test 3 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
functions of blood
A
transportation, regulation, protection
2
Q
transportation
A
of oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as nutrients and waste products
3
Q
regulation
A
of body temperature, pH, and fluid volume
4
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protection
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mounting an immune system
5
Q
composition of blood
A
plasma, cellular components, buffy coat, red blood cells (RBCs)
6
Q
plasma
A
55% of total blood volume; 91% water; 7% blood proteins; 2% nutrients
7
Q
cellular components
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45% of total blood volume; erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
8
Q
buffy coat
A
white blood cells; platelets
9
Q
albumins
A
smallest and most abundant plasma proteins; produced in liver; regulate water movement between blood and interstitial fluid (maintain colloid osmotic pressure); carriers for molecules with low solubility in water
10
Q
globulins
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second largest group of plasma proteins; alpha, beta, and gamma
11
Q
alpha and beta globulins
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carriers for hydrophobic molecules
12
Q
gamma globulins
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immunoglobulins, antibodies; assist in fighting against pathogens
13
Q
fibrinogen and blood clot formation
A
injured tissues release prothrombin activator, then splits into enzyme thrombin, which splits two short amino acid chains from each fibrinogen molecule; ends join together, forming threads of fibrin; fibrin surrounds the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide the shape for the clot; red blood cells are present within the fibrin
14
Q
regulatory proteins
A
less than 1% of all plasma proteins; enzymes and proenzymes; hormones
15
Q
hematocrit
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% of the volume of all cellular component in one’s blood; females- 38%-46%, males- 42%-56%
16
Q
erythrocytes
A
red blood cells; mature RBC lack nuclei and other organelles; small; biconcave shape; pass through small blood vessels, line up single file
17
Q
hemoglobin
A
red pigmented protein in erythrocytes; capable of reversibly transporting oxygen and CO2 in blood; consists of 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains; each molecule can bind a combo of 4 O2/CO2 molecules
18
Q
heme group
A
nonprotein group containing iron molecule in each of the four globins
19
Q
carbon monoxide
A
competes for oxygen binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule
20
Q
why is CO so dangerous
A
poisoning can cause headaches, nausea and fatigue; prolonged exposure can lead to brain damage and death
21
Q
blood doping
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practice of boosting the number of RBC in the circulation in order to enhance athletic performance; RBC from donor are harvested, concentrated and then transfused into the circulation prior to endurance competitions
22
Q
erythropoietin
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EPO; naturally occurring hormone growth factor that stimulates the formation of RBC; can boost hematocrit for 6-24 weeks; blood that is more viscous more likely to cause clots
23
Q
leukocytes
A
white blood cells; posses a nucleus and organelles; help initiate an immune response and defend the body; large
24
Q
diapedesis
A
capability of leaving the blood vessels, and entering a tissue
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chemotaxis
leukocytes are attracted to a site of infection by molecules from damaged cells or invading pathogens
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granulocytes
presence of visible of organelles; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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agranulocytes
no visible organelles; lymphocytes; monocytes
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neutrophils
most numerous leukocyte; pale colored granules with lilac background; multi-lobed nucleus; phagocytic cells that secrete lysozyme
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eosinophils
red granules in cytoplasm; bi-lobed nucleus; important in defense of parasitic infections; increase in numbers in response to antigen-antibody complexes or allergens
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basophils
least numerous of the granulocytes; bi-loped nucleus and abundant blue granules; release histamine which causes vasodilation resulting in a decrease in blood pressure; release heparin which inhibits blood clotting
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lymphocytes
in lymphatic tissue; 20-25% of leukocytes; dark staining round nucleus; t-lymphocytes, b-lymphocytes and natural killer cells
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t-lymphocytes
direct immune response, attack virus infected cells
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b-lymphocytes
produce antibodies
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natural killer cells
attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
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monocytes
constitute 3-8% of leukocytes; c-shaped nucleus; mature into macrophages in the periphery
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platelets
irregular shaped membrane enclosed cellular fragments that represent shed cytoplasm from cells in the red bone marrow(megakaryocytes); involved in the clotting of blood; 1/4 the size of erythrocytes
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megakaryocytes
about 15X larger than erthrocytes
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average adult heart
5.5 inches long, 3.5 inches wide; 11oz in males; 8oz in females; located between the right and left lungs; 1/3 is located on the right side
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cardiovascular system
heart propels blood to and from most body tissue via basic types of blood vessels called arteries and viens
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arteries
blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
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veins
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart; larger than venules; smaller and medium sized veins travel with muscular arteries; large travel with elastic arteries; blood pressure in veins is too low to overcome the forces of gravity and posses valves
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great vessels
arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart
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pulmonary circulation
right side of the heart and the pulmonary arteries and veins; conveys blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
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systemic circulation
left side of the heart and arteries and veins that convey blood to most body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
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heart position
slightly left of midline deep to the sternum in a compartment of the thorax known as the mesiastinum
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pericardium
