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Biology 102 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

chromosome

A

DNA molecule with many proteins in a eukaryotic cell

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2
Q

chromatid

A

when a DNA molecule duplicates itself, each duplicated segment is a sister chromatid attached at the centromere

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3
Q

chromosome number (basic)

A

sum total of chromosomes in a cell

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4
Q

gametes

A

sex cells (eggs and sperm)

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5
Q

human chromosome number

A

diploid chromosome number is 46

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6
Q

why is mitosis important?

A

so cells can reproduce and don’t die/ cos they cannot last forever

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7
Q

mitosis

A

division of diploid somatic or body cells, asexual reproduction

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8
Q

meiosis

A

division of haploid germ cells for gamete (sperm and egg) formation, sexual reproduction

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9
Q

cell cycle

A

cycle starts when a new cell forms, during cycle, cell increases in mass and duplicate its chromosomes, cycle ends when new cell divides

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10
Q

stages of interphase

A

G1: interval or gap after cell division when cell grows
S: DNA is duplicated
G2 Phase: cell prepares for cell division

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11
Q

Details of Mitosis

A 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase 
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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12
Q

Prophase

A

cytoskeleton begins to breakup, nuclear envelope starts to break up, each pair of centriole moves toward opposite pole of cell

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

nuclear envelope completely disintegrates, microtubules attach to the 2 sister chromatids of each chromosome and start to pull, all chromosomes are lined up at equator

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14
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart, once separated-each chromosome moves to opposite pole.

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15
Q

telophase

A

2 nuclear membranes form, 1 around each set of chromosomes

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16
Q

cytokinesis

A

2 daughter cells, each with same chromosome number as parent cell

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17
Q

asexual reproduction

A

single parent produces offspring, all offspring are genetically identical to one another and to parent

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18
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves meiosis, gamete production, fertilization, produces genetic variation among offspring

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19
Q

chromosome number (deeper definition)

A

sum total of chromosomes in a cell, germ cells are diploid, gametes are haploid, meiosis halves chromosome number

20
Q

gamete formation

A

gametes are sex cells, arise form germ cells

21
Q

crossing over

A

each chromosome becomes zippered to its homologue, all 4 chromatids are closely aligned, non-sister chromosomes exchange segments

22
Q

genes

A

units of info about specific traits, specific segment that does for specific trait, passed from parent to offspring

23
Q

alleles

A

different molecular forms of a gene, ex: eye color

24
Q

allele combinations

A

homozygous: having 2 identical alleles at a locus AA
heterozygous: having 2 different alleles at a locus Aa

25
Q

Genotype

A

refers to particular genes an individual carries

26
Q

phenotype

A

refers to individual’s observable traits

27
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

used pea plants to breed, found indirect but observable evidence of how parents transmit genes to offspring

28
Q

phenotype ratio/ genotype ratio

A

phenotype: pink, white
genotype: 2 Aa, aa

29
Q

Mendel’s Theory of Segregation

A

an individual inherits a unit of info (allele) about a trait from each parent, during gamete formation (meiosis) the alleles segregate from each other

30
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

experimental cross between individuals that are homozygous for different versions of 2 traits

31
Q

Mendel’s Theory of Independent Assortment

A

Mendel concluded that the 2 units for 1st trait were to be assorted into gametes independently of the 2 units for other trait, members of each pair of homologous chromosomes are sorted into gametes at random during meiosis

32
Q

karyotyping

A

take chromosomes and pair them based on size

33
Q

galactosemia

A

newborn babies unable to digest milk

34
Q

progeria

A

rapid aging due to mutated gene

35
Q

nondisjunction

A

where mistakes happen

36
Q

aneuploidy

A

individuals have 1 extra or less chromosome, major cause of miscarriages

37
Q

polyploidy

A

individuals have 3 or more of each type of chromosome

38
Q

amniocentisis

A

analyze how many chromosomes the child will have by getting sample from pregnant mom (determine sex)

39
Q

Nucleotides

A
  • 5-carbon sugar-either ribose or deoxyribose
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogen-containing base
40
Q

How do proteins form?

A

requires 3 types of RNA molecules and 2 processes

41
Q

transcription

A

part of 1 DNA strand unwinds and used as template, enzyme RNA polymerase adds free nucleotides using DNA as a template, single strand of RNA-transcript- is formed

42
Q

translation

A

messenger RNA (mRNA) with DNA protein building info leaves nucleus and goes to ribosome in cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) translates the info to make polypeptide chains

43
Q

transgenic

A

take genes from other plants and put into new organism

44
Q

Human genome project

A

private companies announced they would sequence and patent human genome,
President Clinton and Tony Blair announced that human genome could not be patented.

45
Q

genomics

A

study of genomes
structural genomics: determines 3-dimensional structure of proteins encoded by genome
comparative genomics: compares genomes of different species to determine evolutionary relations comparing similarities and differences
mouse and humans: 78% identical
banana and humans: 50% identical

46
Q

Genetic engineering

A

lab process by which deliberate changes are introduced into an individual’s genome
ex: bacteria used in producing a) human insulin b) digesting toxic wastes

Biology 102 (5 decks)

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