Test 3

Question 1

What are the two elements of a crime necessary for the prosecution to convict a defendant of a criminal offense?

Answer 1

1. Intentionally committed a voluntary act: actus reus, or
2. Committed with a guilty state of mind: mens rea.

Question 2

Discuss the differences among legal, social, and psychological definitions of delinquency.

Answer 2

Juvenile delinquency
2. Delinquency is behavior against the criminal code committed by an individual who has not reached adulthood.

Social definition of delinquency
1. Encompass a broad gamut of youthful behaviors considered inappropriate, but not all are technically crimes.

psychological definition: behavior violating social rules or conventions

Legal definition of delinquency:
A juvenile delinquent is one who commits an act against the criminal code and who is adjudicated delinquent by an appropriate court.
-younger than 18

Question 3

State the five categories of juvenile offenses and specify an example of each type.

Answer 3

1. Unlawful acts against persons.
   
   1. assault
2. Unlawful acts against property.
   
   1. vandalism
3. Drug offenses.
   
   1. Drug possession
4. Offenses against the public order.
   
   1. Disorderly conduct
5. Status offenses.
   
   1. Underage drinking

Question 4

What are the main sources of youth crime data?

Answer 4

UCR
1. A program operated by the FBI, it is the government’s main method of collecting
national data on crimes reported to police and arrests.
2. The UCR is an annual document containing accounts of crime known to law enforcement
agencies across the country, as well as arrests.
3. It compiles U.S. crime statistics in the Summary Reporting System (SRS.)

NCVS
-the nation’s primary source in providing annual level and change estimates on criminal victimization and information on the nature of those incidents

Question 5

Explain how Moffitt’s original dual-path (LCP, LA) dichotomy of juvenile offending has been modified in recent years.

Answer 5

Moffitt’s dual-path dichotomy of life course-persistent (LCPs, or high-level chronic offenders) and adolescent-limited (ALs) offenders has been elaborated to capture two additional developmental paths to criminal careers: low-level chronic offenders (LLCs) and those with a non-offending pattern (NCs).

Question 6

From Laurence Steinberg’s perspective, which neurotransmitter and brain structures are associated with risk-taking (sensation seeking) behavior?

Answer 6

frontal lobe

dopamine

Question 7

What are three dimensions (central behaviors) of ADHD?

Answer 7

excessive motor activity, impulsivity, inattention

Question 8

What is the central feature of conduct disorder according to the DSM-5?

Answer 8

repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated

Question 9

What are at least three alternative explanations for the IQ–delinquency connection?

Answer 9

-we should examine cognitive and other mental processes such as language development, self-regulation skills (e.g., emotional intelligence), executive functions (e.g., problem-solving skills), and deficient social/interpersonal skills to understand delinquency.

-Implicit in this broader perspective is that the alternative explanations all lend themselves to social or psychological interventions, whereas the simple low- IQ explanation is less likely to prompt remedial interventions.

Question 10

What is intelligence? How has Howard Gardner contributed to psychology’s understanding of this concept?

Answer 10

1. Emotional intelligence:
   
   1. The ability to know how people and oneself are feeling and the capacity to use that information to guide thoughts and actions, such as we find in the social brain.
   2. A deficiency in this form of intelligence may play a prominent role in human violence.
2. Howard Gardner’s nine types of intelligence:
   
   1. Linguistic: Possessing a good vocabulary and reading comprehension skills.
   2. Visual-spatial: Ability to visualize objects, find one’s orientation in space, and
      navigate from one location to another.
   3. Logical-mathematical: Ability to think logically, reason deductively, detect
      patterns, and carry out mathematical operations.
   4. Interpersonal: Ability to understand and interact with others effectively.
   5. Intrapersonal: Ability to understand and know oneself.
   6. Existential: Tendency to ponder the meaning of life, death, and the nature of
      reality.
   7. Kinesthetic: Ability to dance well, handle objects skillfully, and be a competent
      athlete.
   8. Musical: Ability to hear, recognize, and manipulate patterns in music.
   9. Naturalistic: Ability to see patterns in nature and discriminate among living things
      (plants and animals).

Question 11

List Hervey Cleckley’s 10 behavioral features of the true psychopath.

Answer 11

1. Selfishness (also called egocentricity),
2. An inability to love or give genuine affection to others,
3. Frequent deceitfulness or lying,
4. Lack of guilt or remorsefulness (no matter how cruel the behavior),
5. Callousness or a lack of empathy,
6. Low anxiety proneness,
7. Poor judgment and failure to learn from experience,
8. Superficial charm,
9. Failure to follow any life plan, and
10. Cycles of unreliability.