tough sac that encloses the heart; restricts heart movements so that is moves only slightly with the thorax
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anatomy of the heart wall
epicardium; myocardium; endocardium
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myocardium
cardiac muscle tissue; the thickest of the three layers
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endocardium
internal surface of the heart chambers and external surface of the heart valves
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epicardium
visceral layer of serous pericardium; simple squamous epithelium; areolar connective tissue and fat
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internal heart anatomy
four chambers and four valves
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four chambers
right atrium; right ventricle; left ventricle; left atrium
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four valves
right atrioventricular(tricuspid); pulmonary semilunar; left atrioventricular(bicuspid or mitral); aortic semilunar
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right atrium
receives venous blood from heart and systemic circulation, flowing to right ventricle; three veins drain into it: coronary sinus, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava
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right atrioventricular valve
tricuspid valve; separates the right atrium from the right ventricle; forced closed when right ventricle begins to contract, preventing backwards flow of blood
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right ventricle
receives deoxygenated venous blood from the right atrium
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interventricular septum
forms a thick wall between the right and left ventricles
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trabeculae carnaeae
irregular muscular ridges in the inner walls of each ventricle
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papillary muscles
three cone shaped muscle projections inside the right ventricle
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chordae tendineae
thin strands of strong connective tissue made of collagen fibers that papillary muscles anchor; attach to three cusps of the tricuspid valve; prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
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cusps
triangular flaps that hang down into the ventricle
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conus arteriosus
smooth area at the superior end of the ventricle
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pulmonary semilunar valve
marks the end of the ventricle and the beginning of the pulmonary trunk
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semilunar valves
pulmonary and aortic; in the roof of right and left ventricles; composed of three thin, half moon shaped, pocketlike semilunar cusps; ventricles contract, blood pushes cusps against arterial trunks; ventricles relax some blood flows backwards, enters pockets, push toward midline, closing the valve
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left atrium
oxygenated blood from the lungs travel through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium; two triangular cusps; forced shut when contracting
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left atrioventricular valve
bicuspid, mitral valve; separates left atrium from left ventricle
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left ventricle
thick than right ventricular wall; has to pump blood to the entire body except the lungs, generates a greater blood pressure;
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aortic semilunar valve
marks the end of the left ventricle and beginning of the aorta at the superior end of the ventricle
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coronary circulation
arteries are the only branches given off by the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve
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right and left coronary arteries
travel within the coronary sulcus and supply the heart wall muscle with oxygen and nutrients
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coronary veins
venous return of blood from the heart wall muscle occurs through three major veins: great cardiac, middle cardiac, small
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coronary artery disease
CAD; affects almost 13 million americans, most common heart disease; complication are the leading cause of death in US; results from atherosclerosis, waxy substance forms inside the arteries that supply blood to your heart; plaque made of cholesterol, fatty compounds, calcium, and fibrin
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causes of atherosclerosis
starts when the very inner lining of the artery is damaged; high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood and smoking are believed to lead to the development of plaque
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diagnosing CAD
ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography, PET
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electrocardiogram
ECG or EKG; records your heart's electrical activity while you sit quietly; stress test;
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echocardiography
which uses sound waves to produce an image if the heart to see how it is working
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coronary angiography
performed in the cardiac catheterization lab; dye injected into bloodstream to give doctors an x-ray movie of heart action and blood flow through your valves and arteries
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positron emission tomography scanning
uses info about the energy of certain elements in your bod to show whether parts of the heart muscle are alive and working; show if your heart is getting enough blood in order to keep the muscle healthy
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treatment for CAD
medicines (nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) and surgery (angioplasty, laser ablation, coronary artery bypass)
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nitroglycerin
can widen or dilate the arteries and improve blood flow to your heart; given through a skin patch,pills, an ointment or a spray
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beta blockers
block the chemical or hormonal messages sent to your heart
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calcium channel blockers
help keep arteries open and reduce your blood pressure by relaxing the smooth muscle that surrounds the arteries in your body
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angioplasty
opens narrowed arteries, performed by interventional cardiologists; inflate a balloon at the blockage site in the artery to flatten the plaque against the artery wall
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laser ablation
laser burns away plaque and open the vessel enough so that a balloon can further widen the opening
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coronary artery bypass
bypassing blood flow around one or more narrowed vessels; remove a vein from the thigh or uses an artery from the upper part of the chest wall to reroute blood flow in the chest
