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SOC 1010 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Max Weber

A
  • Idealism
  • Rationalism
  • Bureaucracy
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2
Q

Idealism

A

Culture is shaped by ideas and values

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3
Q

Rationalism

A

The organization of social and economic life according to the principle of efficiency and on thebasis of technical knowledge

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4
Q

Bureaucracy

A

An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

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5
Q

6 Traits of Ideal Bureaucratic Organization

A
  • Specialization
  • Hierarchy of Offices
  • Rules and Regulations
  • Technical Competence
  • Impersonality
  • Formal, written communication
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6
Q

4 Problems with Modern Bureaucracy

A
  • Alienation - dehumanizing
  • Ritualism - Preoccupation with the rules
  • Inertia - perpetuation of an organization
  • Oligarchy - rule fo the few
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7
Q

Sociology

A

The scientific study of social behavior and human groups

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8
Q

Aguste Comte

A
  • “Father of Sociology”
  • Shows how people interact and how groups differ
  • Shows how social units affect human behavior
  • Understand forces that affect us
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9
Q

The Sociological Imagination

A
  • C Wright Mills

* The ability to distinguishbetween an individual and the wider society, both in today and in the past

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10
Q

4 Areas of Social Change that Propelled Sociology

A
  • Scientific Revolution
  • Industrial Technology
  • Urban Growth
  • Political Change
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11
Q

4 Benefits of the Sociological Perspective

A
  • Challenges familiar understandings of ourselves and of others
  • Allows us to recognize both the opportunities and the constraints that characterize our lives
  • Empowers us to be active participants in our society
  • Helps us to recognize human diversity and to confront the challenges of living in a diverse world
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12
Q

Concept

A

An abstract idea that represents some aspects fo the world

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13
Q

Theory

A

A set of statements that seek to explain problems, actions, or behavior

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14
Q

Theoretical Perspective/Paradigm

A

A set of fundamental assumptions that guides thinking and research

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15
Q

3 Sociological Perspectives

A
  • Structural Functionalism
  • Social Conflict
  • Symbolic Interactionist
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16
Q

3 Problems with the Sociological Perspective

A
  • Does not explain every individuals behavior
  • Society is always changing
  • The sociological perspective can be discomforting at times
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17
Q

Structural Functionalism

A

Based on the assumption that society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability - cooperation Social order and Stability Interdependentgroups pursuingcommongoals Socialconsensus
* Focuses too much on social unity/stability, ignores social inequality/change

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18
Q

Social Conflict

A

Based on the assumption that society is a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generates social change

  • Conflicting groups each pursuing its own interests Through coercion, social order is imposed by powerful on the weak
  • Social conflict, bourgeoisie => Proletariat
  • Focuses too much on social inequality/change, ignores social unity/stability
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19
Q

Symbolic Interaction

A
  • Based on the view that society is the product of the everyday interactions of individuals Interactionbetweenindividuals Composed of individuals whose actions depend oninterpretingeach other’s behavior Actions and reactions Definition of thesituation
  • Ignores large structures and overlooks large-scape problems
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20
Q

Macro-Level Orientation

A
  • A concern with large-scale patterns that characterize society as a whole
  • Structural Functionalism and Social Conflict
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21
Q

Micro-Level Orientation

A
  • A concern with small scale patterns of social interaction in specific settings
  • Symbolic Interaction
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22
Q

4 Approaches to Data/Research

A
  • The Awestruck
  • The Naïve
  • The Cynical
  • The Critic
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23
Q

The Awestruck

A
  • Do not understand/care where information came from

* Blindly accept numbers and other information as having magic quality

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24
Q

The Naïve

A
  • Slightly more sophisticated than awestruck
  • Can understand basics like mean/percentages, but can become confused easily especially by big numbers
  • Do not question data and assume validity
  • Sometimes pass along flawed data
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25
Q

The Cynical

A
  • Suspicious, negative or even hostile of all data/research
  • “You can prove anything with statistics” attitude
  • See research as flawed and simply as a means to promote agenda
  • Point out flaws to opponents research while rarely examining research that promotes flavored cause
  • Often are a source of flawed data
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26
Q