Question 12

What are the four facets measured by the Robert Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist- Revised (PCL-R)?

Answer 12

affective (emotional), interpersonal, behavioral, and social

Question 13

What are the four core factors of psychopathy?

Answer 13

1. A model that sees psychopathy as consisting of four core factors.
2. There is continuing debate in the literature as to whether the fourth should be considered
   a separate factor.
   
   1. Interpersonal, such as pathological lying and conning
   2. Impulsive lifestyle, such as irresponsible behavior, sensation seeking, and
      impulsiveness
   3. Affective, meaning shallow affect or emotional reactions, lack of remorsefulness
      for their actions
   4. Antisocial tendencies, such as poor self-regulation and a wide array of antisocial behavior

Question 14

State three arguments in the debate over labeling juveniles as psychopaths.

Answer 14

(1) Research on psychopathy has traditionally focused almost exclusively on young males, raising the question on whether psychopathy can or should be applied to juveniles.
(2) Even if psychopathy can be identified in adolescents, the label has many negative connotations, for example, implying that the prognosis for treatment is poor and that a high rate of offending and recidivism can be expected.
(3) Because of the controversy, it is argued that psychopathy assessments of youth must achieve a high level of confidence before they can be employed in the criminal justice system.

Question 15

Know the technical term for the cluster of traits characterized by high impulsivity, egocentricity, lack of empathy, and deficits in emotional expression.

Answer 15

callous-unemotional (CU) traits

Question 16

the affective part of psychopathy in the triangle

Answer 16

no remorse (unempathetic)

Question 17

the behavioral part of psychopathy in the triangle

Answer 17

impulsive and poor self-regulation

Question 18

the interpersonal (social) part of psychopathy outside the triangle but inside the circle

Answer 18

manipulative

Question 19

What is the primary difference between violence and aggression?

Answer 19

Aggression may not involve force while violence does

All violent behavior is aggressive, but not all aggressive behavior is violent.

Question 20

Which four crimes in the UCR comprise the U.S. violent crime rate?

Answer 20

murder and nonnegligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

Question 21

What percentage of (a) total arrests for violent crime and (b) murder do males account for?

Answer 21

1. UCR data consistently indicate that males account for 80% to 90% of total arrests for violent crimes in any given year.
2. In 2018, males accounted for about 87% of the annual arrests for murder.

Question 22

What are the two dominant explanations for the gender discrepancies in violent crime?

Answer 22

1. Socialization factors: the fact that women are less likely than men to be
   encouraged to be violent and physically aggressive
2. Biological factors: with some researchers linking the male hormone testosterone
   to aggression

Question 23

What are the statistics regarding the African American criminal homicide rate that contribute to negative racial stereotypes?

Answer 23

1. According to official crime data, African Americans in the United States are involved in criminal homicide and other forms of violence at a rate that far exceeds their numbers in the general population.
2. For example, although African Americans make up about 13.5% of the U.S. population, they accounted for more than 53% of all arrests for murder in 2018.
3. These statistics hold for both adult and juvenile Black Americans.
4. These figures reflect social inequalities such as:
   
   1. Lack of employment and educational opportunities
   2. Racial oppression in its many forms
   3. Discriminatory treatment at the hands of the criminal justice system
   4. Law enforcement practices in geographical areas where many African Americans
      reside

Question 24

(a) What are the two types of violence outlined in the text and (b) what type of violence do psychopaths tend to engage in?

Answer 24

Instrumental violence “occurs when the injury of an individual is secondary to the acquisition of some other external goal.” The external goal may be money, status, security, or material goods.

Reactive violence—also called expressive violence—refers to physical violence precipitated by a hostile and angry reaction to a perceived threat or dangerous situation. Reactive violence, therefore, “is often the impulsive and unthoughtful response to a provocation, real or imagined.” An angry person who “flies off the handle” and shoots a friend over a petty argument represents an obvious example.”

Psychopaths tend to engage in instrumental and goal-driven violence

Question 25

State an example of each of the four causal categories of violence (neurobiological, socialization, cognitive, situational) discussed in the psychological literature.

Answer 25

Neurobiological: “Alcohol, drug ingestion, and tobacco use by the mother adversely affects critical fetal development.

Socialization: “Considerable research indicates that aggressive, antisocial, and violent behaviors are often learned from significant others (including TV, movie, online, or fictional characters) and are held in reserve for response to specific social situations.”

Cognitive: “Some young males—especially members of violent peer groups or gangs—have adopted the belief that it is acceptable to react to every perceived or imagined sign of disrespect with aggression.

