Final 2 Flashcards
5 Ways the Information Revolution (The Computer) Impacts work
- Computers are deskilling labor
- Computers are making the work more abstract
- Computers limit workplace interaction
- Computers increase employers control of workers
- Computers allow companies to relocate
2 Characteristics of Minority Groups
- Distinct Identity
- Subordination
8 Categories of Minority Groups
- Race
- Ethnicity
- Religion
- Impoverished
- Gender
- Deviant
- Aged
- Physically Different
Prejudice
A rigid and irrational generalization about a category of people
Stereotype
A prejudiced description of a category of people
Rasicm
The belief that one racial category is innately superior to another
Discrimination
Treating various categories of people unequally
4 Cognitive Processes that Contribute to Prejudice
- Perceptual Assimilation: Tendency to perceive members of a social group as more similar than they are in reality
- Contrast Effect: Overestimate the differences between social groups
- The Ultimate Attribution Error: Tendency to make biased attributions that favor ingroup versus the outgroup
- Principle of Least Effort: Tendency of people to be cognitively economical and resist change.
4 Patterns of Prejudice and Discrimination (Merton)
- Active Bigot: Both prejudiced and discriminate
- Timid Bigot: Prejudiced but does not discriminate
- Fair-Weather Liberal: Nonprejudiced person who does discriminate
- All-Weather Liberal: Nonprejudiced and does not discriminate
6 Patterns of Majority-Minority Interaction
- Pluralism: A state in which people of all races and ehtnicities are distinct but have social parity
- Assimilation: The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture (Resistance is Futile)
- Segregation: The physical and social separation of categories of people
de jure segregation: Segregation by law
de facto segregation: Segregation by fact - Genocide: The systematic killing of one category of people by another
- Explusion: Expelling a minority group from an area or even out of a country
- Amalgamation: Blending together many cultures/ groups into a single new culture (Melting Pot idea)
3 Ways to Reduce Prejudice and Discrimination
- Establish laws against discrimination
- Contact between groups
Pursue common goals
Equal Status
Institutional Supports - Education
Race
A category composed of men and women who share biologically transmitted traits (i.e. hair color) that members of society deem socially significant
Ethnicity
Shared cultural heritage
1790 Census
Asked about slavery
No real questions about race
1890 Census
Asked about race for first time
Categories: White, Black, Mulatto, Quadroon, Octoroon, Chinese, Japanese, Indian
2010 Census
15 Categories
Can pick more than 1
Can “Self Define” Race
Sex
Biological Distinction between males and females - Males = XY - Females = XX BIOLOGICAL
Sexual Orientation
The manner in which people experience sexual arousal and achieve sexual pleasure Examples: Asexual, bisexual, homosexual, hetrosexual
Gender
The significance a society attaches to biological categories of male and female Cultural Consideration Learned
Adrogyny
The combination of masculine and feminine characteristics
Gender Role
The expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
4 Sources of Gender Socialization
- Family 2. Peer Group 3. Education 4. Mass Media
Beauty Myth
The belief that a “successful” woman is a woman who embraces traditional notions of femininity especially the traditional standards of physical appearance
3 Elements of the Beauty Myth
- Society teaches women to measure their importance in terms of their physical appearance yet society sets unrealistic standards of beauty 2. Men assess women’s beauty which drives women toward living to please men 3. Men are primed to seek and possess physically attractive women
Gender Stratification
The unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between two sexes.
Minority
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control over their lives than members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs.
Subordinate (?)
Any category of people characterized by physical or cultural differences, that a society sets apart and subordinates
Sexism
The ideology that one sex is superior to the other
Matrix of Domination
The cumulative impact of oppression because of race and ethnicity, gender and social class as well as religion, sexual orientation, disability, age, and citizenship status.
% of women and men working for an income
In 1950: 34% women, 84% men In 2010: 59% women, 71% men
Difference in wages between men and women
Women = $35,568 Men = $43,264 In the US, $1 earned by a male = women earn 82 cents 73 cents in Utah 90 cents in California/ Nevada
Title IX
Federal legislation passed in 1972 mandating equal opportunities regardless of sex in academic and athletic programs. Proportion of students that are female matches proportion of all athletes Overall budget should be proportional to proportion of females
3 Reasons for Gender Difference in Earnings
- Type of Work - Pink Collar Occupations - Comparable work 2. Family Responsibilities 3. Discrimination Sexual harassment
Sexual Harassment
Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that is deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome
Housework
Unpaid work of maintaining a household and caring for children (if present)
Second Shift
Doing unpaid housework in addition to working for an income (first shift)
Division of Housework between males and females
Has remained stable even though more women have entered into the paid workforce Overall, women do 6.2 hours more housework than men