The Critical

A
  • Approach data/research thoughtfully
  • Avoid naïve acceptance and cynical rejection
  • Attempt to evaluate data/research and distinguish between good (but never perfect) information and heavily flawed findings
  • Use data/research but appreciate limitations
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27
Q

Scientific Method

A

A systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity andconsistency in researching a problem

  • Define Problem
  • Review Literature
  • Formulate Hypothess Collect and Analyze Data
  • Select Sample
  • Ensure Validity and Reliability
  • Developing the Conclusion
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28
Q

Biological Metaphor

A

Structural Functionalism

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29
Q

Feminist Perspective

A

Social conflict

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30
Q

Applied/Clinical Sociology

A

Applythe discipline of sociology to the solution of practical problems in human behavior and organizations.

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31
Q

Basic Sociology

A

Sociological inquiry that seeks only a deeper knowledge of thefundamental aspects of social phenomena

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32
Q

Culture

A

The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior shared by a particular people

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33
Q

Society

A

A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area and participate in a common culture

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34
Q

Material Culture

A
  • The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

* All things human beings make and use

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35
Q

Non-material Culture

A
  • Ways of using material objects
  • Customs
  • Belifs
  • Philosophies
  • Governments
  • Patterns of Communication
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36
Q

Cultural Lag

A

Some cultural elements change more quickly than others which may disrupt a cultural systemMaterial Culture moves faster than elements of non-material culture

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37
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life represents the norm or are superior to all other

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38
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The viewing of people’s behavior from the perspective of their cultureevaluate others from own standard

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39
Q

High Culture

A

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

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40
Q

Popular Culture

A

Cultural patterns widespread among a society’s people

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41
Q

Fad

A

A temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large number of people

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42
Q

Fashion

A

A currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad

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43
Q

Lofland’s 4 Cagetories of Fads/Fashions

A
  • Object
  • Activity
  • Idea
  • Personality
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44
Q

5 Components of Culture

A
  • Symbols - A gesture, object or word that forms the basis of human communication
  • Language - An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture
  • Values - A collective conception of what is good, desirable, and proper in a culture
  • Norms - An established standard of behavior maintaned by a society
  • Material Culture
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45
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

Language shapes or interpretation of reality

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46
Q

Values and Norms

A

Values: serve as broad guidelines for social lifeNorms: Rules by which a society guides that behavior of its members

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47
Q

Mores

A

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society

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48
Q

Folkways

A

Norms governing everyday behavoir whose violation raises a little concern

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49
Q

Ideal Culture

A
  • Values and norms that are recognized as important

* Culture that is on the books

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50
Q

Real Culture

A
  • Norms and Values that are practiced

* What is actually happening

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51
Q

Culture Shock

A

The feeling of suprise and disorientation that peopleexperience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own

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52
Q

Preston’s 3 Factors influencin culture shock

A
  • Strangeness of culture
  • Size of settlement visited
  • Length of stay
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53
Q

Preson’s 4 stages of culture shock

A
  • Anticipation
  • Depression
  • Insulation
  • Reorientation - Reverse culture shock
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54
Q

Socialization

A

The lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture

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55
Q

3 Outcomes/Goals of Socialization

A
  • Knowledge and Skills
  • Norms and Values
  • Develop Self and Personality
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56
Q

Self

A

A distinct identity that sets us apart from others

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57
Q

Personality

A

A person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics and behavior

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58
Q

Nature vs Nuture

A

Nature = instinct/biologyNuture = learned/culture

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59
Q

Looking Glass Self

A

A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactionsThe Social object the individual comes to see themself as because of interaction with others

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60
Q

Agents of Socialization

A
  • The Family
  • School
  • Peer groups - a group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
  • Mass Media - Impersonal communications directed to a vast audience
  • Workplace
  • Religion and the State
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61
Q

