary artery disease

A

CAD; affects almost 13 million americans, most common heart disease; complication are the leading cause of death in US; results from atherosclerosis, waxy substance forms inside the arteries that supply blood to your heart; plaque made of cholesterol, fatty compounds, calcium, and fibrin

73
Q

causes of atherosclerosis

A

starts when the very inner lining of the artery is damaged; high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood and smoking are believed to lead to the development of plaque

74
Q

diagnosing CAD

A

ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography, PET

75
Q

electrocardiogram

A

ECG or EKG; records your heart’s electrical activity while you sit quietly; stress test;

76
Q

echocardiography

A

which uses sound waves to produce an image if the heart to see how it is working

77
Q

coronary angiography

A

performed in the cardiac catheterization lab; dye injected into bloodstream to give doctors an x-ray movie of heart action and blood flow through your valves and arteries

78
Q

positron emission tomography scanning

A

uses info about the energy of certain elements in your bod to show whether parts of the heart muscle are alive and working; show if your heart is getting enough blood in order to keep the muscle healthy

79
Q

treatment for CAD

A

medicines (nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) and surgery (angioplasty, laser ablation, coronary artery bypass)

80
Q

nitroglycerin

A

can widen or dilate the arteries and improve blood flow to your heart; given through a skin patch,pills, an ointment or a spray

81
Q

beta blockers

A

block the chemical or hormonal messages sent to your heart

82
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

help keep arteries open and reduce your blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle that surrounds the arteries in your body

83
Q

angioplasty

A

opens narrowed arteries, performed by interventional cardiologists; inflate a balloon at the blockage site in the artery to flatten the plaque against the artery wall

84
Q

laser ablation

A

laser burns away plaque and open the vessel enough so that a balloon can further widen the opening

85
Q

coronary artery bypass

A

bypassing blood flow around one or more narrowed vessels; remove a vein from the thigh or uses an artery from the upper part of the chest wall to reroute blood flow in the chest

86
Q

conducting system of the heart

A

electrical impulse is distributed immediately and spontaneously throughout all cells of the atria and then the ventricles

87
Q

gap junctions

A

located within the intercalated discs; cell to cell junctions that are cardiac muscle fibers contract as a single unit because they are all connected with low resistance

88
Q

autorhymicity

A

heart is capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves

89
Q

sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

A

electrical impulse that initiates the heartbeat comes from specialized cardiac muscle cells; located on the posterior wall of the right atrium adjacent to the opening of the superior vena cava; generates70-80 impulses per minute under parasympathetic control

90
Q

atrioventricular node

A

located in the floor of the right atrium; impulses from the SA node travel to the left atrium

91
Q

atrioventricular bundle

A

bundle of His; electrical activity then leaves the AV node; extends into the interventricular septum

92
Q

left and right bundles

A

where AV bundle divides once in the septum

93
Q

purkinje fibers

A

begin at the apex of the heart; pass the impulse to conduction cells; spread the impulse superiority from the apex to all of the ventricular myocardium

94
Q

sequence of heart chamber contractions

A
  1. SA node generates an impulse 2. both atria contract almost simultaneously (systole) while ventricles are relaxing(diastole) 3. impulse goes to AV node and then to the ventricles 4. ventricles contract(systole) while atria relax(diastole)
95
Q

innervation of the heart

A

innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system

96
Q

coronary plexus

A

made up of anatomical components of both divisions

97
Q

autonomic innervation

A

doesn’t initiate a heartbeat but it can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat

98
Q

sympathetic

A

input to the heart increases the rate and force of heart contractions

99
Q

parasympathetic

A

innervation decreases heart but generally has no effect on force of contraction

100
Q

tunics

A

layers in arteries and veins

101
Q

tunica externa

A

connective tissue that anchor the blood vessel to an organ

102
Q

tunic media

A

comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle

103
Q

tunica intima

A

composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer

104
Q

endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium lining the inside of the arteries and veins

105
Q

subendothelial layer

A

areolar connective tissue

106
Q

elastics arteries

A

largest of the arteries; present in all three tunics allows these arteries to stretch under the increases pressure generated by blood flow from the heart; branch into muscular arteries

107
Q

muscular arteries

A

medium diameter arteries; have a proportionately thicker tunica media with smooth muscle fibers

108
Q

arterioles

A

smallest; have less than six cell layers if smooth muscle in their tunica media

109
Q

capillaries

A

smallest of all blood; diameter is only larger than an erythrocyte; wall consists soley of the tunica intima; only type where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and cells outside of the bloodstream

110
Q

continuous capillaries

A

most common; endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining aided by the presence of tight junctions; found in muscle, skin, lungs, CNS

111
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

endothelial cells possess small holes to allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid; small intestine, endocrine glands, kidney

112
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

big gaps between endothelial cells that promotes transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood; absent or discontinuous basement membrane; found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, anterior pituitary

113
Q

blood reservoirs

A

veins hold about 60% of the body’s blood; pressure in veins is lower than arteries

