Final Review Flashcards
Max Weber
- Idealism
- Rationalism
- Bureaucracy
Idealism
Culture is shaped by ideas and values
Rationalism
The organization of social and economic life according to the principle of efficiency and on thebasis of technical knowledge
Bureaucracy
An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently
6 Traits of Ideal Bureaucratic Organization
- Specialization
- Hierarchy of Offices
- Rules and Regulations
- Technical Competence
- Impersonality
- Formal, written communication
4 Problems with Modern Bureaucracy
- Alienation - dehumanizing
- Ritualism - Preoccupation with the rules
- Inertia - perpetuation of an organization
- Oligarchy - rule fo the few
Sociology
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups
Aguste Comte
- “Father of Sociology”
- Shows how people interact and how groups differ
- Shows how social units affect human behavior
- Understand forces that affect us
The Sociological Imagination
- C Wright Mills
* The ability to distinguishbetween an individual and the wider society, both in today and in the past
4 Areas of Social Change that Propelled Sociology
- Scientific Revolution
- Industrial Technology
- Urban Growth
- Political Change
4 Benefits of the Sociological Perspective
- Challenges familiar understandings of ourselves and of others
- Allows us to recognize both the opportunities and the constraints that characterize our lives
- Empowers us to be active participants in our society
- Helps us to recognize human diversity and to confront the challenges of living in a diverse world
Concept
An abstract idea that represents some aspects fo the world
Theory
A set of statements that seek to explain problems, actions, or behavior
Theoretical Perspective/Paradigm
A set of fundamental assumptions that guides thinking and research
3 Sociological Perspectives
- Structural Functionalism
- Social Conflict
- Symbolic Interactionist
3 Problems with the Sociological Perspective
- Does not explain every individuals behavior
- Society is always changing
- The sociological perspective can be discomforting at times
Structural Functionalism
Based on the assumption that society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability - cooperation Social order and Stability Interdependentgroups pursuingcommongoals Socialconsensus
* Focuses too much on social unity/stability, ignores social inequality/change
Social Conflict
Based on the assumption that society is a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generates social change
- Conflicting groups each pursuing its own interests Through coercion, social order is imposed by powerful on the weak
- Social conflict, bourgeoisie => Proletariat
- Focuses too much on social inequality/change, ignores social unity/stability
Symbolic Interaction
- Based on the view that society is the product of the everyday interactions of individuals Interactionbetweenindividuals Composed of individuals whose actions depend oninterpretingeach other’s behavior Actions and reactions Definition of thesituation
- Ignores large structures and overlooks large-scape problems
Macro-Level Orientation
- A concern with large-scale patterns that characterize society as a whole
- Structural Functionalism and Social Conflict
Micro-Level Orientation
- A concern with small scale patterns of social interaction in specific settings
- Symbolic Interaction
4 Approaches to Data/Research
- The Awestruck
- The Naïve
- The Cynical
- The Critic
The Awestruck
- Do not understand/care where information came from
* Blindly accept numbers and other information as having magic quality
The Naïve
- Slightly more sophisticated than awestruck
- Can understand basics like mean/percentages, but can become confused easily especially by big numbers
- Do not question data and assume validity
- Sometimes pass along flawed data
The Cynical
- Suspicious, negative or even hostile of all data/research
- “You can prove anything with statistics” attitude
- See research as flawed and simply as a means to promote agenda
- Point out flaws to opponents research while rarely examining research that promotes flavored cause
- Often are a source of flawed data
The Critical
- Approach data/research thoughtfully
- Avoid naïve acceptance and cynical rejection
- Attempt to evaluate data/research and distinguish between good (but never perfect) information and heavily flawed findings
- Use data/research but appreciate limitations
Scientific Method
A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity andconsistency in researching a problem
- Define Problem
- Review Literature
- Formulate Hypothess Collect and Analyze Data
- Select Sample
- Ensure Validity and Reliability
- Developing the Conclusion
Biological Metaphor
Structural Functionalism
Feminist Perspective
Social conflict
Applied/Clinical Sociology
Applythe discipline of sociology to the solution of practical problems in human behavior and organizations.
