Test 3 Flashcards
catabolic
breaking down
anabolic
building things
carbs -> sugars -> pyruvate -> acetyl-coA
glycolysis
fats -> fatty acids -> acetyl-coA
beta oxydation
proteins -> amino acids -> acetyl-coA
20 different pathways
think of metabolism as a
funnel
in metabolism, ____ is a waste product and ____ is the saved product
C, H
acetyl-coA -> Co2 + H2O
Krebs cycle/TCA/Citric acid cycle
electron transport
oxidative phosphorylation
important carb structures found in nature
Chitin: used in exoskeletons
Amylose, polymer of glucose: starchy matter that comprises the bulk of most fruits/vegetables
Amylopectin: polymer of glucose
Glycogen: mammalian form of glucose storage
important monosacchrides
glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, ribose
general principle and structures of glyco-proteins and glycolipids
tend to be made up of unusual sugars
Occurs only at asparagines that occur only in a 3 amino acid sequence (2nd amino acid CANNOT be proline), third amino acid has to be serine or threonine
o-linked gycoproteins
the sugars are attached to an amino acid in the peptide chain that has an alcohol group; typically serine or threonine; attach through an oxygen
n-linked glycoproteins
they are attached to the nitrogen group on the side chain of asparagine
carbs are always found on the ________ of proteins
outside
Have a basic understanding of the flow of energy in living systems
we take in energy, we spend some of it, we save some of it
catabolic tags
sugars -> sugar PO4 -> glycolysis
fatty acids -> fatty acid-coA thioesters -> acetyl-coA -> TCA cycle
amino acids -> R-NH2 + carboxylic acid -> TCA cycle
anabolic tags
sugars -> sugar nucleotides -> glycogen/glycoprotein’glycolipids/GAGs
acetyl-coA -> acetyl-ACP -> fatty acid ACP -> membranes/storage fats
malonyl-coA -> malonyl ACP -> fatty acid ACP -> membranes/storage fats
types of enzymes utilized in conversion of carbohydrates to pyruvate during glycolysis
Kinases, Isomerases, Mutases, Dehydrogenases, Aldolase, Enolase, phosphatases
basic mechanism for storing excess energy
glycogen, fat, triglyceride
oxidation
gaining electrons
reduction
loss of electrons
spend ATP and utilize NADH to
make fatty acids
chemical gradient
a way for cells to store energy by generating a membrane potential
electrochemical gradient
ion gradients exhibit a charge differential which can add to the energy potential of the membrane
gradient is a way of ________, creates a ______ gradient without the use of ______
storing energy, proton, ATP
sodium potassium ATPase
drives movement of sodium and potassium ions, membrane provides an opportunity to separate things and the energy can be used
diffusion
the movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
facilitated diffision
requires the participation of a transport vehicle, usually a channel protein or uniporter
active transport
substances are transported from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration; requires ATP
P type
plasma membrane
V type
vesicle and vacuole membrane
F type
mitochondrial membrane
A type
anionic specific
antiport
two molecules at the same time in the opposite direction
symport
two molecules at the same time in the same direction
uniport
one molecule in one direction
hydrophilic head
composed of glycerol, phosphate, and choline/serine/ethanolamine
fatty acid tails
one is saturated, one is unsaturated with a cis double bond
saturated fats
no double bonds
unsaturated fats
cis double bond (bent)
trans fats
trans double bond (straight)
polar molecules and ions ______ get through lipid bilayers, ___________ can
cannot, nonpolar molecules and water
impact of cholesterol
stiffens a specific region of fatty acid tail/reduces fluidity
effects the ability of things to pass through
in order for ammonia to use krebs cycle, it is added to
glutamic acid
N form that can be incorporated into other biological molecules
NH4 and bioamines
nitrogen atoms are __________ and carbons coming from aa’s can enter into metabolism via
TCA or glycolysis
how nitrogen gets incorporates into something that can leave the body
urea cycle
Ns from arginine end up in
urea
nitrogen needs to be converted into
ammonia
light cycle ___________ electrons (__________) that are used in the dark cycle to generate it into sugar molecules
excite
(ATP and NADPH)
photosynthesis as it relates to oxidative phosphorylation
same process but reversed
importance of rubisco in carbon dioxide fixation
rubisco catalyzes the reaction (with the addition of CO2) of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate into 3-phospho-glycerate
splits molecule into two smaller molecules through the addition of carbon
fructose
UUDU
glucose
DDUD
ribose
UDDU
mannose
DUUD