114
Q

venules

A

smallest veins; companion vessels with arterioles; smallest at the distal end of a capillary bed and are called postcapillary venules; merge to form veins

115
Q

diapedesis

A

migration of leukocytes from the bloodstream to the body; occurs through the walls of the postcapillary venules

116
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

as skeletal muscles contract they also pump blood toward the heart

117
Q

blood pressure

A

the force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel; measured in mmHg by a sphygmomanometer; average adult blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg

118
Q

ventricular systole

A

systolic blood pressure; first sound of blood flow

119
Q

ventricular diastole

A

laminar flow of blood

120
Q

systemic circulation

A

consists of arteries and veins that travel to and from all parts of the body except the lungs

121
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

carry deoxygenate blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returning newly oxygenated to the left side of the heart; arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood

122
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

receives deoxygenated blood that exits the right ventricle and then bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries that go to the lungs

123
Q

pulmonary veins

A

where arterioles and capillaries finally return to the left atrium

124
Q

respiratory system

A

pharynx, trachea, right lung, left lung, larynx, nostril, nasal cavity

125
Q

functions of respiratory system

A

to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide; involves both inhalation and exhalation

126
Q

which body process do we need oxygen?

A

electron transport system of cellular respiration

127
Q

what is the source of carbon dioxide

A

Krebs cycle of cellular respiration

128
Q

gas conditioning function

A

gases warmed, moistened, cleansed

129
Q

sound production function

A

air forced through larynx through vocal cords produces sounds

130
Q

olfaction function

A

superior region of nasal cavity contains olfactory receptors

131
Q

defense functions

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines most of upper respiratory tract; mucous glands

132
Q

division of the respiratory system

A

anatomically divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts; functionally divided into a conducting and respiratory portions

133
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

nose and nasal cavities; paranasal sinuses; pharynx

134
Q

nose

A

main conducting airway for inhaled air; supported by paired nasal bones superiorly that form the bridge of the nose; supported anteroinferiorly from the bridge by the fleshy cartilaginous dorsum nasi

135
Q

nasal cavity

A

begins as the internal components of the nose and is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx

136
Q

nasal septum

A

divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions and forms the medial wall of each cavity

137
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

made up of four bones of the skull contain paired air spaced; makes the bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones which they reside: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

138
Q

pharynx

A

throat; shared by two organ systems (digestive and respiratory); divided into: nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx

139
Q

nasopharynx

A

continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate; opening of the auditory tubes are found in the lateral walls; posterior nasopharynx wall houses a single pharyngeal tonsil

140
Q

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

A

both lined by nonkeratinized stratifies squamous epithelium

141
Q

lower respiratory tract conducting portion

A

comprised of: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

142
Q

lower respiratory tract respiratory portion

A

comprised of: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

143
Q

larynx

A

short tube connecting pharynx to trachea; voice box; supported by a framework of cartilages, ligaments and muscles

144
Q

trachea

A

windpipe; inferior to the larynx, superior to the primary bronchi and anterior to the esophagus; 2.5cm in diameter; 12-14 cm in length; supported by c-shaped tracheal cartilage; mucosa is lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium and mucin secreting goblet cells

145
Q

bronchial tree

A

trachea branches into left and right primary bronchi; right bronchus divides into three secondary bronchi; left bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi; secondary bronchi divide into 8-10 tertiary bronchi

146
Q

bronchioles

A

less than 1mm in diameter; walls are composed of a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle

147
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

contraction of the smooth muscle results in a narrowing of the bronchioles

148
Q

bronchodilation

A

relaxation of the smooth muscle results in a widening of the bronchioles

149
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

last portions of the conduction portion of the respiratory system

150
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

where terminal bronchioles branch into; the thin wall of the alveolus is the structure where respiratory gases diffuse between the blood and the air in the lungs

151
Q

alveolar ducts

A

where respiratory bronchioles branch into

152
Q

alveoli

A

small saccular outpocketings alveolar ducts end with

153
Q

alveolar type 1 cells

A

forms alveolar wall with simple squamous epithelial cells to promote rapid diffusion of gases

154
Q

alveolar type 2 cells

A

almost cuboidal in shape and produces pulmonary surfactant

155
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli

156
Q

alveolar macrophage

A

dust cells; engulfs any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its way into the alveolus

157
Q

left lung

A

slightly smaller than right because heart projects slightly to the left

158
Q

cardiac impression

A

heart makes medial surface indentation

159
Q

cardiac notch

A

anterior indented region

160
Q

oblique fissure

A

divides the lung into two lobes (superior and inferior lobes)

161
Q

right lung

A

two fissures (oblique and horizontal) that divide the lung into three lobes (superior, middle and inferior)

162
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs

163
Q

bronchial circulation

A

component of the systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles

164
Q

thoracic wall dimensional changes during respiration

A

vertical (diaphragm moves); lateral ( muscles attached to ribs); anterior/posterior (muscles attached to ribs)

biology 101 (5 decks)

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