Basic Sociology
Sociological inquiry that seeks only a deeper knowledge of thefundamental aspects of social phenomena
Culture
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior shared by a particular people
Society
A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area and participate in a common culture
Material Culture
- The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
* All things human beings make and use
Non-material Culture
- Ways of using material objects
- Customs
- Belifs
- Philosophies
- Governments
- Patterns of Communication
Cultural Lag
Some cultural elements change more quickly than others which may disrupt a cultural systemMaterial Culture moves faster than elements of non-material culture
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life represents the norm or are superior to all other
Cultural Relativism
The viewing of people’s behavior from the perspective of their cultureevaluate others from own standard
High Culture
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite
Popular Culture
Cultural patterns widespread among a society’s people
Fad
A temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large number of people
Fashion
A currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad
Lofland’s 4 Cagetories of Fads/Fashions
- Object
- Activity
- Idea
- Personality
5 Components of Culture
- Symbols - A gesture, object or word that forms the basis of human communication
- Language - An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture
- Values - A collective conception of what is good, desirable, and proper in a culture
- Norms - An established standard of behavior maintaned by a society
- Material Culture
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language shapes or interpretation of reality
Values and Norms
Values: serve as broad guidelines for social lifeNorms: Rules by which a society guides that behavior of its members
Mores
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society
Folkways
Norms governing everyday behavoir whose violation raises a little concern
Ideal Culture
- Values and norms that are recognized as important
* Culture that is on the books
Real Culture
- Norms and Values that are practiced
* What is actually happening
Culture Shock
The feeling of suprise and disorientation that peopleexperience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own
Preston’s 3 Factors influencin culture shock
- Strangeness of culture
- Size of settlement visited
- Length of stay
Preson’s 4 stages of culture shock
- Anticipation
- Depression
- Insulation
- Reorientation - Reverse culture shock
Socialization
The lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
3 Outcomes/Goals of Socialization
- Knowledge and Skills
- Norms and Values
- Develop Self and Personality
Self
A distinct identity that sets us apart from others
Personality
A person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics and behavior
Nature vs Nuture
Nature = instinct/biologyNuture = learned/culture
Looking Glass Self
A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactionsThe Social object the individual comes to see themself as because of interaction with others
Agents of Socialization
- The Family
- School
- Peer groups - a group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
- Mass Media - Impersonal communications directed to a vast audience
- Workplace
- Religion and the State
6 Areas of Differing Socialization
- Agents of Socialization Differ
- More than listed agents
- Social Location
- Generation cohort
- Interaction with Agents
- Nature vs. Nuture
Freud - Basic Drives
- Eros - Life instinct
* Thanatos - Aggression
Freud - 3 Parts of the Personality
- Id - The human being’s basic drive
- Superego - The presence of culture within the form of internalized values and norms
- Ego - A person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives witht he demands of society
Mead - 2 Parts of the self
- “I” - The biological part of the self consisting of inborn impulses - the self as a subject
- “Me” - The part of self consisting of attitudes of significant others/society - the self as object
Mead - 3 Stages of Socialization
- Prepatory stage - Pre-symbolic stage of self - The self is able to simultaneously take the role of no one and engages in only immatation
- Play stage - Child acquires symbols and vocabulary - The self is able simultaneously to take the role of one other in one situation when engaging in play
- Game stage - The self is able simultaneously to take the role of many others in one situation when engaging in games
- Stage of the generalized other
Significant Other
An individual who is most important in the development of the self
Generalized Other
The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a while that a child takes into account in their behaviorRepresents the imagined perspective of the community or society at large
Social Interaction
The ways people respond to one another
Social Structure
The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships
Status
A recognized social position that an individual occupies
Status Set
All the statuses a person holds at a particular time
Ascribred Statuses
A social position assigned to a person by society with out reguard for the person’s unique talent or characteristicsEg: Queen of England
Achieved Status
A social position that a person attains largely though their own effortsEg: President
Master Status
A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position in society
5 Strategies to Reduce Role Strain (Goode)
- Compartmentalization - segregate different and contradictory aspects of major life roles from one another
- Delegation - pass on some aspect of role set to subordinates
- Elimination - pass on some aspects of role set to peers
- Extension - expand role set obligations in order to reduce involvement tin difficult or strain-producing elements of role set
