Test 4 Flashcards
What is monocultural (non-multicultural) psychology, and what challenges does it present to forensic psychologists?
Euro-American contexts may be limited in their application to racial and culturally diverse populations
Are persons with disabilities more likely to be victims of crime? Explain your answer.
The data indicates that victimization rates for children and adults with disabilities far exceed those of individuals who do not have disabilities.
What are the two venues in which victims of crime may seek recourse?
criminal court and civil courts
List and describe any four rights granted to victims as a result of the Crime Victims’ Rights Act of 2004. What type of information about victimization is available from the NCVS?
-reasonably protected from the accused, notification of victims, right of allocution, speedy trial
What is the right of allocution?
right to speak out during court proceedings
How would you describe, in a nutshell, the psychological impact of criminal violence on its direct victims? List some of the common psychological effects of crime on its victims.
substantial and far-reaching
Summarize the research on homicides of young children (birth to 5 years), including (a) what age range is most at risk, (b) who is the most likely offender and what is their sex (gender), and (d) what are the most common triggers.
<1 year are most at risk
The most likely offender is a parent, often the mother
Two of the most common triggers of young-child homicide are crying that will not stop and toileting accidents
What role do forensic psychologists play in dealing with the co-victims of criminal homicide? Specifically, what are the needs of the co-victim regarding death notification?
During notification the co-victim’s needs may include (1) an opportunity for venting of
emotion; (2) calm, reassuring authority; (3) restoration of control; and (4) preparation for what the co-victim needs to do next.
What type of information about victimization is available from the NCVS or research reports (e.g., Kilpatrick, Whalley, and Edmunds (2002)? Specifically, what do the data show regarding the relationship between victim and offender?
-not a stranger, it’s relatives and people you know
Why is Summit’s child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome controversial?
results in highly suggestive questioning of children, which could lead to false reports and not proven to be valid
What role do forensic psychologists play in dealing with adult victims of sexual assault? Specifically, why is it difficult to estimate the number of trafficked victims?
Difficulty in estimation:
1. Because there is no uniform system for collecting data on the victims, the number of
trafficked victims is extremely difficult to estimate.
3. Victims are fearful of retribution from their traffickers.
4. Victims also tend to be highly distrustful of authority because they may be runaways or
undocumented immigrants.
5. not much cooperation between law enforcement agencies
What do official data (e.g., NCVS), research studies, and records from women’s shelters reveal about the course of violence against women and the motivations for the violence men perpetrate against women in IVP?
-persistent and escalating
-motivation is to establish or maintain power and control
Summarize Meuer, Seymour, and Wallace’s nine-stage theory of domestic violence.
Stage 4: Characterized by the beginning of excessive control through psychological and
emotional abuse.
Name at least four obstacles in the path of victims of intimate partner violence who want to leave the relationship.
economic options limited, cultural norms, no support
State four reasons why the term battered woman syndrome is controversial.
validity issues
What are the major differences between same-sex intimate partner violence (SS-IPV) and opposite-sex intimate partner violence (OS-IPV)?
how the community, police, medical personnel, and available social service programs (e.g., women’s shelters) respond to the victims
What is the most important factor to consider for a practitioner working with a victim of IPV?
safety of the victim
List and briefly describe the four major types of child maltreatment.
neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse
What are the key psychological features (most common cluster of symptoms; typical characteristics of parents) of medical child abuse (formerly known as Münchausen syndrome by proxy)?
-seizures, failure to thrive, vomiting, diarrhea, asthma/allergies, and infections
-overinvolved mother and emotionally distant father
State (a) three conclusions reached by the APA Working Group on Investigation of Memories of Childhood Abuse that specifically address memory and (b) your own conclusion regarding the validity of repressed and recovered memories.
-Most people who were sexually abused as children remember all or part of what
happened to them.
-It is possible for memories of abuse that have been forgotten for a long time to be
remembered.
-It is also possible to construct convincing pseudo-memories for events that never
occurred.
What are the four important points about the limitations of memory made by leading experts Peter Ornstein, Stephen Ceci, and Elizabeth Loftus?
- Not everything gets into memory.
- What gets into memory may vary in strength.
- The status of information in memory changes across time.
- Retrieval is not perfect; not all that is stored gets retrieved.
Know the victimology of child abduction.
most kidnappings are not stranger abductions
Where do most cases of elder abuse occur and who is the most common perpetrator of elder abuse?
- Adult children are the most frequent abusers of their elderly parents.
- Most cases of elder abuse and neglect take place at home.
Explain the difference between institutional and community corrections.
institutional corrections is when offenders are being supervised in an institution (jails and prisons), while community corrections is when the offender is being supervised outside of an institution (probation and parole).
