Test 3 (Revised)

Question 1

What are the two elements of a crime necessary for the prosecution to convict a defendant of a criminal offense?

Answer 1

Intentionally committed a voluntary act: actus reus, or
Committed with a guilty state of mind: mens rea.

Question 2

Discuss the differences among legal, social, and psychological definitions of delinquency.

Answer 2

Social definition of delinquency
1. Encompass a broad gamut of youthful behaviors considered inappropriate, but not all are technically crimes.

psychological definition: behavior violating social rules or conventions

Legal definition of delinquency:
A juvenile delinquent is one who commits an act against the criminal code and who is adjudicated delinquent by an appropriate court.
-younger than 18

Question 3

State the five categories of juvenile offenses and specify an example of each type.

Answer 3

Unlawful acts against persons.
-assault

Unlawful acts against property.
-vandalism

Drug offenses.
-Drug possession

Offenses against the public order.
-Disorderly conduct

Status offenses.
-Underage drinking

Question 4

What are the main sources of youth crime data?

Answer 4

UCR
1. A program operated by the FBI, it is the government’s main method of collecting
national data on crimes reported to police and arrests.
2. The UCR is an annual document containing accounts of crime known to law enforcement
agencies across the country, as well as arrests.
3. It compiles U.S. crime statistics in the Summary Reporting System (SRS.)

NCVS
-the nation’s primary source in providing annual level and change estimates on criminal victimization and information on the nature of those incidents

Question 5

Explain how Moffitt’s original dual-path (LCP, LA) dichotomy of juvenile offending has been modified in recent years.

Answer 5

has been elaborated to capture two additional developmental paths to criminal careers: low-level chronic offenders (LLCs) and those with a non-offending pattern (NCs).

Question 6

From Laurence Steinberg’s perspective, which neurotransmitter and brain structures are associated with risk-taking (sensation seeking) behavior?

Answer 6

frontal lobe

dopamine

Question 7

What are three dimensions (central behaviors) of ADHD?

Answer 7

excessive motor activity, impulsivity, inattention

Question 8

What is the central feature of conduct disorder according to the DSM-5?

Answer 8

repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated

Question 9

List Hervey Cleckley’s 10 behavioral features of the true psychopath.

Answer 9

-Selfishness (also called egocentricity),
-An inability to love or give genuine affection to others,
-Frequent deceitfulness or lying,
-Lack of guilt or remorsefulness (no matter how cruel the behavior),
-Callousness or a lack of empathy,
-Low anxiety proneness,
-Poor judgment and failure to learn from experience,
-Superficial charm,
-Failure to follow any life plan, and
-Cycles of unreliability.

Question 10

What are the four core factors of psychopathy?

Answer 10

Interpersonal,
Impulsive lifestyle
Affective
Antisocial tendencies

Question 11

State three arguments in the debate over labeling juveniles as psychopaths.

Answer 11

(1) Research on psychopathy has traditionally focused almost exclusively on young males, raising the question on whether psychopathy can or should be applied to juveniles.
(2) Even if psychopathy can be identified in adolescents, the label has many negative connotations, for example, implying that the prognosis for treatment is poor and that a high rate of offending and recidivism can be expected.
(3) Because of the controversy, it is argued that psychopathy assessments of youth must achieve a high level of confidence before they can be employed in the criminal justice system.

Question 12

Know the technical term for the cluster of traits characterized by high impulsivity, egocentricity, lack of empathy, and deficits in emotional expression.

Answer 12

callous-unemotional (CU) traits

Question 13

the affective part of psychopathy in the triangle

Answer 13

no remorse (unempathetic)

Question 14

the behavioral part of psychopathy in the triangle

Answer 14

impulsive and poor self-regulation

Question 15

the interpersonal (social) part of psychopathy outside the triangle but inside the circle

Answer 15

manipulative

Question 16

What is the primary difference between violence and aggression?

Answer 16

Aggression may not involve force while violence does

All violent behavior is aggressive, but not all aggressive behavior is violent.