- Establish Barriers - produce block and requirement for individuals needing your time and energy
Primary Group
A small group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation
Secondary Group
A formal, imersonal in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
Characteristics of a Primary Group
- Quality of Relationships –Personal Orientation
- Duration of Relationships –Usually long term and intensive
- Breadth of Relationships –Broad - share many activities
- Subjective Perception of Relationships - as ends in themselves
Characteristics of a Secondary Group
- Quality of Relationships –Goal orientation - Impersonal
- Duration of Relationships – Variable and often short-term
- Breadth of Relationships – Narrow - Involves a few specific activities
- Subjective Perception of Relationships – as a means to an end
2 Types of Group Leadership
- Instrumental Leader - Group leaders who emphasize the completion of tasks
- Expressive Leader - Group leaders who emphasize a collective well being
3 Leadership Styles
- Authoritarian - Focus on Instrumental concerns, make decisions on their own, and demand strict compliance from subordinates
- Democratic - More expressive, include others in decision
- Laissez-Fair - Leaders downplay position and power allowing hte group to funciton on its own
Power
Ability to control and influence others
6 Types of Power
- Reward Power - The power to compensate others for compliance
- Coercive Power - The power to punish others for non-compliance
- Legetimate Power - The power formally granted to acknowledged leaders by their followers
- Expert Power - Power that accrues to people because of their knowledge
- Referrent Power - Power that derives from the attraction followers feel toward their leader
- Information Power - The power that derives from persuasiveness
Formal Organizations
Large, secondary groups organized to achieve specific groups
3 Types of Formal Organizations - Etzoni
Normative (voluntary) - pursue goals that their members consider morally worthwhile, offering personal satisfaction, perhaps social prestige, but NO monetary reward
- Coercive - Enroll members involuntarily and subject them to punishment - total institutions
- Utilitarian - Pursue income, profit, and wages
3 Types of Voluntary Organizations - Tokfu
- Instrumental - Attain goals external to the organization
- Expressive - Concerned with the internal life and emotions of the members
- Mixed - combine instrumentaland expressive concerns
Deviance
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
Crime
A violoation of a criminal law for which some government authority applies formal penalties
Social Problem
Social Conditions which public or government agencies evaluate negatively and wish to change
Stigma
- labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups
- Erving Goffman
Social Control
The techniques and strategies for preventing devinat human behavior in any society
4 Major Points of Debate with Best’s and Luckenbill’s definition of deviance
- Deviance refers to behavior, not merely any condition that makes a person discreditable
- Deviance is an UNACCEPTABLE violation of social norms
- Deviance violates MAJOR social norms (Mores, not Folkways)
- Deviance makes the offender elegible for NEGATIVE REACTIONS by social control agents (eg. Police, Teacher)
4 Levels of Explaining Deviance
- Classical
- Biological
- Psychological
- Sociological
Classical
View that deviance is a matter of personal, rational choiceCommits crime because they want to commit crime
Utilitarianism - Beccaria and Bentham
People act in ways that are useful, purposeful, and reasonable
4 Key Elements of the Classical Model
- The deviant has the “free will” to choose deviant or conforming behaviors
- Deviant solutions are chosen over conventional solutions when deviancy requires less work for a greater payoff
- A person’s choice of a deviant solution can be controller by fear of society’s reaction to such acts -punishment!
- The more severe, certain, and swift the reaction, the better it can control deviance
Determinism
The use of the scientific method to discover the biological, psychological, or social forces behind human behavior
Biological
Focuses on the physial structures or psysiological process of individuals
Lombroso
Atavism
Sheldon
Body types:1. Ectomorph2. Mesomorph3. Endomorph
XYY Theory
Rapist - extra Y
Twinkie Defence
Psychological Explanations
Focus on the structure and processes of the individual’s psyche as an explanation for deviance
Containment Theory - Peckless and Dinite
Psych based theoryPersonality Factors - Mental Illness
Sociological Theory
Do not look for sources of deviance within the individual but rather view deviance as a social product
Structural Functionalist’s sociological explanations
View deviance as a “normal” part of society which performs a function OR view deviance dysfunction
4 Functions of Deviance – Durkheim
- Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.
- Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.
- Responding to deviance promotes social unity.
- Deviance encourages social change.
Merton’s Strain Theory
5 Modes of AdaptaionMode Goals Means1. Conformity + +2. Innovation + -3. Ritualism - +4. Retreatism - -5. Rebellion - -
Social Conflict Theory on Sociological Theory
Emphasize that who and what is considered deviant is based largely on the relative power of categories of people
Deviance=Powerlessness
3 Propositions1. The norms of any society generally reflect the interests of the rich and powerful-“The Golden Rule” - Rules made by powerful (w/ gold)2. The powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels.3. There is widespread belief that the norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character
Spitzer
Capitalism and Deviance
Social Junk
People who do little work but are no threat to society.