Know the purpose of the International Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology (IACFP) Standards.
It is a professional group that provides guidelines for institutional corrections.
What are the main differences between prisons and jails?
Jails are facilities operated by local governments to hold people who are temporarily detained, awaiting trial, or sentenced to short-term confinement for misdemeanors.
Prisons are correctional facilities operated by state and federal governments to hold persons convicted of felonies.
Which service is psychologists most likely to perform in jail?
assessment and crisis intervention
What is the leading cause of death in jails?
suicide
What social-psychological principle did the Stanford Prison Experiment (Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo, 1973) demonstrate?
Illustrated the power of a situation in dictating a person’s behavior
What are constitutionally guaranteed rights of prisoners and what are not?
- Right to treatment
- Right to refuse treatment
- Prison transfers (can’t request to be in specific facility but do have the right to be transferred to mental institution)
- Privacy and confidentiality (little right to privacy but do have right to confidentiality)
- Rights to competency for execution
Identify the tasks that might be assumed by psychologists in relation to both screening and classification of inmates.
detecting mental disorders involving suicide risk
Which two categories of adult offenders have been determined incompetent to be executed, according to the U.S. Supreme Court?
- Intellectual disability
- mentally disordered
Regarding principles of risk, needs, and responsivity (RNR), briefly explain what is meant by the terms criminogenic needs and non-criminogenic needs and state an example of each need.
Criminogenic needs: Those dynamic risk factors that have been empirically found to be related to criminal behavior.
-substance abuse or misogynistic attitudes
Noncriminogenic needs: Needs that are subject to change but have been found to have little influence on an offender’s criminal behavior.
-Psychological states such as depression, anxiety, or low self-esteem
(a) Describe the attitude of criminal psychopaths toward prison treatment programs and (b) the potential of these programs to rehabilitate psychopaths or prevent recidivism.
-may volunteer themselves
-psychopaths who participated in the therapeutic community exhibited higher rates of violent recidivism than psychopaths who did not
What are the prospects for the rehabilitation of sex offenders?
no evidence that it reduces rates of sex offenses
The first juvenile courts were based on the doctrine of parens patriae. What is this doctrine and what is its significant to juvenile justice and corrections?
It is a doctrine that gives the state the power to act as a child’s parent. It gave the state the ability
to decide if the child was in a dangerous environment over their own parents and allowed the
state to remove the child from their parent’s care.
The Supreme Court cases Kent v. United States and In re Gault dramatically altered procedures associated with juvenile delinquency hearings. List four constitutional rights secured by these Supreme Court rulings for juveniles in criminal proceedings.
- The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses against them.
- The right against self-incrimination, often referred to as a privilege, but actually a right.
- The right to written notice of the charges against them.
- The right to the assistance of a lawyer in their defense.
Discuss reasons why juveniles as a group may be especially susceptible to waiving their constitutional rights and to making false confessions.
- The questioning of juveniles taken into custody by police is more likely to occur solely in
the presence of a parent or non-lawyer guardian than in the presence of an attorney,
which renders them especially susceptible to waiving their constitutional rights. - Many do not understand their rights
The legal standard for adjudicative competence (the juvenile equivalent of adult competence to stand trial) is Dusky v. United States (1960). State at least two elements of the two-pronged Dusky standard.
Dusky Standard accord: This means that a case is raised in accordance with the Dusky standard: (a) sufficient present ability to consult with one’s lawyer and (b) a rational and factual understanding of the proceedings.
What is the meaning of the term disposition in juvenile justice?
Disposition is the equivalent of sentencing in the adult context.
Racial disparities in juvenile detention and sentencing.
-minority youth are more than 2/3 of the population
-blacks detained 6x the rate of white youth
According to Grisso (2008), how does depression typically present in adolescents placed in juvenile detention?
They are commonly very irritable, sullen, and hostile
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the teaching-family approach commonly used in group homes
Positive features of teaching-family homes: Warm and compassionate teaching parents, the maintenance of ties with natural family and with the community, and the opportunity to learn prosocial behaviors.
Limitations of teaching-family homes: Not recommended for adolescents with serious mental health issues or who have committed serious offenses; behavioral gains are typically not maintained after they leave.
What is CBT? Explain its usefulness in terms of correcting cognitive errors.
Meaning of CBT: Cognitive-behavioral treatment is a program or psychological treatment approach with demonstrated efficacy for juvenile and adult offenders.
Uses of CBT: CBT can be used in conjunction with other forms of treatment, such as substance abuse programs or sex offender treatment programs.
List at least three characteristics of juvenile sex offenders.
- A high percentage of all juvenile sex offenders were themselves sexually abused
- Adolescent sex offenders, left untreated, are highly likely to continue to offend into adulthood
- Assessment is controversial
