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Biochemistry > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

ribo vs deobyribo sugars

A

ribose sugars have an OH at C2
deoxyribo sugars have a H at C2

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2
Q

purines vs pyrimidines

A

purines have two rings (AG)
pyrimidines have one ring (TCU)

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3
Q

nucleotides vs nucleosides

A

nucleotides contain nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group
nucleosides contain nitrogenous base and sugar

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4
Q

hydrogen bonding between nucleotides

A

AT has 2 H bonds between them
CG has 3 H bonds between them

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5
Q

complementary base-pairings and their relative strength

A

AT (DNA) AU (RNA)
CG - strongest bc of 3 H bonds

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6
Q

DNA runs _____________

A

5’ -> 3’
3’ -> 5’ (antiparallel)

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7
Q

chromatin structure

A

base unit: nucleosome
nucleosomes are 147 base pairs wrapped around histones

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8
Q

what biochemical components are necessary for DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase 3
DNA gyrase
single strand DNA binding proteins
DNA initiation factor
DNA helicase
DNA primase
DNA polymerase 1 and DNA ligase complete the job started by DNA polymerase 3

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9
Q

DNA replication is initiated at

A

origins of replication

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10
Q

degenerative nature of genetic code

A

a single amino acid may be coded by more than one codon

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11
Q

silent mutation

A

nucleotide change that does not affect the protein

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12
Q

missense mutation

A

single base pair substitution alters

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13
Q

nonsense mutation

A

sense codon is replaced with a stop codon

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14
Q

insertion and deletion mutations

A

insertion: adding one or more nucleotides to the gene
deletion: removing one or more nucleotides from the gene

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15
Q

frame-shift mutations

A

caused by insertion of deletion that results in the remainder of the codon to be read differently

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16
Q

sources of chemical mutations

A

methylating agents
strong oxidizers
halogenating reagents
helix intercalators

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17
Q

sources of radiation mutations

A

ionizing radiation
UV radiation

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18
Q

base excision repair

A

dual incision excision of the base
DNA ligase repairs and resynthesizes

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19
Q

operator

A

regulatory sequence lying adjacent to the promoter

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20
Q

promoter

A

nucleotide sequence that binds to RNA polymerase

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21
Q

attenuator

A

results in the premature termination of transcription

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22
Q

terminator sequences

A

cause transcription to stop

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23
Q

enhancer sites

A

increase transcription

24
Q

ribonucleotides

A

phosphate group, ribose sugar, nucleobase (AGCU)

25
Q

secondary structures of RNA

A

bases of an individual molecule can pair with one another (G-C, A-U) causing RNA to fold

26
Q

prokaryotic operons vs eukaryotic operons

A

polycistronic/genomic (introns and exons)
Exons = Expressed

27
Q

alternative splicing

A

exons from the same gene are joined in different combinations, leading to different mRNA transcripts

28
Q

transcriptional repression

A

proteins that bind to promoters that impede binding of RNA polymerase

29
Q

transcriptional depression

A

substrate binds to a repressor protein and causes it to undergo a conformational change

30
Q

most transcriptional activators bind to

A

enhancers

31
Q

transcription regulators in prokaryotes

A

activators

32
Q

transcription regulators in eukaryotes

A

repressors

33
Q

bacterial transcription

A

transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm

34
Q

eukaryotic transcription occurs in the _____________ and translation occurs in the ____________

A

nucleus, cytoplasm

35
Q

3 major modifications to most eukaryotic mRNA transcripts prior to translation

A

5’-capping, splicing of introns, polyA tails

36
Q

purpose of the 5’ cap

A

methylated cap protects the transcript from being degrated

37
Q

RNA polymerase 1

A

synthesis of rRNA genes
(nucleolus)

38
Q

RNA polymerase 2

A

synthesis of mRNA genes

39
Q

RNA polymerase 3

A

synthesis of tRNA genes

40
Q

poly-A tail

A

slows degrading

41
Q

components of DNA replication

A

DnaA, ss DNA binding proteins, helicase, primase, DNA polymersase

42
Q

components of RNA transcription

A

RNA polymerase, sigma initiation factor, P termination factor

43
Q

DNA replication is ______, __________, and ________

A

semi-conservative, bidirectional, discontinuous

44
Q

RNA replication is ________ and __________

A

unidirectional and continuous

45
Q

ribosome binding site

A

RNA sequence found in mRNA to which ribosomes can bind and initiate translation

46
Q

start codons

A

AUG
first codon in the transcribed mRNA that undergoes translation

47
Q

termination codons

A

UGA, UAA, UAG
signals the termination of the translation process

48
Q

protein synthesis in the

A

cytoplasm -> ribosomes

49
Q

mRNA role in protein synthesis

A

carry coding sequences for protein synthesis

50
Q

rRNA role in protein synthesis

A

hold the construction of protein amino acid sequences

51
Q

tRNA role in protein synthesis

A

supply and configure the protein sequence coded on the mRNA

52
Q

glycosylation

A

occurs in the ER and golgi apparatus
addition of sugars to specific amino acids, affects 3-D configuration of proteins

53
Q

mechanism for eliminating misfolded and non functional proteins

A

proteasomes (specifically ubiquitin-proteasome)

54
Q

cellular components that are involved in protein synthesis

A

nucleus
RER
ribosomes
golgi apparatus

55
Q

steps in protein synthesis

A

initiation
elongation
termination

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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