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conducting system of the heart
electrical impulse is distributed immediately and spontaneously throughout all cells of the atria and then the ventricles
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gap junctions
located within the intercalated discs; cell to cell junctions that are cardiac muscle fibers contract as a single unit because they are all connected with low resistance
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autorhymicity
heart is capable of initiating its own heartbeat independent of external nerves
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sinoatrial node (pacemaker)
electrical impulse that initiates the heartbeat comes from specialized cardiac muscle cells; located on the posterior wall of the right atrium adjacent to the opening of the superior vena cava; generates70-80 impulses per minute under parasympathetic control
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atrioventricular node
located in the floor of the right atrium; impulses from the SA node travel to the left atrium
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atrioventricular bundle
bundle of His; electrical activity then leaves the AV node; extends into the interventricular septum
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left and right bundles
where AV bundle divides once in the septum
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purkinje fibers
begin at the apex of the heart; pass the impulse to conduction cells; spread the impulse superiority from the apex to all of the ventricular myocardium
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sequence of heart chamber contractions
1. SA node generates an impulse 2. both atria contract almost simultaneously (systole) while ventricles are relaxing(diastole) 3. impulse goes to AV node and then to the ventricles 4. ventricles contract(systole) while atria relax(diastole)
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innervation of the heart
innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system
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coronary plexus
made up of anatomical components of both divisions
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autonomic innervation
doesn't initiate a heartbeat but it can increase or decrease the rate of the heartbeat
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sympathetic
input to the heart increases the rate and force of heart contractions
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parasympathetic
innervation decreases heart but generally has no effect on force of contraction
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tunics
layers in arteries and veins
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tunica externa
connective tissue that anchor the blood vessel to an organ
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tunic media
comprised of circularly arranged smooth muscle
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tunica intima
composed of endothelium and a subendothelial layer
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endothelium
simple squamous epithelium lining the inside of the arteries and veins
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subendothelial layer
areolar connective tissue
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elastics arteries
largest of the arteries; present in all three tunics allows these arteries to stretch under the increases pressure generated by blood flow from the heart; branch into muscular arteries
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muscular arteries
medium diameter arteries; have a proportionately thicker tunica media with smooth muscle fibers
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arterioles
smallest; have less than six cell layers if smooth muscle in their tunica media
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capillaries
smallest of all blood; diameter is only larger than an erythrocyte; wall consists soley of the tunica intima; only type where metabolic exchange can occur between blood and cells outside of the bloodstream
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continuous capillaries
most common; endothelial cells form a continuous and complete lining aided by the presence of tight junctions; found in muscle, skin, lungs, CNS
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fenestrated capillaries
endothelial cells possess small holes to allow fluid exchange between blood and interstitial fluid; small intestine, endocrine glands, kidney
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sinusoid capillaries
big gaps between endothelial cells that promotes transport of large molecules and cells to and from the blood; absent or discontinuous basement membrane; found in bone marrow, spleen, liver, adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, anterior pituitary
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blood reservoirs
veins hold about 60% of the body's blood; pressure in veins is lower than arteries
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venules
smallest veins; companion vessels with arterioles; smallest at the distal end of a capillary bed and are called postcapillary venules; merge to form veins
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diapedesis
migration of leukocytes from the bloodstream to the body; occurs through the walls of the postcapillary venules
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skeletal muscle pump
as skeletal muscles contract they also pump blood toward the heart
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blood pressure
the force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel; measured in mmHg by a sphygmomanometer; average adult blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg
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ventricular systole
systolic blood pressure; first sound of blood flow
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ventricular diastole
laminar flow of blood
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systemic circulation
consists of arteries and veins that travel to and from all parts of the body except the lungs
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pulmonary circulation
carry deoxygenate blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and returning newly oxygenated to the left side of the heart; arteries carry deoxygenated blood and veins carry oxygenated blood
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pulmonary trunk
receives deoxygenated blood that exits the right ventricle and then bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries that go to the lungs
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pulmonary veins
where arterioles and capillaries finally return to the left atrium
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respiratory system
pharynx, trachea, right lung, left lung, larynx, nostril, nasal cavity
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functions of respiratory system
to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide; involves both inhalation and exhalation
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which body process do we need oxygen?