Situation: The “lockdown” or “stay-at-home” recommendations or requirements during COVID resulted in family members and roommates being confined in often close quarters, sometimes for as long as 2 months or more. Many communities reported increased calls to domestic violence hot lines and indeed police reported more calls as well as more arrests”

Question 26

Summarize the negative effects of constant viewing of violence in the media, including its differential effects on children and adults.

Answer 26

1. It increases the viewer’s fear of becoming a victim, with a corresponding increase in self- protective behaviors and increased distrust of others.

Question 27

Define threat assessment and list the three basic threat assessment functions.

Answer 27

Concerned with predicting future violence or other undesirable actions targeted at specific
individuals or institutions after an expressed threat has been communicated.

Identify: be aware of markers, report concerns
Assess: obtain information, determine problem
Manage: Provide counseling, monitor the individual

Question 28

What is the (a) key finding of the Secret Service Safe School Initiative (SSI) Report and (b) what is the motive of most school shooters?

Answer 28

Researchers concluded that those involved in school shootings did not “just snap”; they
planned their attacks ahead of time.

According to the report, for more than half of the school shooters, the motive was revenge.

Aubrey says gang-related

Question 29

Why is the term workplace violence somewhat of a misnomer?

Answer 29

it refers not only to the more physically violent incidents, but also to the subtle behavior
that threatens violence, such as coercion, intimidation, outright threats, and harassment

Question 30

List the four major categories of workplace violence, based on the offender’s relationship to the workplace.

Answer 30

1. In the first type, the assailant does not have a legitimate relationship to the workplace or to the victim. He or she usually enters the workplace to commit a criminal action, such as a robbery or theft.
2. In the second type of assailant is the recipient of some service provided by the workplace or victim and may be either a current or former client, patient, or customer.
3. In the third type of assailant has an employment-related involvement with the workplace, as a current or former employee, supervisor, or manager.
4. The fourth type has an indirect involvement with the workplace because of a relationship with an employee, such as a current or former spouse or partner.

Question 31

Where do most homicides committed by intimate partners occur?

Answer 31

parking lot (especially at retail stores)

Question 32

Define (a) criminal homicide, (b), murder, and (c) manslaughter.

Answer 32

Causing of the death of another person without legal justification or excuse.

The “unlawful killing of one human by another with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied.”

Unintended killing that results from unjustifiable conduct that places others at risk.

Question 33

What is the key difference (a) between mass murder serial murder and (b) between serial murder and spree murder? (i.e., be able to distinguish among single murder, serial murder, mass murder, and spree murder).

Answer 33

Serial murder:
1. Refers to incidents in which an individual (or individuals) separately kills a number of people (usually a minimum of three) over time.
2. The time interval: the “cooling-off period” may be days or weeks but is more likely months or even years.

Spree murder: Refers to the killing of three or more individuals without a cooling-off period, usually at two or three different locations.

Mass murder:
1. Involves the killing of three or more persons at a single location with no cooling-off period between the killings.

Question 34

What are the two major types of mass murder?

Answer 34

1. Two types of mass Murder – classic and family:
   
   1. Classic mass murder:
   2. Family mass murder: At least three family members are killed by another immediate family member or relative, and the perpetrator often kills himself or herself.

Question 35

classify Robert Yates according to the Groth system

Answer 35

power assertive rapist

Question 36

What are the necessary elements for a criminal offense to be classified as a hate crime? (i.e., define hate or bias crime and tell how the criminal justice system has responded to these crimes).

Answer 36

Hate crimes/bias crimes:
1. Criminal offenses motivated by an offender’s bias against a group to which the victim
either belongs or is believed to belong.
2. There must be an underlying criminal offense, for example, an assault, vandalism, arson,
or murder, that is motivated by the hatred or prejudice.

The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990:
1. Requires the FBI to collect data and provide information on the nature and prevalence of
violent attacks, intimidation, arson, or property damage directed at persons or groups because of bias against their race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.
2. In September 1994, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to include physical and mental disabilities in the data collection.
3. Gender is now covered as a result of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), first passed in 1994 and reauthorized in 2000 and 2013.

Question 37

What is the best way to stop stalking behavior?

Answer 37

The most effective method to stop it may be for the victim to relocate as far away from the offender as possible, providing no information of the person’s whereabouts to the stalker or to individuals who might communicate that information.

Question 38

According to studies, what is the best way to stop bullying?

Answer 38

Studies continually show that bystanders that defend victims have the greatest
likelihood of decreasing bullying (intervene)

Question 39

Define sexual violence and sexual assault, describe how the definition of sexual assault differs from the definition or rape, and explain how and why the term sexual assault is replacing rape in many criminal statutes.

