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test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Fracastoro

A

Italian physician; 1546- (pathogenic theory of medicine) epidemic diseases caused by transferable tiny particles or spores that could transmit infection by direct/indirect contact over a long distance; entities that could not be seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

bassi

A

the germ theory, replaced Fracastoro’s theory(pathogenic theory of medicine) proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases later validated in late 19th century

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3
Q

Zacharias jansen

A

ditch spectacle maker invented the first microscope; first true compound microscope in 1595

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4
Q

antonie van leeuwenhoek

A

father of the microscope; first described microscopic organisms using the scope; father of microbiology; first to observe and describe single cell organisms(animolecules); first to observe microscopic of muscle fibers, bacteria, sperm and even blood flow of capillaries

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5
Q

postulates of the cell theory

A
  1. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. cells are the basic functional unit of all living organisms
  3. all cells arise from pre-existing cells
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6
Q

Theodore schwan

A

1830s reported the presence of cells in animal tissue

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7
Q

matia schliden

A

also described the presence of cells in plants

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8
Q

Rudolph ruchild

A

extended the cell theory and concluded that all cells arise form pre-existing cells

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9
Q

cytology

A

study of cells; cells can be viewed by a microscope; use of the microscope is microscopy; cell is measured in micrometers; 1,000,000 micrometers in 1 meter

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10
Q

comparison of cells

A

flat, cylindrical, oval and irregular in shape; smallest to largest( virus, blood cell, plant cell, human egg)

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11
Q

light microscopy(LM)

A

uses visible light that passes through the cell

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12
Q

transmission electron microscopy

A

uses a beam of electrons that passes through the cell; can magnify about 100x greater than LM; most useful in visualizing small viruses

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13
Q

scanning electron microscopy

A

uses a beam of electrons which is reflected off the surface of a cell to provide a 3D study of the cell surface

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14
Q

four essential categories of biological molecules

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

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15
Q

macromolecules

A

proteins, nucleic acids, and carbs can exist as chains called polymers; polymers are composed of smaller subunits called monomers; monomers are amino acids, nucleotides, and monosaccharides

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16
Q

what do proteins do in the cell

A

essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells; many are enzymes; structural or mechanical functions; important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion and the cell cycle; vital to cellular metabolism; acts in myosin; necessary in animal’s diets

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17
Q

protein

A

macromolecules composed of combinations of 20 different types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds

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18
Q

amino acids

A

nh2-amino
cooh-carboxyl
r group changes in each amino acid
used to build proteins

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19
Q

peptide bond formation

A

dehydration synthesis reaction

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20
Q

primary protein structure

A

amino acid sequence

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21
Q

secondary protein structure

A

local sub structure (alpha helix, beta sheets) defined by hydrogen bond

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22
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

3d structure, alpha helix and beta sheet start folding into compact shape

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23
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

stabilized

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24
Q

what do carbohydrates do

A

polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy and structural components; monosaccharide ribose is an important component of the genetic molecule RNA; saccharides play key role in immune system, fertilization, blood clotting and development

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25
Q

carbohydrate configurations

A

monosaccharide (glucose), disaccharide (sucrose), and polysaccharide (cellulose)

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26
Q

pancreatic cells

A

make insulin and use amino acids in order to synthesize insulin by the process of dehydration synthesis

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27
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

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28
Q

nucleotides

A

phosphate group
sugar backbone
base
needed to synthesize a new strand of DNA

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29
Q

DNA

A

double helix; thymine as fourth base; sugar deoxyribose

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30
Q

RNA

A

single strand; uracil as the 4th base; sugar ribose

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31
Q

lipids

A

broad group of molecules- fats, waxes, steroids, fat soluble vitamins(A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids
functions: energy storage, structural component of cell membranes, important signaling molecule
no polymers; all are insoluble in water

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32
Q

simple lipids

A

contain only C, H, O (fatty acids and triglycerides)

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33
Q

compound lipids

A

contain elements in addition to C, H, O (phospholipids, steroids)

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34
Q

lipids are important to

A

biological systems b/c some lipids are potentially large sources of energy to perform cellular work