electron transport system of cellular respiration
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what is the source of carbon dioxide
Krebs cycle of cellular respiration
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gas conditioning function
gases warmed, moistened, cleansed
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sound production function
air forced through larynx through vocal cords produces sounds
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olfaction function
superior region of nasal cavity contains olfactory receptors
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defense functions
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines most of upper respiratory tract; mucous glands
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division of the respiratory system
anatomically divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts; functionally divided into a conducting and respiratory portions
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upper respiratory tract
nose and nasal cavities; paranasal sinuses; pharynx
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nose
main conducting airway for inhaled air; supported by paired nasal bones superiorly that form the bridge of the nose; supported anteroinferiorly from the bridge by the fleshy cartilaginous dorsum nasi
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nasal cavity
begins as the internal components of the nose and is continuous posteriorly with the nasopharynx
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nasal septum
divides the nasal cavity into right and left portions and forms the medial wall of each cavity
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paranasal sinuses
made up of four bones of the skull contain paired air spaced; makes the bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones which they reside: frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
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pharynx
throat; shared by two organ systems (digestive and respiratory); divided into: nasopharynx, oropharynx,laryngopharynx
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nasopharynx
continuous with the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate; opening of the auditory tubes are found in the lateral walls; posterior nasopharynx wall houses a single pharyngeal tonsil
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oropharynx and laryngopharynx
both lined by nonkeratinized stratifies squamous epithelium
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lower respiratory tract conducting portion
comprised of: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
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lower respiratory tract respiratory portion
comprised of: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
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larynx
short tube connecting pharynx to trachea; voice box; supported by a framework of cartilages, ligaments and muscles
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trachea
windpipe; inferior to the larynx, superior to the primary bronchi and anterior to the esophagus; 2.5cm in diameter; 12-14 cm in length; supported by c-shaped tracheal cartilage; mucosa is lined with psuedostratified columnar epithelium and mucin secreting goblet cells
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bronchial tree
trachea branches into left and right primary bronchi; right bronchus divides into three secondary bronchi; left bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi; secondary bronchi divide into 8-10 tertiary bronchi
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bronchioles
less than 1mm in diameter; walls are composed of a relatively thick layer of smooth muscle
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bronchoconstriction
contraction of the smooth muscle results in a narrowing of the bronchioles
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bronchodilation
relaxation of the smooth muscle results in a widening of the bronchioles
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terminal bronchioles
last portions of the conduction portion of the respiratory system
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respiratory bronchioles
where terminal bronchioles branch into; the thin wall of the alveolus is the structure where respiratory gases diffuse between the blood and the air in the lungs
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alveolar ducts
where respiratory bronchioles branch into
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alveoli
small saccular outpocketings alveolar ducts end with
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alveolar type 1 cells
forms alveolar wall with simple squamous epithelial cells to promote rapid diffusion of gases
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alveolar type 2 cells
almost cuboidal in shape and produces pulmonary surfactant
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pulmonary surfactant
decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli
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alveolar macrophage
dust cells; engulfs any microorganism or particulate matter that makes its way into the alveolus
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left lung
slightly smaller than right because heart projects slightly to the left
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cardiac impression
heart makes medial surface indentation
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cardiac notch
anterior indented region
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oblique fissure
divides the lung into two lobes (superior and inferior lobes)
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right lung
two fissures (oblique and horizontal) that divide the lung into three lobes (superior, middle and inferior)
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pulmonary circulation
conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs
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bronchial circulation
component of the systemic circulation that delivers blood directly to and from the bronchi and bronchioles
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thoracic wall dimensional changes during respiration
vertical (diaphragm moves); lateral ( muscles attached to ribs); anterior/posterior (muscles attached to ribs)
