Test 2 Flashcards
pollution
environmental disturbance that adversely affects the well-being of an organism or the natural processes upon which it depends
pollutant
type of material that is involved in disturbance.
ex: car, noise
natural resource
everything in our biosphere, make use of things we find, includes sunlight, water, rocks, plants, animals
ex: renewable resources: all living things that can reproduce and grow
ex: nonrenewable resources: resources are limited
fossil fuels
oil, coal, natural gas: organisms that were alive at some point, died and due to heat and pressure became fossil fuels underground
types of pollution
air, water, soil
air pollutants-gases
carbon monoxide: odorless, colorless
ex: acute-death, dizziness, chronic: heart attack / sulfur oxide (inflammation), nitrogen oxide (lung irritation), particulates (soot, dust)
effects of carbon monoxide
deprives us of oxygen, binds onto hemoglobin molecules
osmosis
movement of water through semi-permeable membrane from area of high concentration to area of low concentration
Noise pollution
supersonic transport, 150 decibels is super loud.
water pollutants-plastic
plastic nets entangle and kill fish, birds and mammals. sea turtles eat plastic thinking they are jellyfish and die.
pollutants-oil
1/2 comes from seepage from offshore deposits, birds and mammals get coated by oil and die from hypothermia cos they lose insulate quality/ 1/5 comes from tanker spills and pipe leaks/ rest (30%) from oil improperly disposed on land.
Chemical
60,000 chemicals sold in the U.S., 8,600 are food additives, 3,400 cosmetic ingredients, 35,00 pesticides/ organic nutrients: waste from livestock feed lots and human sewage. /infectious: virus, parasites/ toxic: salt on roads.
Eutrophication
increase in nitrates and phosphates/ system is out of balance
infectious agents (chemical)
virus, protozoa, bacteria, parasites
sediments (structural)
logging, agriculture, ranching, mining construction of roads and buildings
hazardous wastes
groundwater and soil contamination, fish kills, livestock diseases, human diseases
pesticides
each year, weeds, insects, bacteria, fungi, viruses, birds and rodents consume or destroy about 48% of worlds food production
DDT
does not breakdown, stored in body fat, found in penguins, seals, human breast milk/ accumulates up the food chain.
ethology
study of behavior
behavior
response to stimulus
stimulus
change in environment that an individual responds toward
ex: feeling cold: stimulus
putting on coat: response
instinctual or innate behavior
cat licking fur, baby smiling
learned behavior
obtained though experience, many different types
imprinting
an animal thinks you are its parent, occurs in ducks, geese, chickens/ critical sensitive period/ 1st demonstrated by Konrad Lorenz (Austrian scientist)
classical conditioning
bell ringing and dog salivating/ 1st demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov
Habituation
birds and gunfire (birds destroying crops: gunfire goes off to scare birds away), birds become used to the sound.
ex: squirrels on campus are used to students
operant conditioning (trial and error)
organism learns from mistakes/ rats in maze experiments (learns way out after trying many times)
insight learning
light bulb moment. / Jane Goodall and chimps (uses tools to solve problems)
visual
used to attract opposite sex, or used as a threat.
acoustic (sound)
attract opposite sex or used as a threat, or keep group together (wolves howl to find one another)
chemicals
insects give off pheromones to attract opposite sex, dogs urinate to mark territory
tactile (touch)
bees communicate through wiggling
Theory of Catastrophism
Georges Cuvier-famous French comparative anatomist/ noticed discrepancy in fossil record, suggested all organisms were created at once, through catastrophes many became extinct.
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck- famous French scientist/ believed that organisms change through time cos environment is not constant, organisms change to perfectly fit environment.
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
all populations have the reproductive capacity to increase in numbers, but all individuals do not survive cos of carrying capacity, all individuals are made of genes but not all genes are the same, some genes are better at surviving, natural selection determines which genes survive and which do not
evolution
genetic changes through time, macro-evolution= change at genetic level
gene
specific region of DNA molecule or information inherited from parents
gene pool
pool of genetic resources
allele
alternate form of a gene. ex: blue eyes
4 processes of microevolution
mutation, genetic flow, genetic drift, natural selection
mutation
actual change in DNA resulted in altered allele.
species
particular kind of organism
speciation
process by which species form
allopatric
different homelands, ex: black bear and polar bear- do not occur in same habitat
sympatric
same homeland, occur in same environment
genetic divergence
populations become genetically different
allopatric speciation
physical barrier
sympatric speciation
no physical barrier
Theory of Common Descent
fossil record, lines of evidence, embryonic development, comparative morphology, comparative biochemistry
classification
Carolus von Linnaeus: swedish botanist, binomial nomenclature- genus + specific epithet = species
Six Kingdoms
archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
physical
thermal: hot water from nuclear power plants
structural
sediments: logging, agriculture, ranching, mining, construction of roads and buildings
