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Genetics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46; 23 from each parent

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2
Q

What is a genotype?

A

which genes are present; which allele/ version of gene is present

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3
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

a set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism

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4
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in DNA sequence

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5
Q

Who would be interested in transmission genetics?

A

farmers, breeders, hereditary disease scientists.

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6
Q

Who would be interested in molecular genetics?

A

Pharmacists geneticists

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7
Q

Who would be interested in population genetics?

A

CDC, Ecologists

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8
Q

What are model genetic organisms?

A

organisms with characteristics that make them useful for genetic analysis

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9
Q

What are some examples model organisms?

A

peas, fruit flies, mice, coli, sea elegans

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10
Q

What is a gene?

A

a sequence of DNA that encodes a trait

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11
Q

What are the two basic types of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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12
Q

What is a fundamental unit of heredity?

A

genes

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13
Q

What word describes the multiple forms of genes?

A

alleles

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14
Q

How is genetic information carried

A

DNA and RNA

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15
Q

Where are genes located?

A

on chromosomes

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16
Q

How do chromosomes replicate?

A

through mitosis

17
Q

What is the flow of genetic information?

A

DNA to RNA to Protein

18
Q

What are permanent, heritable changes in genetic Information

A

mutations

19
Q

Can DNA pol 1 exonuclease 3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’?

A

Yes

20
Q

What direction of exonuclease activity can DNA Pol III do?

A

3’ to 5’

21
Q

What are the trombone model steps?

A

1) Beta clamp on new primer
2) Pol III binds beta clamp
3) Pol III synthesizes til it reaches previous Okazaki fragment
4) Pol III releases but tethered by clamp loader
5) Pol III binds next new primer

22
Q

How does eucharyotic DNA condense?

A

1) supercoiled double helix
2) wraps around histone octomer protein 2 times
3) Histone packages wind up to produce a fiber
4) fiber coils and scaffold proteins hold together loops

23
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and all proteins that condense it.

24
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Histone octomer and DNA

25
Q

What kind of data did Watson and Crick use to build their model?

A

x-ray crystallography

26
Q

Explain the goal, methods, and findings of 1928 Griffiths experiments.

A

Goal: to find what stores genetic information
Methods:
- Flask 1: virulent bacteria that kills mouse
- Flask 2: nonvirulent bacteria that doesn’t kill mouse
- Flask 3: heat killed virulent bacteria doesn’t kill mouse
- Flask 4: heat killed virulent bacteria and non virulent bacteria together kill mouse
Findings: a substance in the heat killed bacteria was genetically transformed.

Genetics (14 decks)

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