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Biology 102 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 elements that make up molecules of human body

A
  1. oxygen- 65%
  2. carbon- 18.5%
  3. hydrogen- 9.5%
  4. nitrogen- 3%
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2
Q

every atom atom has 3 parts

A
  1. electron (negative)
  2. proton (positive)
  3. neutron (neutral)
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3
Q

isotope

A

elements with different number of neutrons

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4
Q

Major group of molecules

A

carbohydrates
lipids
amino acids and proteins
nucleotides and nucleic acids

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5
Q

glucose

A

main source of energy

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6
Q

polysaccharides

A

long chain with 2 or more sugar units

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7
Q

monosaccharides

A

1 sugar unit

ex: fructose, glucose

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8
Q

disaccharides

A

2 sugar units

ex: lactose, sucrose

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9
Q

complex carbs

A

starch, cellulose, chitin

glycogen: stored in our liver

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10
Q

Types of lipids

A

fats
phospholipids
sterols
waxes

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11
Q

fats

A

comprised of glycerol molecule and long tail of fatty acids (hydrocarbon)

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12
Q

triglycerides

A

fats in most foods

solid at room temperature or liquid

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13
Q

saturated

A

single bonds

ex: stearic acid

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14
Q

unsaturated

A

double bonds

ex: linolenic acid

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15
Q

trans fat

A

formed when unsaturated fats are hydrogenated

unhealthy fat- increases risk of heart disease

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16
Q

phospholipids

A

molecule has 2 fatty acid tails

ex: main component of cell membranes

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17
Q

sterols

A

steroid hormones, cholesterol

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18
Q

waxes

A

birds use waxes to waterproof feathers

ex: bees make honeycombs

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19
Q

proteins and amino acids

A

main building blocks of life
skin, bone, muscles, cartilage, feathers
needed in diet

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20
Q

enzymes

A

break down foods

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21
Q

hemoglobin

A

help blood clot

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22
Q

3 part to nucleotides

A
  1. 5 carbon sugar- either ribose or deoxyribose
  2. phosphate group
  3. nitrogen containing base
23
Q

4 nucleotides that make-up human DNA

A
  1. adenine
  2. thymine
  3. guanine
  4. cytosine
24
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
  2. cell is smallest unit of life
  3. cells grow and divide continuously and give rise to other cells
25
Q

crust, mantle, core

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus

26
Q

plasma membrane

A

2 layered, primarily phospholipids with proteins

keeps interior of cell separate

27
Q

nucleus

A

contains cell’s DNA
keeps it separate from cytoplasm
directs most cellular activities

28
Q

cytoplasm

A

contains organelles, site of most cell activity

29
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

assemble amino acids to make proteins- protein synthesis

30
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

modification of newly formed proteins
lipid synthesis
detoxification of alcohol, drugs

31
Q

golgi bodies

A

final modification of proteins and lipids, packaged for use

32
Q

vesicles

A

have many functions including storing molecules.

transport protein and lipid molecules

33
Q

lysosomes

A

digesting and recycling cell’s waste products

34
Q

mitochondria

A

energy from respiration converted to ATP

has own DNA

35
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural reinforcement
interconnected system of protein fibers between nucleus and cell membrane
gives shape and support to cell

36
Q

central vacuole

A

stores amino acids, sugars, toxic wastes

37
Q

cell walls

A

protects cell membrane, provides strength, reduces water loss

38
Q

chloroplast

A

capture energy from sunlight during photosynthesis

39
Q

metabolism

A

cell’s capacity to acquire energy and use this energy to build, break apart, store and release substances

40
Q

energy

A

capacity to make things happen; to do work

41
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

usable source of energy to body

42
Q

equilibrium

A

when system is in balance

43
Q

entropy

A

measure of degree of system’s disorder

44
Q

1st law of Thermodynamics

A

total amount of energy in Universe is constant

more energy cannot be destroyed, can only converted from 1 form to another

45
Q

2nd law of Thermodynamics

A

no energy conversion is 100% efficient

at each trophic level, only 1-2% obtained

46
Q

diffusion

A

movement from more concentrated area to less concentrated area

47
Q

tonicity

A

relative concentration of 2 solutions

48
Q

isotonic

A

concentration of 2 solutions is same

49
Q

osmosis

A

movement of molecules from less concentrated area of solution to more concentrated area of solution through semi-permeable membrane

50
Q

plasmolysis

A

not able to retain (loses water)

51
Q

aerobic

A

with oxygen

52
Q

anaerobic

A

without oxygen

53
Q

aerobic respiration

A

36 ATP molecules are formed

54
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP molecules are formed

Biology 102 (5 decks)

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