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SOC 1010 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Culture

A

The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior shared by a particular people

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2
Q

Society

A

A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside their area and participate in a common culture

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3
Q

Material Culture

A
  • The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
  • All things human beings make and use
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4
Q

Non-material Culture

A
  • Ways of using material objects
  • Customs
  • Belifs
  • Philosophies
  • Governments
  • Patterns of Communication
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5
Q

Cultural Lag

A

Some cultural elements change more quickly than others which may disrupt a cultural system

Material Culture moves faster than elements of non-material culture

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6
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The tendency to assume that one’s culture and way of life represents the norm or are superior to all other

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7
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The viewing of people’s behavior from the perspective of their culture

evaluate others from own standard

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8
Q

High Culture

A

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite

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9
Q

Popular Culture

A

Cultural patterns widespread among a society’s people

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10
Q

Fad

A

A temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large number of people

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11
Q

Fashion

A

A currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance that is longer lasting and more widespread than a fad

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12
Q

Lofland’s 4 Cagetories of Fads/Fashions

A
  • Object
  • Activity
  • Idea
  • Personality
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13
Q

5 Components of Culture

A
  1. Symbols - A gesture, object or word that forms the basis of human communication
  2. Language - An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture
  3. Values - A collective conception of what is good, desirable, and proper in a culture
  4. Norms - An established standard of behavior maintaned by a society
  5. Material Culture
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14
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

Language shapes or interpretation of reality

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15
Q

Values and Norms

A

Values: serve as broad guidelines for social life

Norms: Rules by which a society guides that behavior of its members

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16
Q

Mores

A

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of society

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17
Q

Folkways

A

Norms governing everyday behavoir whose violation raises a little concern

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18
Q

Ideal Culture

A
  • Values and norms that are recognized as important
  • Culture that is on the books
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19
Q

Real Culture

A
  • Norms and Values that are practiced
  • What is actually happening
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20
Q

Culture Shock

A

The feeling of suprise and disorientation that people experience when they encounter cultural practices that are different from their own

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21
Q

Preston’s 3 Factors influencin culture shock

A
  1. Strangeness of culture
  2. Size of settlement visited
  3. Length of stay
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22
Q

Preson’s 4 stages of culture shock

A
  1. Anticipation
  2. Depression
  3. Insulation
  4. Reorientation - Reverse culture shock
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23
Q

Socialization

A

The lifelong process in which people learn the attitudes, values and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture

24
Q

3 Outcomes/Goals of Socialization

A
  1. Knowledge and Skills
  2. Norms and Values
  3. Develop Self and Personality
25
Q

Self

A

A distinct identity that sets us apart from others

26
Q

Personality

A

A person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics and behavior

27
Q

Nature vs Nuture

A

Nature = instinct/biology

Nuture = learned/culture

28
Q

Looking Glass Self

A

A concept that emphasizes the self as the product of our social interactions

The Social object the individual comes to see themself as because of interaction with others

29
Q

Agents of Socialization

A
  1. The Family
  2. School
  3. Peer groups - a group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
  4. Mass Media - Impersonal communications directed to a vast audience
  5. Workplace
  6. Religion and the State
30
Q

6 Areas of Differing Socialization

A
  1. Agents of Socialization Differ
  2. More than listed agents
  3. Social Location
  4. Generation cohort
  5. Interaction with Agents
  6. Nature vs. Nuture
31
Q

Freud - Basic Drives

A
  1. Eros - Life instinct
  2. Thanatos - Aggression
32
Q

Freud - 3 Parts of the Personality

A
  1. Id - The human being’s basic drive
  2. Superego - The presence of culture within the form of internalized values and norms
  3. Ego - A person’s conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives witht he demands of society
33
Q

Mead - 2 Parts of the self

A
  1. “I” - The biological part of the self consisting of inborn impulses - the self as a subject
  2. “Me” - The part of self consisting of attitudes of significant others/society - the self as object
34
Q

