Test 4 Flashcards
Global Perspectie
A view of the larger world and our society’s place in it.
3 Reasons Global Perspective is Important
- Societies all over the world are increasingly interconnected, making for traditional distinctions between “us” and “them” less and less valid. 2. Many human problems in US are far more serious elsewhere 3. Studying other societies is a way to learn more about ourselves
Globalization
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
Amount of Global Inequality
Richest 20% earn 77% of global income Poorest 40% earns 5% of global income Richest 20% holds 84% of global wealth Poorest holds 2% of global wealth
Characteristics of the most developed countries
Industrial nations that are relatively rich (high income countries) -Per capita income of at least $10000 - 4/5 world’s income earned in high income countries (1 billion ppl) - US, Hungary, Canada, Japan, W. Europe -64 of 194 nations -25% land -22% people -75% in cities
Characteristics of less developed countries
Nations characterized by limited industrialization and moderate to low personal income (middle income) - Per capita between 3-10K (20% global income) - China, India, turkey, Brazil, E. Europe - 73 nations - 55% land - 59% ppl - 2/3 in cities
Characteristics of least developed countries
Nations with little industrialization in which severe poverty is the rule (low income countries). - Per capita income below 3K - Haiti, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone - 57 nations -20% land - 19% people - 1/3 live in cities
Possible causes of existence of rich countries
- Cultural Differences (caste systems in some countries hold them back) 2. Distribution of natural resources
Wallenstein’s World System Approach
World System: Global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations.
3 Classes of the World in Wallenstein’s World System Approach
- Core countries: World’s upper class (most developed, high income) 2. Semiperipherial countries: middle class 3. Peripheral countries: lower class
2 Explanations of Global Inequality
- Modernization Theory 2. Dependency Theory
Modernization Theory (Rastow)
A functionalist approach that purposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of the people in the developing nation - A model of economic development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among societies.
Rastow’s 4 Stages of Modernization
1) traditional stage -little, low end tech 2) take off stage - more, low end tech 3) drive to technological m2 aturity - higher end tech (China) 4) high mass consumption: buy high end tech (us)
4 Roles of Rich Nations
1) Assisting in population control 2) Increasing food production 3) Introducing industrial technology 4) Providing foreign aid.
Dependency Theory
An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing nations for their own gains. - Model of economic development that explain global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich societies
3 Factors Assuring Dependency
1) narrow, export-oriented economies 2) lack of industrial capacity 3) foreign debt
Sex
Biological Distinction between males and females - Males = XY - Females = XX BIOLOGICAL
Sexual Orientation
The manner in which people experience sexual arousal and achieve sexual pleasure Examples: Asexual, bisexual, homosexual, hetrosexual
Gender
The significance a society attaches to biological categories of male and female Cultural Consideration Learned
Adrogyny
The combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
Gender Role
The expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
4 Sources of Gender Socialization
- Family 2. Peer Group 3. Education 4. Mass Media
Beauty Myth
The belief that a “successful” woman is a woman who embraces traditional notions of femininity especially the traditional standards of physical appearance
3 Elements of the Beauty Myth
- Society teaches women to measure their importance in terms of their physical appearance yet society sets unrealistic standards of beauty 2. Men assess women’s beauty which drives women toward living to please men 3. Men are primed to seek and possess physically attractive women
Gender Stratification
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between two sexes.
Minority
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control over their lives than members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
Subordinate (?)
Any category of people characterized by physical or cultural differences, that a society sets apart and subordinates
Sexism
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other
Matrix of Domination
The cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender and social class as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status.
% of women and men working for an income
In 1950: 34% women, 84% men In 2010: 59% women, 71% men
Difference in wages between men and women
Women = $35,568 Men = $43,264 In the US, $1 earned by a male = women earn 82 cents 73 cents in Utah 90 cents in California/ Nevada
Title IX
Federal legislation passed in 1972 mandating equal opportunities regardless of sex in academic and athletic programs. Proportion of students that are female matches proportion of all athletes Overall budget should be proportional to proportion of females
3 Reasons for Gender Difference in Earnings
- Type of Work - Pink Collar Occupations - Comparable work 2. Family Responsibilities 3. Discrimination Sexual harassment
Sexual Harassment
Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that is deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome
Housework
Unpaid work of maintaining a household and caring for children (if present)
Second Shift
Doing unpaid housework in addition to working for an income (first shift)
Division of Housework between males and females
Has remained stable even though more women have entered into the paid workforce Overall, women do 6.2 hours more housework than men
