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Biology 102 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pollution

A

environmental disturbance that adversely affects the well-being of an organism or the natural processes upon which it depends

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2
Q

pollutant

A

type of material that is involved in disturbance.

ex: car, noise

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3
Q

natural resource

A

everything in our biosphere, make use of things we find, includes sunlight, water, rocks, plants, animals

ex: renewable resources: all living things that can reproduce and grow
ex: nonrenewable resources: resources are limited

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4
Q

fossil fuels

A

oil, coal, natural gas: organisms that were alive at some point, died and due to heat and pressure became fossil fuels underground

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5
Q

types of pollution

A

air, water, soil

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6
Q

air pollutants-gases

A

carbon monoxide: odorless, colorless
ex: acute-death, dizziness, chronic: heart attack / sulfur oxide (inflammation), nitrogen oxide (lung irritation), particulates (soot, dust)

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7
Q

effects of carbon monoxide

A

deprives us of oxygen, binds onto hemoglobin molecules

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8
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water through semi-permeable membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

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9
Q

Noise pollution

A

supersonic transport, 150 decibels is super loud.

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10
Q

water pollutants-plastic

A

plastic nets entangle and kill fish, birds and mammals. sea turtles eat plastic thinking they are jellyfish and die.

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11
Q

pollutants-oil

A

1/2 comes from seepage from offshore deposits, birds and mammals get coated by oil and die from hypothermia cos they lose insulate quality/ 1/5 comes from tanker spills and pipe leaks/ rest (30%) from oil improperly disposed on land.

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12
Q

Chemical

A

60,000 chemicals sold in the U.S., 8,600 are food additives, 3,400 cosmetic ingredients, 35,00 pesticides/ organic nutrients: waste from livestock feed lots and human sewage. /infectious: virus, parasites/ toxic: salt on roads.

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13
Q

Eutrophication

A

increase in nitrates and phosphates/ system is out of balance

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14
Q

infectious agents (chemical)

A

virus, protozoa, bacteria, parasites

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15
Q

sediments (structural)

A

logging, agriculture, ranching, mining construction of roads and buildings

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16
Q

hazardous wastes

A

groundwater and soil contamination, fish kills, livestock diseases, human diseases

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17
Q

pesticides

A

each year, weeds, insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses, birds and rodents consume or destroy about 48% of worlds food production

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18
Q

DDT

A

does not breakdown, stored in body fat, found in penguins, seals, human breast milk/ accumulates up the food chain.

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19
Q

ethology

A

study of behavior

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20
Q

behavior

A

response to stimulus

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21
Q

stimulus

A

change in environment that an individual responds toward
ex: feeling cold: stimulus
putting on coat: response

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22
Q

instinctual or innate behavior

A

cat licking fur, baby smiling

23
Q

learned behavior

A

obtained though experience, many different types

24
Q

imprinting

A

an animal thinks you are its parent, occurs in ducks, geese, chickens/ critical sensitive period/ 1st demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz (Austrian scientist)

25
Q

classical conditioning

A

bell ringing and dog salivating/ 1st demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov

26
Q

Habituation

A

birds and gunfire (birds destroying crops: gunfire goes off to scare birds away), birds become used to the sound.
ex: squirrels on campus are used to students

27
Q

operant conditioning (trial and error)

A

organism learns from mistakes/ rats in maze experiments (learns way out after trying many times)

28
Q

insight learning

A

light bulb moment. / Jane Goodall and chimps (uses tools to solve problems)

29
Q

visual

A

used to attract opposite sex, or used as a threat.

30
Q

acoustic (sound)

A

attract opposite sex or used as a threat, or keep group together (wolves howl to find one another)

31
Q

chemicals

A

insects give off pheromones to attract opposite sex, dogs urinate to mark territory

32
Q

tactile (touch)

A

bees communicate through wiggling

33
Q

Theory of Catastrophism

A

Georges Cuvier-famous French comparative anatomist/ noticed discrepancy in fossil record, suggested all organisms were created at once, through catastrophes many became extinct.

34
Q

Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck- famous French scientist/ believed that organisms change through time cos environment is not constant, organisms change to perfectly fit environment.

35
Q

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

A

all populations have the reproductive capacity to increase in numbers, but all individuals do not survive cos of carrying capacity, all individuals are made of genes but not all genes are the same, some genes are better at surviving, natural selection determines which genes survive and which do not

36
Q

evolution

A

genetic changes through time, macro-evolution= change at genetic level

37
Q

gene

A

specific region of DNA molecule or information inherited from parents

38
Q

gene pool

A

pool of genetic resources

39
Q

allele

A

alternate form of a gene. ex: blue eyes

40
Q

4 processes of microevolution

A

mutation, genetic flow, genetic drift, natural selection

41
Q

mutation

A

actual change in DNA resulted in altered allele.

42
Q

species

A

particular kind of organism

43
Q

speciation

A

process by which species form

44
Q

allopatric

A

different homelands, ex: black bear and polar bear- do not occur in same habitat

45
Q

sympatric

A

same homeland, occur in same environment

46
Q

genetic divergence

A

populations become genetically different

47
Q

allopatric speciation

A

physical barrier

48
Q

sympatric speciation

A

no physical barrier

49
Q

Theory of Common Descent

A

fossil record, lines of evidence, embryonic development, comparative morphology, comparative biochemistry

50
Q

classification

A

Carolus von Linnaeus: swedish botanist, binomial nomenclature- genus + specific epithet = species

51
Q

Six Kingdoms

A

archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia

52
Q

physical

A

thermal: hot water from nuclear power plants

53
Q

structural

A

sediments: logging, agriculture, ranching, mining, construction of roads and buildings

Biology 102 (5 decks)

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