Question 17

Which four crimes in the UCR comprise the U.S. violent crime rate?

Answer 17

murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

Question 18

(a) What are the two types of violence outlined in the text and (b) what type of violence do psychopaths tend to engage in?

Answer 18

Instrumental violence “occurs when the injury of an individual is secondary to the acquisition of some other external goal.” The external goal may be money, status, security, or material goods.

Reactive violence—also called expressive violence—refers to physical violence precipitated by a hostile and angry reaction to a perceived threat or dangerous situation. Reactive violence, therefore, “is often the impulsive and unthoughtful response to a provocation, real or imagined.” An angry person who “flies off the handle” and shoots a friend over a petty argument represents an obvious example.”

Psychopaths tend to engage in instrumental and goal-driven violence

Question 19

State an example of each of the four causal categories of violence (neurobiological, socialization, cognitive, situational) discussed in the psychological literature

Answer 19

A
Neurobiological: “Alcohol, drug ingestion, and tobacco use by the mother adversely affects critical fetal development.

Socialization: “Considerable research indicates that aggressive, antisocial, and violent behaviors are often learned from significant others (including TV, movie, online, or fictional characters) and are held in reserve for response to specific social situations.”

Cognitive: “Some young males—especially members of violent peer groups or gangs—have adopted the belief that it is acceptable to react to every perceived or imagined sign of disrespect with aggression.

Situation: The “lockdown” or “stay-at-home” recommendations or requirements during COVID resulted in family members and roommates being confined in often close quarters, sometimes for as long as 2 months or more. Many communities reported increased calls to domestic violence hot lines and indeed police reported more calls as well as more arrests”

Question 20

Summarize the negative effects of constant viewing of violence in the media, including its differential effects on children and adults.

Answer 20

It increases the viewer’s fear of becoming a victim, with a corresponding increase in self- protective behaviors and increased distrust of others.

Question 21

What is the (a) key finding of the Secret Service Safe School Initiative (SSI) Report and (b) what is the motive of most school shooters?

Answer 21

Researchers concluded that those involved in school shootings did not “just snap”; they
planned their attacks ahead of time.

According to the report, for more than half of the school shooters, the motive was revenge.

Aubrey says gang-related

Question 22

List the four major categories of workplace violence, based on the offender’s relationship to the workplace.

Answer 22

A
In the first type, the assailant does not have a legitimate relationship to the workplace or to the victim. He or she usually enters the workplace to commit a criminal action, such as a robbery or theft.
In the second type of assailant is the recipient of some service provided by the workplace or victim and may be either a current or former client, patient, or customer.
In the third type of assailant has an employment-related involvement with the workplace, as a current or former employee, supervisor, or manager.
The fourth type has an indirect involvement with the workplace because of a relationship with an employee, such as a current or former spouse or partner.

Question 23

Where do most homicides committed by intimate partners occur?

Answer 23

parking lot (especially at retail stores)

Question 24

What is the key difference (a) between mass murder serial murder and (b) between serial murder and spree murder? (i.e., be able to distinguish among single murder, serial murder, mass murder, and spree murder).

Answer 24

Serial murder:
1. Refers to incidents in which an individual (or individuals) separately kills a number of people (usually a minimum of three) over time.
2. The time interval: the “cooling-off period” may be days or weeks but is more likely months or even years.

Spree murder: Refers to the killing of three or more individuals without a cooling-off period, usually at two or three different locations.

Mass murder:
1. Involves the killing of three or more persons at a single location with no cooling-off period between the killings.

Question 25

What are the two major types of mass murder?

Answer 25

Two types of mass Murder – classic and family:
Classic mass murder:
Family mass murder: At least three family members are killed by another immediate family member or relative, and the perpetrator often kills himself or herself.

Question 26

classify Robert Yates according to the Groth system

Answer 26

power assertive rapist

Question 27

According to studies, what is the best way to stop bullying?