Mead - 3 Stages of Socialization

A
  1. Prepatory stage - Pre-symbolic stage of self - The self is able to simultaneously take the role of no one and engages in only immatation
  2. Play stage - Child acquires symbols and vocabulary - The self is able simultaneously to take the role of one other in one situation when engaging in play
  3. Game stage - The self is able simultaneously to take the role of many others in one situation when engaging in games
  4. Stage of the generalized other
35
Q

Significant Other

A

An individual who is most important in the development of the self

36
Q

Generalized Other

A

The attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a while that a child takes into account in their behavior

Represents the imagined perspective of the community or society at large

37
Q

Social Interaction

A

The ways people respond to one another

38
Q

Social Structure

A

The way in which society is organized into predictable relationships

39
Q

Status

A

A recognized social position that an individual occupies

40
Q

Status Set

A

All the statuses a person holds at a particular time

41
Q

Ascribred Statuses

A

A social position assigned to a person by society with out reguard for the person’s unique talent or characteristics

Eg: Queen of England

42
Q

Achieved Status

A

A social position that a person attains largely though their own efforts

Eg: President

43
Q

Master Status

A

A status that dominates others and thereby determines a person’s general position in society

44
Q

5 Strategies to Reduce Role Strain (Goode)

A
  1. Compartmentalization - segregate different and contradictory aspects of major life roles from one another
  2. Delegation - pass on some aspect of role set to subordinates
  3. Elimination - pass on some aspects of role set to peers
  4. Extension - expand role set obligations in order to reduce involvement tin difficult or strain-producing elements of role set
  5. Establish Barriers - produce block and requirement for individuals needing your time and energy
45
Q

Primary Group

A

A small group characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation

46
Q

Secondary Group

A

A formal, imersonal in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

47
Q

Characteristics of a Primary Group

A
  1. ​Quality of Relationships – Personal Orientation
  2. Duration of Relationships – Usually long term and intensive
  3. Breadth of Relationships – Broad - share many activities
  4. Subjective Perception of Relationships - as ends in themselves
48
Q

Characteristics of a Secondary Group

A
  1. Quality of Relationships – Goal orientation - Impersonal
  2. Duration of Relationships – Variable and often short-term
  3. Breadth of Relationships – Narrow - Involves a few specific activities
  4. Subjective Perception of Relationships – as a means to an end
49
Q

2 Types of Group Leadership

A
  1. Instrumental Leader - Group leaders who emphasize the completion of tasks
  2. Expressive Leader - Group leaders who emphasize a collective well being
50
Q

3 Leadership Styles

A
  1. Authoritarian - Focus on Instrumental concerns, make decisions on their own, and demand strict compliance from subordinates
  2. Democratic - More expressive, include others in decision
  3. Laissez-Fair - Leaders downplay position and power allowing hte group to funciton on its own
51
Q

Power

A

Ability to control and influence others

52
Q

6 Types of Power

A
  1. Reward Power - The power to compensate others for compliance
  2. Coercive Power - The power to punish others for non-compliance
  3. Legetimate Power - The power formally granted to acknowledged leaders by their followers
  4. Expert Power - Power that accrues to people because of their knowledge
  5. Referrent Power - Power that derives from the attraction followers feel toward their leader
  6. Information Power - The power that derives from persuasiveness
53
Q

Formal Organizations

A

Large, secondary groups organized to achieve specific groups

54
Q

3 Types of Formal Organizations - Etzoni

A
  1. Normative (voluntary) - pursue goals that their members consider morally worthwhile, offering personal satisfaction, perhaps social prestige, but NO monetary reward
  2. Coercive - Enroll members involuntarily and subject them to punishment - total institutions
  3. Utilitarian - Pursue income, profit, and wages
55
Q

3 Types of Voluntary Organizations - Tokfu

A
  1. Instrumental - Attain goals external to the organization
  2. Expressive - Concerned with the internal life and emotions of the members
  3. Mixed - combine instrumental and expressive concerns

SOC 1010 (7 decks)

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