Answer 39

Sexual violence: A sexual act committed against someone without his or her consent.

Sexual assault: Any non-consensual sexual act proscribed by federal, tribal, or state law, including when the victim lacks capacity to consent.

Rape:
1. A form of sexual assault characterized by force or threat of force that involves
penetration.
2. Rape is a narrower term, referring to forced penetration of vaginal, anal, or oral regions
of the body.

Rape is a narrower term, referring to forced penetration of vaginal, anal, or oral regions of the body. Sexual assault recognizes that victims also may be violated in ways that do not involve penetration, such as groping and fondling; it is also more gender neutral.

Question 40

Be familiar with the question of whether both force and lack of consent should be proved before an individual can be convicted of rape or sexual assault, as well as the question of whether a lack of resistance by the victim can be interpreted as evidence of consent.

Answer 40

1. Many existing laws require that both force and lack of consent be proved before an individual can be convicted of rape or sexual assault.

Question 41

What are some of the risk factors associated with date or acquaintance rape?

Answer 41

Far more common than generally realized, representing about 80% of all rapes. Only one-fifth of sexual violence in the U.S is committed by strangers. One-third of sexual assaults are committed by an intimate partner, and 38% is committed by a friend or acquaintance.

Strong connection with alcohol:

Question 42

What are the demographic features of men who rape?

Answer 42

Finding – rapists tend to be young:
1. One of the most consistent demographic findings about rapists is that they tend to be
young.
3. Many are deficient in social and interpersonal skills.

Question 43

What are the most pressing problems or common concerns with rapist typologies?

Answer 43

Typologies:
1. Individuals do not always fit neatly into a particular type; they only approximate it.
2. Very few of them have been subjected to empirical verification or validation studies, and
they sometimes encourage stereotypes of offenders.

Question 44

Briefly summarize the Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist Typology (MTC:R3) classification system, along with what it is based on.

Answer 44

Massachusetts Treatment Center typology:
1. The most extensively studied sex offender typologies.
2. One typology was developed for rapists, another for child sex offenders.
3. The MTC typologies are among the most rigorously tested classification systems in sex
offender research to date.

Question 45

Name the six variables identified in the MTC:R3 system that have been consistently found by clinicians and researchers to play an important role in the emotional (A), behavioral (B), and thought (C) patterns of a wide array of sex offenders.

Answer 45

MTC:R3
1. Rape typology consisting of nine discrete rapist types that are differentiated on the basis of six variables: aggression, impulsivity, social competence, sexual fantasies, sadism, and naïve cognitions and beliefs.
2. The nine rape subtypes are differentiated on the basis of six variables that have been consistently found by clinicians and researchers to play an important role in the behavioral, emotional, and thought patterns of a wide array of rapists.

Question 46

Name the four rapist categories and recognize the nine subtypes contained in the MTC:R3.

Answer 46

1. The new MTC classification system now identifies four major types, based on the rapist’s primary motivation:
   
   1. Opportunistic
   2. Pervasively angry
   3. Sexual
   4. Vindictive

Question 47

Contrast the MTC and the Groth rapist typologies on both their (a) classification system and (b) research support.

Answer 47

MTC is more in depth and based on research while Groth is clinical

Question 48

What are the two broad sex offender motivational types and the four specific subtypes, as presented in class?

Answer 48

1. Power
   1. Reassurance (“gentleman” rapist)
   2. assertive (entitlement, narcissistic)
2. anger
   1. retaliation (rage)
   2. excitation (sadistic)

Question 49

What are the two basic dimensions on which child molesters are classified according to the MTC:CM3?

Answer 49

Two dimensions:
1. The MTC:CM3 classifies CSOs according to variables on two basic dimensions, or axes.
1. The first dimension focuses on the degree of fixation the offender has on children

2. The second dimension focuses on the level of injury to the victim,

Question 50

Which type of child molester would be most likely to cause serious injuries to the victim?

Answer 50

sadistic (type 4)

Question 51

How are female sex offenders different from male sex offenders?

Answer 51

1. Female sexual predators:
   1. Female predators sexually abused both male (60%) and female children (40%)
   who averaged 11 years of age.
   2. Members of this group were largely repeat offenders who engaged in a wide
   variety of crimes.

Question 52

What are the characteristics of the typical internet sexual predator?

Answer 52

The internet child sex offender (CSO):
1. Most internet-initiated sex crimes involve adult men
2. They also tend to be white males, often older than 25 years
3. The victims are fully aware they are communicating with adults
4. They groom unsuspecting victims

Question 53

What is the nature of most female juvenile sex offenses?

Answer 53

Victimize during babysitting or taking care of children (female nurturers)