6 Areas of Differing Socialization

A
  • Agents of Socialization Differ
  • More than listed agents
  • Social Location
  • Generation cohort
  • Interaction with Agents
  • Nature vs. Nuture
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62
Q

Freud - Basic Drives

A
  • Eros - Life instinct

* Thanatos - Aggression

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63
Q

Freud - 3 Parts of the Personality

A
  • Id - The human being’s basic drive
  • Superego - The presence of culture within the form of internalized values and norms
  • Ego - A person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives witht he demands of society
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64
Q

Mead - 2 Parts of the self

A
  • “I” - The biological part of the self consisting of inborn impulses - the self as a subject
  • “Me” - The part of self consisting of attitudes of significant others/society - the self as object
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65
Q

Mead - 3 Stages of Socialization

A
  • Prepatory stage - Pre-symbolic stage of self - The self is able to simultaneously take the role of no one and engages in only immatation
  • Play stage - Child acquires symbols and vocabulary - The self is able simultaneously to take the role of one other in one situation when engaging in play
  • Game stage - The self is able simultaneously to take the role of many others in one situation when engaging in games
  • Stage of the generalized other
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66
Q

Significant Other

A

An individual who is most important in the development of the self

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67
Q

Generalized Other

A

The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a while that a child takes into account in their behaviorRepresents the imagined perspective of the community or society at large

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68
Q

Social Interaction

A

The ways people respond to one another

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69
Q

Social Structure

A

The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships

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70
Q

Status

A

A recognized social position that an individual occupies

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71
Q

Status Set

A

All the statuses a person holds at a particular time

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72
Q

Ascribred Statuses

A

A social position assigned to a person by society with out reguard for the person’s unique talent or characteristicsEg: Queen of England

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73
Q

Achieved Status

A

A social position that a person attains largely though their own effortsEg: President

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74
Q

Master Status

A

A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position in society

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75
Q

5 Strategies to Reduce Role Strain (Goode)

A
  • Compartmentalization - segregate different and contradictory aspects of major life roles from one another
  • Delegation - pass on some aspect of role set to subordinates
  • Elimination - pass on some aspects of role set to peers
  • Extension - expand role set obligations in order to reduce involvement tin difficult or strain-producing elements of role set
  • Establish Barriers - produce block and requirement for individuals needing your time and energy
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76
Q

Primary Group

A

A small group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation

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77
Q

Secondary Group

A

A formal, imersonal in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

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78
Q

Characteristics of a Primary Group

A
  • ​Quality of Relationships –Personal Orientation
  • Duration of Relationships –Usually long term and intensive
  • Breadth of Relationships –Broad - share many activities
  • Subjective Perception of Relationships - as ends in themselves
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79
Q

Characteristics of a Secondary Group

A
  • Quality of Relationships –Goal orientation - Impersonal
  • Duration of Relationships – Variable and often short-term
  • Breadth of Relationships – Narrow - Involves a few specific activities
  • Subjective Perception of Relationships – as a means to an end
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80
Q

2 Types of Group Leadership

A
  • Instrumental Leader - Group leaders who emphasize the completion of tasks
  • Expressive Leader - Group leaders who emphasize a collective well being
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81
Q

3 Leadership Styles

A
  • Authoritarian - Focus on Instrumental concerns, make decisions on their own, and demand strict compliance from subordinates
  • Democratic - More expressive, include others in decision
  • Laissez-Fair - Leaders downplay position and power allowing hte group to funciton on its own
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82
Q

Power

A

Ability to control and influence others

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83
Q

6 Types of Power

A
  • Reward Power - The power to compensate others for compliance
  • Coercive Power - The power to punish others for non-compliance
  • Legetimate Power - The power formally granted to acknowledged leaders by their followers
  • Expert Power - Power that accrues to people because of their knowledge
  • Referrent Power - Power that derives from the attraction followers feel toward their leader
  • Information Power - The power that derives from persuasiveness
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84
Q

Formal Organizations

A

Large, secondary groups organized to achieve specific groups

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85
Q

3 Types of Formal Organizations - Etzoni

A

Normative (voluntary) - pursue goals that their members consider morally worthwhile, offering personal satisfaction, perhaps social prestige, but NO monetary reward