Social Dynamite
People who directly threaten the capitalist system- Dealt with by criminal justice system
Symbolic Interactionist’s Sociological Theory
Emphasize that no act is inherently deivant but may become such through the repsonse of others
Lemert’s Primary Deviance
The initial acts of norm violation. They are insignificant and provoke little reaction from others.
Lermert’s Secondary Deviance
Occur as the result of a deviant label (the reaction of others). The label has impact on the “self” and social interaction.
Medicalization of Deviance
The transformation of moral and legal issues into medical matters.
Examples of Medicalization of Deviance
Alcoholism, drug use, obesity, sexuality
Stratification
A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society.
Subjective Method of Measuring Social Class
Permits Individuals to locate themselves within a system of social ranking
Objective method of measuring social class
Assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.
Prestige
The respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society
Life Chances
The opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.
Income
Salaries and wages
Wealth
An inclusive term encompassing all of a person’s material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of propertyFar more concentrated than income in the US
Absolute Poverty
A minimum level of substistence below which no family should be expected to live
Relative Poverty
A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparision with the nation as a whole.
Caste
A hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile.
Closed System
A social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility.
Class System
A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which acieved characteristics can influence social mobility
Open System
A social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her acieved status.
5 Characteristics of Caste/ Closed Systems
- Great status consistency (welath, power, prestige)
- Birth determines one’s occupation
- Marriage unites people of the same social standing
- Powerful cultural beliefs underline the system
- Contact between members of strata is constrained
2 Examples of Caste Systems
- Hindu social system of rural India
* Racial apartheid in South Africa
5 Characteristics of Class/ Open Systems
- Lower lebvels of status consistency
- Social categories not as rigidly defined with greater contact and less segregation
- Social mobility is greater
- Careers a more matter of choice and achievement
- Extension of political rights (in principle)
2 Examples of Class Systems
- U.S.
* Germany
Mixed Systems of Stratification
Mix of Class/ Open and Caste/ Closed systems
2 Examples of Mixed Systems
- U.K
* Japan
Poverty Line in U.S in 2010
$22,113 for a family of 4
Poverty Distribution
Age: Under 18 overrepresentedRace/Ethnicity: Blakcs and Hispanic overrepresented (but more whites in poverty)Gender: Female headed households overrepresented
Feminization of poverty
A trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the United States.
3 Methods for Measuring Crime
- Uniform Crime Report (UCR) – Number of crimes measured by what is reported to law enforcement agencies (a.k.a FBI Data)2. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) – Number of crimes measured by asking a smaple if they were victimes of various crimes3. Self-Report Studies – A research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in deviant, delinquent, or criminal behavior.
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
“Crime known to the police”Needs to be reported to count as a crimeMEasures only selected offenses– focuses too much on “street crime”
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
“Crime known to the victims”- Memory of victims questionable- $$ Not useful in many geographical regions (campus, city, county, state)
Self-Report Studies
“Crime known to the criminals”- Only select populations surveyed (kids, convicts)- Only minor offenses reported with accuracy
Global Perspectie
A view of the larger world and our society’s place in it.
3 Reasons Global Perspective is Important
- Societies all over the world are increasingly interconnected, making for traditional distinctions between “us” and “them” less and less valid.2. Many human problems in US are far more serious elsewhere3. Studying other societies is a way to learn more about ourselves
Globalization
The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.
Amount of Global Inequality
Richest 20% earn 77% of global incomePoorest 40% earns 5% of global incomeRichest 20% holds 84% of global wealthPoorest holds 2% of global wealth
Characteristics of the most developed countries
Industrial nations that are relatively rich (high income countries)-Per capita income of at least $10000- 4/5 world’s income earned in high income countries (1 billion ppl)- US, Hungary, Canada, Japan, W. Europe-64 of 194 nations-25% land-22% people-75% in cities
Characteristics of less developed countries
Nations characterized by limited industrialization and moderate to low personal income (middle income)- Per capita between 3-10K (20% global income)- China, India, turkey, Brazil, E. Europe- 73 nations- 55% land- 59% ppl- 2/3 in cities
Characteristics of least developed countries
Nations with little industrialization in which severe poverty is the rule (low income countries).- Per capita income below 3K- Haiti, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone- 57 nations-20% land- 19% people- 1/3 live in cities
Possible causes of existence of rich countries
- Cultural Differences (caste systems in some countries hold them back)2. Distribution of natural resources
Wallenstein’s World System Approach
World System: Global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations.
