Chapter 1 Flashcards
How many chromosomes do we have?
46; 23 from each parent
What is a genotype?
which genes are present; which allele/ version of gene is present
What is a phenotype?
a set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism
What is a mutation?
a change in DNA sequence
Who would be interested in transmission genetics?
farmers, breeders, hereditary disease scientists.
Who would be interested in molecular genetics?
Pharmacists geneticists
Who would be interested in population genetics?
CDC, Ecologists
What are model genetic organisms?
organisms with characteristics that make them useful for genetic analysis
What are some examples model organisms?
peas, fruit flies, mice, coli, sea elegans
What is a gene?
a sequence of DNA that encodes a trait
What are the two basic types of cells?
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
What is a fundamental unit of heredity?
genes
What word describes the multiple forms of genes?
alleles
How is genetic information carried
DNA and RNA
Where are genes located?
on chromosomes
How do chromosomes replicate?
through mitosis
What is the flow of genetic information?
DNA to RNA to Protein
What are permanent, heritable changes in genetic Information
mutations
Can DNA pol 1 exonuclease 3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’?
Yes
What direction of exonuclease activity can DNA Pol III do?
3’ to 5’
What are the trombone model steps?
1) Beta clamp on new primer
2) Pol III binds beta clamp
3) Pol III synthesizes til it reaches previous Okazaki fragment
4) Pol III releases but tethered by clamp loader
5) Pol III binds next new primer
How does eucharyotic DNA condense?
1) supercoiled double helix
2) wraps around histone octomer protein 2 times
3) Histone packages wind up to produce a fiber
4) fiber coils and scaffold proteins hold together loops
What is chromatin?
DNA and all proteins that condense it.
What is a nucleosome?
Histone octomer and DNA
What kind of data did Watson and Crick use to build their model?
x-ray crystallography
Explain the goal, methods, and findings of 1928 Griffiths experiments.
Goal: to find what stores genetic information
Methods:
- Flask 1: virulent bacteria that kills mouse
- Flask 2: nonvirulent bacteria that doesn’t kill mouse
- Flask 3: heat killed virulent bacteria doesn’t kill mouse
- Flask 4: heat killed virulent bacteria and non virulent bacteria together kill mouse
Findings: a substance in the heat killed bacteria was genetically transformed.
