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Biochemistry > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

catabolic

A

breaking down

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2
Q

anabolic

A

building things

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3
Q

carbs -> sugars -> pyruvate -> acetyl-coA

A

glycolysis

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4
Q

fats -> fatty acids -> acetyl-coA

A

beta oxydation

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5
Q

proteins -> amino acids -> acetyl-coA

A

20 different pathways

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6
Q

think of metabolism as a

A

funnel

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7
Q

in metabolism, ____ is a waste product and ____ is the saved product

A

C, H

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8
Q

acetyl-coA -> Co2 + H2O

A

Krebs cycle/TCA/Citric acid cycle

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9
Q
A

electron transport

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10
Q
A

oxidative phosphorylation

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11
Q

important carb structures found in nature

A

Chitin: used in exoskeletons

Amylose, polymer of glucose: starchy matter that comprises the bulk of most fruits/vegetables

Amylopectin: polymer of glucose

Glycogen: mammalian form of glucose storage

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12
Q

important monosacchrides

A

glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose

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13
Q

general principle and structures of glyco-proteins and glycolipids

A

tend to be made up of unusual sugars
Occurs only at asparagines that occur only in a 3 amino acid sequence (2nd amino acid CANNOT be proline), third amino acid has to be serine or threonine

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14
Q

o-linked gycoproteins

A

the sugars are attached to an amino acid in the peptide chain that has an alcohol group; typically serine or threonine; attach through an oxygen

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15
Q

n-linked glycoproteins

A

they are attached to the nitrogen group on the side chain of asparagine

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16
Q

carbs are always found on the ________ of proteins

A

outside

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17
Q

Have a basic understanding of the flow of energy in living systems

A

we take in energy, we spend some of it, we save some of it

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18
Q

catabolic tags

A

sugars -> sugar PO4 -> glycolysis
fatty acids -> fatty acid-coA thioesters -> acetyl-coA -> TCA cycle
amino acids -> R-NH2 + carboxylic acid -> TCA cycle

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19
Q

anabolic tags

A

sugars -> sugar nucleotides -> glycogen/glycoprotein’glycolipids/GAGs
acetyl-coA -> acetyl-ACP -> fatty acid ACP -> membranes/storage fats
malonyl-coA -> malonyl ACP -> fatty acid ACP -> membranes/storage fats

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20
Q

types of enzymes utilized in conversion of carbohydrates to pyruvate during glycolysis

A

Kinases, Isomerases, Mutases, Dehydrogenases, Aldolase, Enolase, phosphatases

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21
Q

basic mechanism for storing excess energy

A

glycogen, fat, triglyceride

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22
Q

oxidation

A

gaining electrons

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23
Q

reduction

A

loss of electrons

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24
Q

spend ATP and utilize NADH to

A

make fatty acids

25
Q

chemical gradient

A

a way for cells to store energy by generating a membrane potential

26
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

ion gradients exhibit a charge differential which can add to the energy potential of the membrane

27
Q

gradient is a way of ________, creates a ______ gradient without the use of ______

A

storing energy, proton, ATP

28
Q

sodium potassium ATPase

A

drives movement of sodium and potassium ions, membrane provides an opportunity to separate things and the energy can be used

29
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

30
Q

facilitated diffision

A

requires the participation of a transport vehicle, usually a channel protein or uniporter

31
Q

active transport

A

substances are transported from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration; requires ATP

32
Q

P type

A

plasma membrane

33
Q

V type

A

vesicle and vacuole membrane

34
Q

F type

A

mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

A type

A

anionic specific

36
Q

antiport

A

two molecules at the same time in the opposite direction

37
Q

symport

A

two molecules at the same time in the same direction

38
Q

uniport

A

one molecule in one direction

39
Q

hydrophilic head

A

composed of glycerol, phosphate, and choline/serine/ethanolamine

40
Q

fatty acid tails

A

one is saturated, one is unsaturated with a cis double bond

41
Q

saturated fats

A

no double bonds

42
Q

unsaturated fats

A

cis double bond (bent)

43
Q

trans fats

A

trans double bond (straight)

44
Q

polar molecules and ions ______ get through lipid bilayers, ___________ can

A

cannot, nonpolar molecules and water

45
Q

impact of cholesterol

A

stiffens a specific region of fatty acid tail/reduces fluidity
effects the ability of things to pass through

46
Q

in order for ammonia to use krebs cycle, it is added to

A

glutamic acid

47
Q

N form that can be incorporated into other biological molecules

A

NH4 and bioamines

48
Q

nitrogen atoms are __________ and carbons coming from aa’s can enter into metabolism via

A

TCA or glycolysis

49
Q

how nitrogen gets incorporates into something that can leave the body

A

urea cycle

50
Q

Ns from arginine end up in

A

urea

51
Q

nitrogen needs to be converted into

A

ammonia

52
Q

light cycle ___________ electrons (__________) that are used in the dark cycle to generate it into sugar molecules

A

excite
(ATP and NADPH)

53
Q

photosynthesis as it relates to oxidative phosphorylation

A

same process but reversed

54
Q

importance of rubisco in carbon dioxide fixation

A

rubisco catalyzes the reaction (with the addition of CO2) of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate into 3-phospho-glycerate

splits molecule into two smaller molecules through the addition of carbon

55
Q

fructose

A

UUDU

56
Q

glucose

A

DDUD

57
Q

ribose

A

UDDU

58
Q

mannose

A

DUUD

Biochemistry (10 decks)

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