3 Classes of the World in Wallenstein’s World System Approach
- Core countries: World’s upper class (most developed, high income)2. Semiperipherial countries: middle class3. Peripheral countries: lower class
2 Explanations of Global Inequality
- Modernization Theory2. Dependency Theory
Modernization Theory (Rastow)
A functionalist approach that purposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of the people in the developing nation- A model of economic development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among societies.
Rastow’s 4 Stages of Modernization
1) traditional stage -little, low end tech2) take off stage - more, low end tech3) drive to technological m2 aturity - higher end tech (China)4) high mass consumption: buy high end tech (us)
4 Roles of Rich Nations
1) Assisting in population control2) Increasing food production3) Introducing industrial technology4) Providing foreign aid.
Dependency Theory
An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing nations for their own gains.- Model of economic development that explain global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich societies
3 Factors Assuring Dependency
1) narrow, export-oriented economies2) lack of industrial capacity3) foreign debt
Sex
Biological Distinction between males and females- Males = XY- Females = XXBIOLOGICAL
Sexual Orientation
The manner in which people experience sexual arousal and achieve sexual pleasureExamples: Asexual, bisexual, homosexual, hetrosexual
Gender
The significance a society attaches to biological categories of male and femaleCultural ConsiderationLearned
Adrogyny
The combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
Gender Role
The expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
4 Sources of Gender Socialization
- Family2. Peer Group3. Education4. Mass Media
Beauty Myth
The belief that a “successful” woman is a woman who embraces traditional notions of femininity especially the traditional standards of physical appearance
3 Elements of the Beauty Myth
- Society teaches women to measure their importance in terms of their physical appearance yet society sets unrealistic standards of beauty2. Men assess women’s beauty which drives women toward living to please men3. Men are primed to seek and possess physically attractive women
Gender Stratification
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between two sexes.
Minority
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control over their lives than members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
Subordinate (?)
Any category of people characterized by physical or cultural differences, that a society sets apart and subordinates
Sexism
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other
Matrix of Domination
The cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender and social class as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status.
% of women and men working for an income
In 1950: 34% women, 84% menIn 2010: 59% women, 71% men
Difference in wages between men and women
Women = $35,568Men = $43,264In the US, $1 earned by a male = women earn 82 cents73 cents in Utah90 cents in California/ Nevada
Title IX
Federal legislation passed in 1972 mandating equal opportunities regardless of sex in academic and athletic programs.Proportion of students that are female matches proportion of all athletesOverall budget should be proportional to proportion of females
3 Reasons for Gender Difference in Earnings
- Type of Work - Pink Collar Occupations - Comparable work2. Family Responsibilities3. DiscriminationSexual harassment
Sexual Harassment
Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that is deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome
Housework
Unpaid work of maintaining a household and caring for children (if present)
Second Shift
Doing unpaid housework in addition to working for an income (first shift)
Division of Housework between males and females
Has remained stable even though more women have entered into the paid workforceOverall, women do 6.2 hours more housework than men
Family
A set of people related by blood, marriage, or some other agreed upon relationship, or adoption, who share the responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society
Nuclear family
A married couple and their unmarried children living together
Extended family
A family in which relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles, live in the same home as parents and their children
Family of orientation
The family into which individuals are born
Family procreation
The family which individuals enter into during adulthood in order to have our Apple children of their own
Endogamy
The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group
Exogamy
The requirement that people select mated outside certain groups
Incest taboo
The prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives
Monogamy
A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other
Serial monogamy
A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.
