Test 4 Flashcards
4 elements that make up molecules of human body
- oxygen- 65%
- carbon- 18.5%
- hydrogen- 9.5%
- nitrogen- 3%
every atom atom has 3 parts
- electron (negative)
- proton (positive)
- neutron (neutral)
isotope
elements with different number of neutrons
Major group of molecules
carbohydrates
lipids
amino acids and proteins
nucleotides and nucleic acids
glucose
main source of energy
polysaccharides
long chain with 2 or more sugar units
monosaccharides
1 sugar unit
ex: fructose, glucose
disaccharides
2 sugar units
ex: lactose, sucrose
complex carbs
starch, cellulose, chitin
glycogen: stored in our liver
Types of lipids
fats
phospholipids
sterols
waxes
fats
comprised of glycerol molecule and long tail of fatty acids (hydrocarbon)
triglycerides
fats in most foods
solid at room temperature or liquid
saturated
single bonds
ex: stearic acid
unsaturated
double bonds
ex: linolenic acid
trans fat
formed when unsaturated fats are hydrogenated
unhealthy fat- increases risk of heart disease
phospholipids
molecule has 2 fatty acid tails
ex: main component of cell membranes
sterols
steroid hormones, cholesterol
waxes
birds use waxes to waterproof feathers
ex: bees make honeycombs
proteins and amino acids
main building blocks of life
skin, bone, muscles, cartilage, feathers
needed in diet
enzymes
break down foods
hemoglobin
help blood clot
3 part to nucleotides
- 5 carbon sugar- either ribose or deoxyribose
- phosphate group
- nitrogen containing base
4 nucleotides that make-up human DNA
- adenine
- thymine
- guanine
- cytosine
cell theory
- all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
- cell is smallest unit of life
- cells grow and divide continuously and give rise to other cells
crust, mantle, core
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
plasma membrane
2 layered, primarily phospholipids with proteins
keeps interior of cell separate
nucleus
contains cell’s DNA
keeps it separate from cytoplasm
directs most cellular activities
cytoplasm
contains organelles, site of most cell activity
rough endoplasmic reticulum
assemble amino acids to make proteins- protein synthesis
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
modification of newly formed proteins
lipid synthesis
detoxification of alcohol, drugs
golgi bodies
final modification of proteins and lipids, packaged for use
vesicles
have many functions including storing molecules.
transport protein and lipid molecules
lysosomes
digesting and recycling cell’s waste products
mitochondria
energy from respiration converted to ATP
has own DNA
cytoskeleton
structural reinforcement
interconnected system of protein fibers between nucleus and cell membrane
gives shape and support to cell
central vacuole
stores amino acids, sugars, toxic wastes
cell walls
protects cell membrane, provides strength, reduces water loss
chloroplast
capture energy from sunlight during photosynthesis
metabolism
cell’s capacity to acquire energy and use this energy to build, break apart, store and release substances
energy
capacity to make things happen; to do work
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
usable source of energy to body
equilibrium
when system is in balance
entropy
measure of degree of system’s disorder
1st law of Thermodynamics
total amount of energy in Universe is constant
more energy cannot be destroyed, can only converted from 1 form to another
2nd law of Thermodynamics
no energy conversion is 100% efficient
at each trophic level, only 1-2% obtained
diffusion
movement from more concentrated area to less concentrated area
tonicity
relative concentration of 2 solutions
isotonic
concentration of 2 solutions is same
osmosis
movement of molecules from less concentrated area of solution to more concentrated area of solution through semi-permeable membrane
plasmolysis
not able to retain (loses water)
aerobic
with oxygen
anaerobic
without oxygen
aerobic respiration
36 ATP molecules are formed
anaerobic respiration
2 ATP molecules are formed