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35
Q

fatty acids

A

can be saturated or unsaturated

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36
Q

triglycerides

A

composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

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37
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

solid fat

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38
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

liquid fat

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39
Q

phospholipid structure

A

hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic heads; choline-phosphate-glycerol-fatty acids

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40
Q

steroids

A

molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

41
Q

cell membrane

A

allows small molecules to pass freely, large particles regulated by transport proteins

42
Q

cytoskeleton

A

transportation, gives shape and helps organize the events of cell division; comprised of protein subunits organized throughout the cytosol; microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

43
Q

mitochondrion

A

generates cell’s energy; own independent genome. own proteins to participate in a variety of cellular activity; bean shaped, double membrane; produce ATP using ETC

44
Q

nucleus

A

safely store DNA, separates cell DNA from activity og cytoplasm; proteins work together to copy segments of DNA into RNA in a process called transciption

45
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

surrounds nucleus, chemical reactions, store enzymes in SER, fresh proteins are packed into vesicles and sent to Golgi apparatus; ribosomes attach to RER, read RNA and translate into proteins; network of intracellular membrane bound tunnels

46
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

molecules are tagged with specific labels that transport proteins; receive proteins and lipids from the RER and modify, sort and package- post office of cell

47
Q

lysosome

A

deals with transported proteins; vesicles generated by the Golgi apparatus; contain enzymes used to digest and remove waste products and damaged organelles within the cell (autophagy); when a cell is dying it releases lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell (autolysis)

48
Q

vacuole

A

store nutrients, break down waste, help cell grow, provide pressure to maintain plants shape

49
Q

chloroplast

A

convert CO2 and H2O into sugar (photosynthesis) own independent genome

50
Q

cell wall

A

protects and provides skeletal support

51
Q

prokaryote cells

A

single, tiny, no organelles, circular DNA (bacteria); lack a membrane bound nucleus and other membranes organelles

52
Q

eukaryote cells

A

single or multi, relatively large, with organelles, chromosome DNA (protists, fungi); have a membrane bound nucleus that contains the genetic material

53
Q

functions of cells

A

covering, lining (epithelial cell); storage (hepatocytes, adipocytes); movement (muscle cell); connection (multiple cell types); defense (lymphocytes); communication (neurons); reproduction (sperm, oocytes)

54
Q

cellular components

A

almost all cells in the body have three basic regions or components: plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

55
Q

plasma (cell) membrane

A

forms an extremely thin outer border of each cell; gatekeeper; out membrane

56
Q

composition and structure of membranes

A

many membranes within the cell; all membranes have similar structure and composition; membranes consist of the components: lipids and proteins

57
Q

membrane lipids

A

two layers outer and inner; insoluble in water; three types: phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids

58
Q

phospholipids

A

majority of lipids; polar (charged) and non polar (uncharged) region; when exposed to water always form a phospholipid bilayer

59
Q

cholesterol and glycolipids

A

cholesterol strengthens and stabilizes membrane against extreme temperature; 20% of all lipids
glycolipids are lipids with carb molecules attached; 5-10% of lipids

60
Q

membrane proteins

A

proteins give selective permeability; complex, comprised of chains of amino acids; integral or peripheral

61
Q

integral membrane proteins

A

embedded within the phospholipid bilayer; span the entire thickness of membrane; transmembrane proteins; exposed to the outside and inside of cell; carbs can be attached to outer surface (glycoproteins)

62
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely attached to the external or internal surface of the plasma membrane

63
Q

functions of plasma membrane

A

communication’ intercellular connection; physical barrier; selective permeability

64
Q

cytoplasm

A

includes: cytosol, organelles, inclusions

65
Q

cytosol

A

watery; a viscous, syruplike fluid containing many different dissolved substances such as ions, nutrients, proteins, carbs, amino acids

66
Q

organelles

A

little organs; membrane bound or non-membrane bound

67
Q

membrane bound organelles

A

phospholipid bilayer; membrane separates contents of organelles from cytosol

68
Q

smooth ER

A

continuous with RER; synthesis, transport, and storage of lipids including steroid hormones; metabolism of carbs; detox of drugs, alcohol and poisons; lysosomes