Polygamy
A form of marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives simultaneously
Polyandry
A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time
Polygyny
A form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time
Patriarchy
A society in which men dominate in family decision making
Matriarchy
A society in which women dominate in family decision making
Matrilineal descent
A kinship system in which only the relatives of the mother are significant
Patrilineal descent
A kinship system in which only the relatives of the father are significant
Bilateral descent
A kinship system in which both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love - Intimacy
A feeling of fondness to the other personconcern, mutual understanding, and supportexpressed through self-disclosure, emotional support and practical helping
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love - Passion
Refers to arousal of physical attraction and sexual drives*expressed through such actions as kissing, touching and sexual intercourse
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love - Decision/Commitment
Involves the short term decision that one loves the other person and the long term promise (commitment) to maintain the relationship*expressed by saying “I love you,” becoming engaged, getting married, and sticking with the relationship through hard times.-It was Sternberg’s idea of decision/commitment to make it a love triangle that made him famous
8 combinations of the Love Triangle
- Non Love - none of the 3 components1. Liking - Intimacy only2. Infatuation - Passion only3. Empty Love - Decision/Commitment only4. Romantic Love - Intimacy + Passion - Pre-marriage5. Fatuous Love - Dec/Comm + Passion - Repeated hooker6. Companionate - Intimacy + Dec/Comm - Bro’s, Siblings7. Consummate Love - Intimacy + Passion + Dec/Comm
Race
A category composed of men and women who share biologically transmitted traits (i.e. hair color) that members of society deem socially significant
Ethnicity
Shared cultural heritage
1790 Census
Asked about slaveryNo real questions about race
1890 Census
Asked about race for first timeCategories: White, Black, Mulatto, Quadroon, Octoroon, Chinese, Japanese, Indian
2010 Census
15 CategoriesCan pick more than 1Can “Self Define” Race
Economic System
Social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed
3 Sectors of Economy
PrimarySecondaryTertiary
Primary Sector
The part of the economy that generates raw materials directly from the natural environment
Secondary Sector
Part of economy transforms raw materials into manufactured goods
Tertiary Sector
Part of economy involving service rather than goods
2 Major Methods for Economic Organization
CapitalismSocialism
Capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production are held in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profirtsEx: US
3 Basic Types of Economic Exchange
Commodity-Commodity: Bartering one thing for another Commodity-Money-Commodity: Selling one thing for money and then using money to buy something else Money-commodity-money: Using money to acquire goods then selling them for money
Socialism
An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively ownedEx: China, North Korea, Cuba, Canada
State Capitalism
An economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with governmentEd. Japan and South Korea
Welfare Capitalism
Economic and political system that combines a mostly market based economy with extensive social welfare programsEx: Sweden, Italy
Work and Postindustrial Economy
Dual Labor Marked
Primary Labor Market
Includes jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers such as helath insuracnce, retirement plans, and job security
Secondary Labor Market
Job that provide minimal benefits to workers and have more unstable security
“Peer-to-peer” economy (sharing for a price)
According to Eric Blair - An “underground” black market enabled by the internet and regulated by social feedback mechanisms
Internal Labor Market
Social mechanisms for controlling pay rates, hiring, and promotions within corporations while reducing competition between a firm’s workers and external labor supplies.
Deskilling Hypothesis
Refers to the process by which tasks are borken down into simple routines requiring little training to perform usually accompanied by the use of machinery to replace wage labor wherever possible and increased management control over workers.
Underground Economy
Economic activity involving income unreported to the government as required by law
5 Ways the Information Revolution (The Computer) Impacts work
Computers are deskilling labor Computers are making the work more abstract Computers limit workplace interaction Computers increase employers control of workers Computers allow companies to relocate
Minority Group
A category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, that is socially disadvantaged.
2 Characteristics of Minority Groups
- Distinct Identity
* Subordination
8 Categories of Minority Groups
- Race
- Ethnicity
- Religion
- Impoverished
- Gender
- Deviant
- Aged
- Physically Different
Prejudice
A rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people
Stereotype
A prejudiced description of a category of people
Rasicm
The belief that one racial category is innately superior to another
Discrimination
Treating various categories of people unequally
4 Cognitive Processes that Contribute to Prejudice
Perceptual Assimilation: Tendency to perceive members of a social group as more similar than they are in reality Contrast Effect: Overestimate the differences between social groups The Ultimate Attribution Error: Tendency to make biased attributions that favor ingroup versus the outgroup Principle of Least Effort: Tendency of people to be cognitively economical and resist change.
4 Patterns of Prejudice and Discrimination (Merton)
- Active Bigot: Both prejudiced and discriminate2. Timid Bigot: Prejudiced but does not discriminate3. Fair-Weather Liberal: Nonprejudiced person who does discriminate4. All-Weather Liberal: Nonprejudiced and does not discriminate
6 Patterns of Majority-Minority Interaction
Pluralism: A state in which people of all races and ehtnicities are distinct but have social parity Assimilation: The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture (Resistance is Futile) Segregation: The physical and social separation of categories of people de jure segregation: Segregation by law de facto segregation: Segregation by fact Genocide: The systematic killing of one category of people by another Explusion: Expelling a minority group from an area or even out of a country Amalgamation: Blending together many cultures/ groups into a single new culture (Melting Pot idea)
3 Ways to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination
Establish laws against discrimination Contact between groups Pursue common goals Equal Status Institutional Supports Education
