Test 3

Question 1

catabolic

Answer 1

breaking down

Question 2

anabolic

Answer 2

building things

Question 3

carbs -> sugars -> pyruvate -> acetyl-coA

Answer 3

glycolysis

Question 4

fats -> fatty acids -> acetyl-coA

Answer 4

beta oxydation

Question 5

proteins -> amino acids -> acetyl-coA

Answer 5

20 different pathways

Question 6

think of metabolism as a

Answer 6

funnel

Question 7

in metabolism, ____ is a waste product and ____ is the saved product

Answer 7

C, H

Question 8

acetyl-coA -> Co2 + H2O

Answer 8

Krebs cycle/TCA/Citric acid cycle

Answer 9

electron transport

Answer 10

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 11

important carb structures found in nature

Answer 11

Chitin: used in exoskeletons

Amylose, polymer of glucose: starchy matter that comprises the bulk of most fruits/vegetables

Amylopectin: polymer of glucose

Glycogen: mammalian form of glucose storage

Question 12

important monosacchrides

Answer 12

glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose

Question 13

general principle and structures of glyco-proteins and glycolipids

Answer 13

tend to be made up of unusual sugars
Occurs only at asparagines that occur only in a 3 amino acid sequence (2nd amino acid CANNOT be proline), third amino acid has to be serine or threonine

Question 14

o-linked gycoproteins

Answer 14

the sugars are attached to an amino acid in the peptide chain that has an alcohol group; typically serine or threonine; attach through an oxygen

Question 15

n-linked glycoproteins

Answer 15

they are attached to the nitrogen group on the side chain of asparagine

Question 16

carbs are always found on the ________ of proteins

Answer 16

outside

Question 17

Have a basic understanding of the flow of energy in living systems

Answer 17

we take in energy, we spend some of it, we save some of it

Question 18

catabolic tags

Answer 18

sugars -> sugar PO4 -> glycolysis
fatty acids -> fatty acid-coA thioesters -> acetyl-coA -> TCA cycle
amino acids -> R-NH2 + carboxylic acid -> TCA cycle

Question 19

anabolic tags

Answer 19

sugars -> sugar nucleotides -> glycogen/glycoprotein’glycolipids/GAGs
acetyl-coA -> acetyl-ACP -> fatty acid ACP -> membranes/storage fats
malonyl-coA -> malonyl ACP -> fatty acid ACP -> membranes/storage fats

Question 20

types of enzymes utilized in conversion of carbohydrates to pyruvate during glycolysis

Answer 20

Kinases, Isomerases, Mutases, Dehydrogenases, Aldolase, Enolase, phosphatases

Question 21

basic mechanism for storing excess energy

Answer 21

glycogen, fat, triglyceride

Question 22

oxidation

Answer 22

gaining electrons

Question 23

reduction

Answer 23

loss of electrons

Question 24

spend ATP and utilize NADH to

Answer 24

make fatty acids

Question 25

chemical gradient

Answer 25

a way for cells to store energy by generating a membrane potential

Question 26

electrochemical gradient

Answer 26

ion gradients exhibit a charge differential which can add to the energy potential of the membrane

Question 27

gradient is a way of ________, creates a ______ gradient without the use of ______

Answer 27

storing energy, proton, ATP

Question 28

sodium potassium ATPase

Answer 28

drives movement of sodium and potassium ions, membrane provides an opportunity to separate things and the energy can be used

Question 29

diffusion

Answer 29

the movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

Question 30

facilitated diffision

Answer 30

requires the participation of a transport vehicle, usually a channel protein or uniporter

Question 31

active transport

Answer 31

substances are transported from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration; requires ATP

Question 32

P type

Answer 32

plasma membrane

Question 33

V type

Answer 33

vesicle and vacuole membrane

Question 34

F type

Answer 34

mitochondrial membrane

Question 35

A type

Answer 35

anionic specific

Question 36

antiport

Answer 36

two molecules at the same time in the opposite direction

Question 37

symport

Answer 37

two molecules at the same time in the same direction

Question 38

uniport

Answer 38

one molecule in one direction

Question 39

hydrophilic head

Answer 39

composed of glycerol, phosphate, and choline/serine/ethanolamine

Question 40

fatty acid tails

Answer 40

one is saturated, one is unsaturated with a cis double bond

Question 41

saturated fats

Answer 41

no double bonds

Question 42

unsaturated fats

Answer 42

cis double bond (bent)

Question 43

trans fats

Answer 43

trans double bond (straight)

Question 44

polar molecules and ions ______ get through lipid bilayers, ___________ can

Answer 44

cannot, nonpolar molecules and water

Question 45

impact of cholesterol

Answer 45

stiffens a specific region of fatty acid tail/reduces fluidity effects the ability of things to pass through

Question 46

in order for ammonia to use krebs cycle, it is added to

Answer 46

glutamic acid

Question 47

N form that can be incorporated into other biological molecules

Answer 47

NH4 and bioamines

Question 48

nitrogen atoms are __________ and carbons coming from aa's can enter into metabolism via

Answer 48

TCA or glycolysis

Question 49

how nitrogen gets incorporates into something that can leave the body

Answer 49

urea cycle

Question 50

Ns from arginine end up in

Answer 50

urea

Question 51

nitrogen needs to be converted into

Answer 51

ammonia

Question 52

light cycle ___________ electrons (__________) that are used in the dark cycle to generate it into sugar molecules

Answer 52

excite (ATP and NADPH)

Question 53

photosynthesis as it relates to oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 53

same process but reversed

Question 54

importance of rubisco in carbon dioxide fixation

Answer 54

rubisco catalyzes the reaction (with the addition of CO2) of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate into 3-phospho-glycerate splits molecule into two smaller molecules through the addition of carbon

Question 55

fructose

Answer 55

UUDU

Question 56

glucose

Answer 56

DDUD

Question 57

ribose

Answer 57

UDDU

Question 58

mannose

Answer 58

DUUD