  • Coercive - Enroll members involuntarily and subject them to punishment - total institutions
  • Utilitarian - Pursue income, profit, and wages
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86
Q

3 Types of Voluntary Organizations - Tokfu

A
  • Instrumental - Attain goals external to the organization
  • Expressive - Concerned with the internal life and emotions of the members
  • Mixed - combine instrumentaland expressive concerns
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87
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

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88
Q

Crime

A

A violoation of a criminal law for which some government authority applies formal penalties

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89
Q

Social Problem

A

Social Conditions which public or government agencies evaluate negatively and wish to change

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90
Q

Stigma

A
  • labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups
  • Erving Goffman
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91
Q

Social Control

A

The techniques and strategies for preventing devinat human behavior in any society

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92
Q

4 Major Points of Debate with Best’s and Luckenbill’s definition of deviance

A
  • Deviance refers to behavior, not merely any condition that makes a person discreditable
  • Deviance is an UNACCEPTABLE violation of social norms
  • Deviance violates MAJOR social norms (Mores, not Folkways)
  • Deviance makes the offender elegible for NEGATIVE REACTIONS by social control agents (eg. Police, Teacher)
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93
Q

4 Levels of Explaining Deviance

A
  • Classical
  • Biological
  • Psychological
  • Sociological
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94
Q

Classical

A

View that deviance is a matter of personal, rational choiceCommits crime because they want to commit crime

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95
Q

Utilitarianism - Beccaria and Bentham

A

People act in ways that are useful, purposeful, and reasonable

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96
Q

4 Key Elements of the Classical Model

A
  • The deviant has the “free will” to choose deviant or conforming behaviors
  • Deviant solutions are chosen over conventional solutions when deviancy requires less work for a greater payoff
  • A person’s choice of a deviant solution can be controller by fear of society’s reaction to such acts -punishment!
  • The more severe, certain, and swift the reaction, the better it can control deviance
97
Q

Determinism

A

The use of the scientific method to discover the biological, psychological, or social forces behind human behavior

98
Q

Biological

A

Focuses on the physial structures or psysiological process of individuals

99
Q

Lombroso

A

Atavism

100
Q

Sheldon

A

Body types:1. Ectomorph2. Mesomorph3. Endomorph

101
Q

XYY Theory

A

Rapist - extra Y

102
Q

Twinkie Defence

A
103
Q

Psychological Explanations

A

Focus on the structure and processes of the individual’s psyche as an explanation for deviance

104
Q

Containment Theory - Peckless and Dinite

A

Psych based theoryPersonality Factors - Mental Illness

105
Q

Sociological Theory

A

Do not look for sources of deviance within the individual but rather view deviance as a social product

106
Q

Structural Functionalist’s sociological explanations

A

View deviance as a “normal” part of society which performs a function OR view deviance dysfunction

107
Q

4 Functions of Deviance – Durkheim

A
  • Deviance affirms cultural values and norms.
  • Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries.
  • Responding to deviance promotes social unity.
  • Deviance encourages social change.
108
Q

Merton’s Strain Theory

A

5 Modes of AdaptaionMode Goals Means1. Conformity + +2. Innovation + -3. Ritualism - +4. Retreatism - -5. Rebellion - -

109
Q

Social Conflict Theory on Sociological Theory

A

Emphasize that who and what is considered deviant is based largely on the relative power of categories of people

110
Q

Deviance=Powerlessness

A

3 Propositions1. The norms of any society generally reflect the interests of the rich and powerful-“The Golden Rule” - Rules made by powerful (w/ gold)2. The powerful have the resources to resist deviant labels.3. There is widespread belief that the norms and laws are natural and good masks their political character

111
Q

Spitzer

A

Capitalism and Deviance

112
Q

Social Junk

A

People who do little work but are no threat to society.

