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Genetics > Test #3 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Test #3 Vocabulary Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transition

A

Base substitution in which a purine replaces a purine or a pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine

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2
Q

Transversion

A

Base substitution in which a purine replaces a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine replaces a purine

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3
Q

Insertion

A

Addition of one or more nucleotides

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4
Q

Deletion

A

Deletion of one or more nucleotides

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5
Q

Frame-shift mutation

A

Insertion or deletion that alters the reading frame of a gene

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6
Q

In-frame deletion or insertion

A

Deletion or Insertion of a multiple of three nucleotides that does not alter the reading frame

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7
Q

Expanding nucleotide repeats

A

Increases the number of copies of a set of nucleotides

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8
Q

Forward mutation

A

Changes the wild-type phenotype to a mutant phenotype

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9
Q

Reverse mutation

A

Changes a mutant phenotype back to the wild-type phenotype

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10
Q

Missense mutation

A

Changes a sense codon into a different sense codon , resulting in the incorporation of a different amino acid in the protein

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11
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Changes a sense codon into nonsense (stop) codon, causing premature termination of translation

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12
Q

Silent mutation

A

Changes a sense codon into a synonymous codon, leaving the amino acid sequence of the protein unchanged

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13
Q

Neutral mutation

A

Changes the amino acid sequence of a protein without altering its ability to function

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14
Q

Loss-of-function

A

Causes a complete or partial loss of function

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15
Q

Gain-of-function

A

Causes the appearance of a new trait or function or causes the appearance of a trait in inappropriate tissue or at an inappropriate time

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16
Q

Lethal Mutation

A

Causes premature death

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17
Q

Supressor mutation

A

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation at a different time

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18
Q

Intragenic suppressor mutation

A

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation within the same gene

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19
Q

Intergenic suppressor mutation

A

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation in another gene

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20
Q

Go phase

A

Stable non dividing period of variable length

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21
Q

G1 phase

A

growth and development of the cell; G1/S checkpoint

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22
Q

S Phase

A

Synthesis of DNA

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23
Q

G2 phase

A

biochemical preparation for cell division; G2/M checkpoint

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24
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms

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25
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope disintegrates, and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores

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26
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle-assembly checkpoint

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27
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles

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28
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the condensed chromosomes relax

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29
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides; cell wall forms in plant cells.

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30
Q

What are the stages of interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2 phase

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31
Q

What are the stages of M phase

A

prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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32
Q

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

A

Prok
- single celled
- circular DNA
Eukaryotic
- multicellular
- linear DNA
- membrane bound organelle

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33
Q

Characteristics of viruses?

A
  • outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid
  • not alive
  • neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic
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34
Q

Diploid organism

A

two sets of chromosomes organized as homologous pairs

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35
Q

homologous

A

chromosomes have the same genes + sequences

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36
Q

Diploid cells have

A

two sets of chromosomes

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37
Q

What is interphase?

A

an extended period between cell division, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase

38
Q

G1/S Checkpoint

A

regulated decision point

39
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

only passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged

40
Q

Mitosis (M phase)

A

separation of sister chromatids

41
Q

Cytokinesis

A

separation of cytoplasm

42
Q

Meiosis

A

the production of haploid gametes

43
Q

fertilization

A

the fusion of haploid gametes (egg & sperm)

44
Q

Genetic Variation

A

consequences of meiosis

45
Q

Meiosis Interphase I

A

DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase

46
Q

Meiosis I

A

separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half

47
Q

Meiosis II

A

separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division

48
Q

synapsis

A

close pairing of homologous chromosome

49
Q

tetrad

A

closely associated four sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes

50
Q

Crossing over

A

exchange of genetic information between sister chromatids

51
Q

What are the mechanisms for genetic variation in meiosis?

A

crossing over and anaphase I

52
Q

Metaphase I

A

random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes along the metaphase plate

53
Q

Anaphase I

A

separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and the random distribution of chromosomes into two newly divided cells

54
Q

Telophase I/ Interkinesis

A

the period between meiosis I and meiosis II

55
Q

Prophase I

A

chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes synapse, crossing over takes place, the nuclear envelope breakdown , and the mitotic spindle forms.

56
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

57
Q

Anaphase I

A

the two chromosomes (each with two chromatids) of a homologous pair separate and move toward opposite poles

58
Q

Telophase I

A

chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles

59
Q

Cytokinesis I

A

The cytoplasm divides to produce two cells, each having half the original number of chromosomes

60
Q

Interkinesis

A

In some types of cells, the spindle breads down, chromosomes relax, and a nuclear envelop re-forms, but no DNA synthesis takes place.

61
Q

Prophase II

A

chromosomes condense, the spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disintegrates

62
Q

metaphase II

A

individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate

63
Q

Anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate and move as individual chromosomes toward the spindle pores

64
Q

Telophase II

A

chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles; the spindle breaks down and a nuclear envelope re-forms

65
Q

Cytokinesis

A

the cytoplasm divides

66
Q

What are the steps of meiosis I?

A

prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, interkinesis

67
Q

What are the steps of meiosis II?

A

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis

68
Q

What takes place in meiosis II but not in meiosis I?

A

separation of chromatids

69
Q

What hold sister chromatids together?

A

cohesins

70
Q

What holds sister chromatids together in meiosis I?

A

Shugoshin

71
Q

germline mutation

A

passed on to offspring through sexual reproduction

72
Q

somatic mutation

A

passed through mitosis

73
Q

What is a suppressor mutation?

A

a mutation that hides or suppresses the effect of another mutation

74
Q

Where does intragenic suppressor mutation occur?

A

in genes containing the mutation being suppressed

75
Q

How is a suppressor mutation different from a reverse mutation?

A

A reverse mutation restores the original phenotype by changing the DNA sequence back to the wild-type sequence. A suppressor mutation restores the phenotype by causing an additional change in the DNA at a site that is different from that of the original mutation

76
Q

What are the four categories that cause mutations?

A

spontaneous replication errors, spontaneous chemical changes, chemically induced mutations , radiation

77
Q

What are the types of spontaneous replication errors?

A

tautomeric shifts, mispairing, incorporation error by DNA pol, deletions and insertions, strand slippage, unequal cross over

78
Q

What is a tautomeric shift?

A

wrong isomer of guanine

79
Q

What does indels mean?

A

insertions and deletions

80
Q

What are the types of spontaneous chemical changes due to polar water molecules?

A

Depurination and deamination

81
Q

What is depurination?

A

loss of purine (losing an entire base)

82
Q

What is deamination?

A

loss of an amino group (creates bp changes)

83
Q

What are chemically induced mutations?

A

mutagen and base analogs

84
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

environmental agency that increases rate of mutation

85
Q

What are base analogs?

A

chemicals with structure similar to NTP

86
Q

What is AZT?

A

nucleotide analog; antiviral drug (jams up polymerase)

87
Q

What is a pyrimidine dimer?

A

two thymine bases block replication

88
Q

What is the SOS system in bacteria?

A

SOS system allows bacterial cells to bypass the replication block with a mutation-prone pathway

89
Q

What effect does UV have on DNA?

A

thymine dimer blocks DNA pol/bends helix then base substitution occurs

90
Q

What are transposable elements?

A

sequences that can move about the genome

91
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A

Go phase, interphase, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M Phase, prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Genetics (14 decks)

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