69
Q

rough ER

A

attachment of ribosomes; synthesize, transport and store proteins destined to be: secreted by the cell, incorporated into the plasma membrane, enclosed with lysosome; involved in the production of proteins that are exported from the cell

70
Q

non membrane bound organelles

A 
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
centrosomes and centrioles
cilia and flagella 
microvilli
71
Q

ribosomes

A

comprised of a small and large subunit; responsible for all protein synthesis within the cell; free ribosome float within the cytosol; fixed ribosomes attached to the outer surface of membranes associated with RER; quaternary protein structure

72
Q

microfilaments

A

maintain and change cell shape; participate in muscle contraction and cell division

73
Q

intermediate filaments

A

provide structural support and stabilize junctions between apposed cells

74
Q

microtubules

A

radiate from centrosome, fix organelles in place, maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct movement of organelles inside the cell; facilitate cell motility of cilia and flagella

75
Q

centrosome and centrioles

A

centrosome- consists of a pair of centrioles at right angles to each other
centriole- consists of nine sets of three closely aligned microtubules; cell division

76
Q

cilia and flagella

A

projections extending from the cell; both are capable of movement
cilia- found on cells whose function is to move objects across the surface of those cells of the respiratory tree and oviduct
flagella- longer and usually appear alone, help to propel a cell

77
Q

living cell

A

miniature factory where thousands of reactions occur; converts energy in many ways organism’s metabolism transform matter and energy. subject to the laws of thermodynamics

78
Q

metabolism

A

totality of an organism’s chemical reactions; arises from interactions between molecules; 1000s of reactions every second; complex

79
Q

catabolic pathways

A

break down complex molecules into simpler compunds; release energy; drive the regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate

80
Q

metabolic pathways

A

many steps; begin with a specific molecule and end with a product; that are each catalyzed by a specific enzyme

81
Q

anabolic pathways

A

build complicated molecules from simpler ones; consume energy

82
Q

energy

A

capacity to cause change (work); exists in various forms, of which some can perform work; can be converted from one form to another; released from ATP when terminal phosphate bond is broken

83
Q

ATP hydrolysis

A

can be coupled to other reactions; endergonic (unfavorable, not spontaneous); exergonic (spontaneous); coupled (spontaneous)

84
Q

kinetic energy

A

motion;

85
Q

potential energy

A

location of matter; includes chemical energy stored in molecular structure; stored in bonds

86
Q

enzymes

A

proteins (long molecules that are folded into a specific shape; catalase, amylase, pepsin, trypsin; biological catalysts; occur inside cells or are secreted by the cells; can be re-used; produces product molecule

87
Q

catalysts

A

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but is not itself changed by the reaction

88
Q

active site

A

the site on the enzyme where the reaction occurs

89
Q

substrate molecules

A

molecule the enzyme acts on

90
Q

lock and key hypothesis

A

states that the active site specifically matches the shape of the substrate molecule

91
Q

temperature

A

effects rate of enzyme; low temps cause slow enzymes; high temps increase reactions, bind quicker, only occurs up to the optimum temp of 40C; after the optimum temp the enzyme denatures ( enzyme changes shape, active site no longer matches the shape of the substrate molecule)

92
Q

controlled variable

A

volume and concentration of substrate, volume and concentration of enzyme ph, temperature

93
Q

cellular metabolism

A

breathing and cellular respiration are related

94
Q

glycolysis

A

the cytosol of the cell; breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid; generally the mose readily available substance derived from food or glycogen; can occur without oxygen

95
Q

transition reaction

A

each pyruvic acid molecule is broken down to form co2 and a two carbon acetyl group

96
Q

Krebs cycle

A

in the mitochondrial matrix; uses acetyl co-a to generate ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2

97
Q

electron transport chain

A

along the inner mitochondrial membrane; allows H atoms to flow, higher concentration outside of the cell; like a dam; chemiosmosis produces up to 38 ATP molecules

98
Q

fermentation

A

requires NADH generated by glycolysis; takes place in cytosol; yeast produce carbon dioxide and ethanol; muscle cells produce lactic acid; only a few ATP are produced per glucose

biology 101 (5 decks)

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