113
Q

Social Dynamite

A

People who directly threaten the capitalist system- Dealt with by criminal justice system

114
Q

Symbolic Interactionist’s Sociological Theory

A

Emphasize that no act is inherently deivant but may become such through the repsonse of others

115
Q

Lemert’s Primary Deviance

A

The initial acts of norm violation. They are insignificant and provoke little reaction from others.

116
Q

Lermert’s Secondary Deviance

A

Occur as the result of a deviant label (the reaction of others). The label has impact on the “self” and social interaction.

117
Q

Medicalization of Deviance

A

The transformation of moral and legal issues into medical matters.

118
Q

Examples of Medicalization of Deviance

A

Alcoholism, drug use, obesity, sexuality

119
Q

Stratification

A

A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society.

120
Q

Subjective Method of Measuring Social Class

A

Permits Individuals to locate themselves within a system of social ranking

121
Q

Objective method of measuring social class

A

Assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence.

122
Q

Prestige

A

The respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society

123
Q

Life Chances

A

The opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences.

124
Q

Income

A

Salaries and wages

125
Q

Wealth

A

An inclusive term encompassing all of a person’s material assets, including land, stocks, and other types of propertyFar more concentrated than income in the US

126
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

A minimum level of substistence below which no family should be expected to live

127
Q

Relative Poverty

A

A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparision with the nation as a whole.

128
Q

Caste

A

A hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile.

129
Q

Closed System

A

A social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility.

130
Q

Class System

A

A social ranking based primarily on economic position in which acieved characteristics can influence social mobility

131
Q

Open System

A

A social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her acieved status.

132
Q

5 Characteristics of Caste/ Closed Systems

A
  • Great status consistency (welath, power, prestige)
  • Birth determines one’s occupation
  • Marriage unites people of the same social standing
  • Powerful cultural beliefs underline the system
  • Contact between members of strata is constrained
133
Q

2 Examples of Caste Systems

A
  • Hindu social system of rural India

* Racial apartheid in South Africa

134
Q

5 Characteristics of Class/ Open Systems

A
  • Lower lebvels of status consistency
  • Social categories not as rigidly defined with greater contact and less segregation
  • Social mobility is greater
  • Careers a more matter of choice and achievement
  • Extension of political rights (in principle)
135
Q

2 Examples of Class Systems

A
  • U.S.

* Germany

136
Q

Mixed Systems of Stratification

A

Mix of Class/ Open and Caste/ Closed systems

137
Q

2 Examples of Mixed Systems

A
  • U.K

* Japan

138
Q

Poverty Line in U.S in 2010

A

$22,113 for a family of 4

139
Q

Poverty Distribution

A

Age: Under 18 overrepresentedRace/Ethnicity: Blakcs and Hispanic overrepresented (but more whites in poverty)Gender: Female headed households overrepresented

140
Q

Feminization of poverty

A

A trend in which women constitute an increasing proportion of the poor people of the United States.

141
Q

3 Methods for Measuring Crime

A
  1. Uniform Crime Report (UCR) – Number of crimes measured by what is reported to law enforcement agencies (a.k.a FBI Data)2. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) – Number of crimes measured by asking a smaple if they were victimes of various crimes3. Self-Report Studies – A research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in deviant, delinquent, or criminal behavior.
142
Q

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

A

“Crime known to the police”Needs to be reported to count as a crimeMEasures only selected offenses– focuses too much on “street crime”

143
Q

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

A

“Crime known to the victims”- Memory of victims questionable- $$ Not useful in many geographical regions (campus, city, county, state)

144
Q

Self-Report Studies

A

“Crime known to the criminals”- Only select populations surveyed (kids, convicts)- Only minor offenses reported with accuracy

145
Q

Global Perspectie

A

A view of the larger world and our society’s place in it.

146
Q

3 Reasons Global Perspective is Important

A
  1. Societies all over the world are increasingly interconnected, making for traditional distinctions between “us” and “them” less and less valid.2. Many human problems in US are far more serious elsewhere3. Studying other societies is a way to learn more about ourselves
147
Q

Globalization

A

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.