Answer 27

Studies continually show that bystanders that defend victims have the greatest
likelihood of decreasing bullying (intervene)

Question 28

Define sexual violence and sexual assault, describe how the definition of sexual assault differs from the definition or rape, and explain how and why the term sexual assault is replacing rape in many criminal statutes.

Answer 28

Sexual violence: A sexual act committed against someone without his or her consent.

Sexual assault: Any non-consensual sexual act proscribed by federal, tribal, or state law, including when the victim lacks capacity to consent.

Rape:
1. A form of sexual assault characterized by force or threat of force that involves
penetration.
2. Rape is a narrower term, referring to forced penetration of vaginal, anal, or oral regions
of the body.

Rape is a narrower term, referring to forced penetration of vaginal, anal, or oral regions of the body. Sexual assault recognizes that victims also may be violated in ways that do not involve penetration, such as groping and fondling; it is also more gender neutral.

Question 29

Be familiar with the question of whether both force and lack of consent should be proved before an individual can be convicted of rape or sexual assault, as well as the question of whether a lack of resistance by the victim can be interpreted as evidence of consent.

Answer 29

Many existing laws require that both force and lack of consent be proved before an individual can be convicted of rape or sexual assault.

Question 30

What are some of the risk factors associated with date or acquaintance rape?

Answer 30

Far more common than generally realized, representing about 80% of all rapes. Only one-fifth of sexual violence in the U.S is committed by strangers. One-third of sexual assaults are committed by an intimate partner, and 38% is committed by a friend or acquaintance.

Strong connection with alcohol:

Question 31

What are the demographic features of men who rape?

Answer 31

Finding – rapists tend to be young:
1. One of the most consistent demographic findings about rapists is that they tend to be
young.
3. Many are deficient in social and interpersonal skills.

Question 32

What are the most pressing problems or common concerns with rapist typologies?

Answer 32

Typologies:
1. Individuals do not always fit neatly into a particular type; they only approximate it.
2. Very few of them have been subjected to empirical verification or validation studies, and
they sometimes encourage stereotypes of offenders.

Question 33

Briefly summarize the Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology (MTC:R3) classification system, along with what it is based on.

Answer 33

Massachusetts Treatment Center typology:
1. The most extensively studied sex offender typologies.
2. One typology was developed for rapists, another for child sex offenders.
3. The MTC typologies are among the most rigorously tested classification systems in sex
offender research to date.

Question 34

Name the six variables identified in the MTC:R3 system that have been consistently found by clinicians and researchers to play an important role in the emotional (A), behavioral (B), and thought (C) patterns of a wide array of sex offenders.

Answer 34

aggression, impulsivity, social competence, sexual fantasies, sadism, and naïve cognitions and beliefs.

Question 35

Name the four rapist categories contained in the MTC:R3.

Answer 35

The new MTC classification system now identifies four major types, based on the rapist’s primary motivation:
Opportunistic
Pervasively angry
Sexual
Vindictive

Question 36

Contrast the MTC and the Groth rapist typologies on both their (a) classification system and (b) research support.

Answer 36

MTC is more in depth and based on research while Groth is clinical

Question 37

What are the two broad sex offender motivational types and the four specific subtypes, as presented in class?

Answer 37

1. Power
   
   1. Reassurance (“gentleman” rapist)
   2. assertive (entitlement, narcissistic)

2.anger
1. retaliation (rage)
2. excitation (sadistic)

Question 38

What are the two basic dimensions on which child molesters are classified according to the MTC:CM3?

Answer 38

1. The first dimension focuses on the degree of fixation the offender has on children

The second dimension focuses on the level of injury to the victim,

Question 39

Which type of child molester would be most likely to cause serious injuries to the victim?

Answer 39

sadistic (type 4)

Question 40

What are the characteristics of the typical internet sexual predator?

Answer 40

1. Most internet-initiated sex crimes involve adult men
2. They also tend to be white males, often older than 25 years
3. The victims are fully aware they are communicating with adults
4. They groom unsuspecting victims

Question 41

What is the nature of most female juvenile sex offenses?

Answer 41

Victimize during babysitting or taking care of children (female nurturers)