148
Q

Amount of Global Inequality

A

Richest 20% earn 77% of global incomePoorest 40% earns 5% of global incomeRichest 20% holds 84% of global wealthPoorest holds 2% of global wealth

149
Q

Characteristics of the most developed countries

A

Industrial nations that are relatively rich (high income countries)-Per capita income of at least $10000- 4/5 world’s income earned in high income countries (1 billion ppl)- US, Hungary, Canada, Japan, W. Europe-64 of 194 nations-25% land-22% people-75% in cities

150
Q

Characteristics of less developed countries

A

Nations characterized by limited industrialization and moderate to low personal income (middle income)- Per capita between 3-10K (20% global income)- China, India, turkey, Brazil, E. Europe- 73 nations- 55% land- 59% ppl- 2/3 in cities

151
Q

Characteristics of least developed countries

A

Nations with little industrialization in which severe poverty is the rule (low income countries).- Per capita income below 3K- Haiti, Ethiopia, Sierra Leone- 57 nations-20% land- 19% people- 1/3 live in cities

152
Q

Possible causes of existence of rich countries

A
  1. Cultural Differences (caste systems in some countries hold them back)2. Distribution of natural resources
153
Q

Wallenstein’s World System Approach

A

World System: Global economy as an interdependent system of economically and politically unequal nations.

154
Q

3 Classes of the World in Wallenstein’s World System Approach

A
  1. Core countries: World’s upper class (most developed, high income)2. Semiperipherial countries: middle class3. Peripheral countries: lower class
155
Q

2 Explanations of Global Inequality

A
  1. Modernization Theory2. Dependency Theory
156
Q

Modernization Theory (Rastow)

A

A functionalist approach that purposes that modernization and development will gradually improve the lives of the people in the developing nation- A model of economic development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among societies.

157
Q

Rastow’s 4 Stages of Modernization

A

1) traditional stage -little, low end tech2) take off stage - more, low end tech3) drive to technological m2 aturity - higher end tech (China)4) high mass consumption: buy high end tech (us)

158
Q

4 Roles of Rich Nations

A

1) Assisting in population control2) Increasing food production3) Introducing industrial technology4) Providing foreign aid.

159
Q

Dependency Theory

A

An approach that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing nations for their own gains.- Model of economic development that explain global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor societies by rich societies

160
Q

3 Factors Assuring Dependency

A

1) narrow, export-oriented economies2) lack of industrial capacity3) foreign debt

161
Q

Sex

A

Biological Distinction between males and females- Males = XY- Females = XXBIOLOGICAL

162
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

The manner in which people experience sexual arousal and achieve sexual pleasureExamples: Asexual, bisexual, homosexual, hetrosexual

163
Q

Gender

A

The significance a society attaches to biological categories of male and femaleCultural ConsiderationLearned

164
Q

Adrogyny

A

The combination of masculine and feminine characteristics

165
Q

Gender Role

A

The expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

166
Q

4 Sources of Gender Socialization

A
  1. Family2. Peer Group3. Education4. Mass Media
167
Q

Beauty Myth

A

The belief that a “successful” woman is a woman who embraces traditional notions of femininity especially the traditional standards of physical appearance

168
Q

3 Elements of the Beauty Myth

A
  1. Society teaches women to measure their importance in terms of their physical appearance yet society sets unrealistic standards of beauty2. Men assess women’s beauty which drives women toward living to please men3. Men are primed to seek and possess physically attractive women
169
Q

Gender Stratification

A

The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between two sexes.

170
Q

Minority

A

A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control over their lives than members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.

171
Q

Subordinate (?)

A

Any category of people characterized by physical or cultural differences, that a society sets apart and subordinates

172
Q

Sexism

A

The ideology that one sex is superior to the other

173
Q

Matrix of Domination

A

The cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender and social class as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status.

174
Q

% of women and men working for an income

A

In 1950: 34% women, 84% menIn 2010: 59% women, 71% men

175
Q

Difference in wages between men and women

A

Women = $35,568Men = $43,264In the US, $1 earned by a male = women earn 82 cents73 cents in Utah90 cents in California/ Nevada

176
Q

Title IX

A

Federal legislation passed in 1972 mandating equal opportunities regardless of sex in academic and athletic programs.Proportion of students that are female matches proportion of all athletesOverall budget should be proportional to proportion of females

177
Q

3 Reasons for Gender Difference in Earnings

A
  1. Type of Work - Pink Collar Occupations - Comparable work2. Family Responsibilities3. DiscriminationSexual harassment
178
Q

Sexual Harassment

A

Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that is deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome

179
Q

Housework

A

Unpaid work of maintaining a household and caring for children (if present)

180
Q

Second Shift

A

Doing unpaid housework in addition to working for an income (first shift)

181
Q

Division of Housework between males and females

A

Has remained stable even though more women have entered into the paid workforceOverall, women do 6.2 hours more housework than men

182
Q

Family

A

A set of people related by blood, marriage, or some other agreed upon relationship, or adoption, who share the responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society

183
Q

Nuclear family

A

A married couple and their unmarried children living together

184
Q

Extended family

A

A family in which relatives, such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles, live in the same home as parents and their children

185
Q

Family of orientation

A

The family into which individuals are born

186
Q

Family procreation

A

The family which individuals enter into during adulthood in order to have our Apple children of their own

187
Q

Endogamy

A

The restriction of mate selection to people within the same group

188
Q

Exogamy

A

The requirement that people select mated outside certain groups

189
Q

Incest taboo

A

The prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives

190
Q

Monogamy

A

A form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other

191
Q

Serial monogamy

A

A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.

192
Q

Polygamy

A

A form of marriage in which an individual can have several husbands or wives simultaneously

193
Q

Polyandry

A

A form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time

194
Q

Polygyny

A

A form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time

195
Q

Patriarchy

A

A society in which men dominate in family decision making

196
Q

Matriarchy

A

A society in which women dominate in family decision making

197
Q

Matrilineal descent

A

A kinship system in which only the relatives of the mother are significant

198
Q

Patrilineal descent

A

A kinship system in which only the relatives of the father are significant

199
Q

Bilateral descent

A

A kinship system in which both sides of a person’s family are regarded as equally important

200
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love - Intimacy

A

A feeling of fondness to the other personconcern, mutual understanding, and supportexpressed through self-disclosure, emotional support and practical helping

201
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love - Passion

A

Refers to arousal of physical attraction and sexual drives*expressed through such actions as kissing, touching and sexual intercourse

202
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love - Decision/Commitment

A

Involves the short term decision that one loves the other person and the long term promise (commitment) to maintain the relationship*expressed by saying “I love you,” becoming engaged, getting married, and sticking with the relationship through hard times.-It was Sternberg’s idea of decision/commitment to make it a love triangle that made him famous

203
Q

8 combinations of the Love Triangle

A
  • Non Love - none of the 3 components1. Liking - Intimacy only2. Infatuation - Passion only3. Empty Love - Decision/Commitment only4. Romantic Love - Intimacy + Passion - Pre-marriage5. Fatuous Love - Dec/Comm + Passion - Repeated hooker6. Companionate - Intimacy + Dec/Comm - Bro’s, Siblings7. Consummate Love - Intimacy + Passion + Dec/Comm
204
Q

Race

A

A category composed of men and women who share biologically transmitted traits (i.e. hair color) that members of society deem socially significant

205
Q

Ethnicity

A

Shared cultural heritage

206
Q

1790 Census

A

Asked about slaveryNo real questions about race

207
Q

1890 Census

A

Asked about race for first timeCategories: White, Black, Mulatto, Quadroon, Octoroon, Chinese, Japanese, Indian

208
Q

2010 Census

A

15 CategoriesCan pick more than 1Can “Self Define” Race

209
Q

Economic System

A

Social institution through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed

210
Q

3 Sectors of Economy

A

PrimarySecondaryTertiary

211
Q

Primary Sector

A

The part of the economy that generates raw materials directly from the natural environment

212
Q

Secondary Sector

A

Part of economy transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

213
Q

Tertiary Sector

A

Part of economy involving service rather than goods

214
Q

2 Major Methods for Economic Organization

A

CapitalismSocialism

215
Q

Capitalism

A

An economic system in which the means of production are held in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profirtsEx: US

216
Q

3 Basic Types of Economic Exchange

A

Commodity-Commodity: Bartering one thing for another Commodity-Money-Commodity: Selling one thing for money and then using money to buy something else Money-commodity-money: Using money to acquire goods then selling them for money

217
Q

Socialism

A

An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively ownedEx: China, North Korea, Cuba, Canada

218
Q

State Capitalism

A

An economic and political system in which companies are privately owned but cooperate closely with governmentEd. Japan and South Korea

219
Q

Welfare Capitalism

A

Economic and political system that combines a mostly market based economy with extensive social welfare programsEx: Sweden, Italy

220
Q

Work and Postindustrial Economy

A

Dual Labor Marked

221
Q

Primary Labor Market

A

Includes jobs that provide extensive benefits to workers such as helath insuracnce, retirement plans, and job security

222
Q

Secondary Labor Market

A

Job that provide minimal benefits to workers and have more unstable security

223
Q

“Peer-to-peer” economy (sharing for a price)

A

According to Eric Blair - An “underground” black market enabled by the internet and regulated by social feedback mechanisms

224
Q

Internal Labor Market

A

Social mechanisms for controlling pay rates, hiring, and promotions within corporations while reducing competition between a firm’s workers and external labor supplies.

225
Q

Deskilling Hypothesis

A

Refers to the process by which tasks are borken down into simple routines requiring little training to perform usually accompanied by the use of machinery to replace wage labor wherever possible and increased management control over workers.

226
Q

Underground Economy

A

Economic activity involving income unreported to the government as required by law

227
Q

5 Ways the Information Revolution (The Computer) Impacts work

A

Computers are deskilling labor Computers are making the work more abstract Computers limit workplace interaction Computers increase employers control of workers Computers allow companies to relocate

228
Q

Minority Group

A

A category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural traits, that is socially disadvantaged.

229
Q

2 Characteristics of Minority Groups

A
  • Distinct Identity

* Subordination

230
Q

8 Categories of Minority Groups

A
  • Race
  • Ethnicity
  • Religion
  • Impoverished
  • Gender
  • Deviant
  • Aged
  • Physically Different
231
Q

Prejudice

A

A rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people

232
Q

Stereotype

A

A prejudiced description of a category of people

233
Q

Rasicm

A

The belief that one racial category is innately superior to another

234
Q

Discrimination

A

Treating various categories of people unequally

235
Q

4 Cognitive Processes that Contribute to Prejudice

A

Perceptual Assimilation: Tendency to perceive members of a social group as more similar than they are in reality Contrast Effect: Overestimate the differences between social groups The Ultimate Attribution Error: Tendency to make biased attributions that favor ingroup versus the outgroup Principle of Least Effort: Tendency of people to be cognitively economical and resist change.

236
Q

4 Patterns of Prejudice and Discrimination (Merton)

A
  1. Active Bigot: Both prejudiced and discriminate2. Timid Bigot: Prejudiced but does not discriminate3. Fair-Weather Liberal: Nonprejudiced person who does discriminate4. All-Weather Liberal: Nonprejudiced and does not discriminate
237
Q

6 Patterns of Majority-Minority Interaction

A

Pluralism: A state in which people of all races and ehtnicities are distinct but have social parity Assimilation: The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture (Resistance is Futile) Segregation: The physical and social separation of categories of people de jure segregation: Segregation by law de facto segregation: Segregation by fact Genocide: The systematic killing of one category of people by another Explusion: Expelling a minority group from an area or even out of a country Amalgamation: Blending together many cultures/ groups into a single new culture (Melting Pot idea)

238
Q

3 Ways to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination

A

Establish laws against discrimination Contact between groups Pursue common goals Equal Status Institutional Supports Education

SOC 1010 (7 decks)

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