Test #3 Study Guide Flashcards
1
Q
How do different groups of people feel about the role of the wife in the home?
A
- 40% of people disagree that women must be homemakers
- however, women still do 3 times the domestic work in the home (the “second shift”)
- -> In U.S. patriarchy more dominant in working-class homes
- -> Muslim countries more patriarchal, Scandinavian more egalitarian
2
Q
What is the gender?
A
social status associated with a person’s sex
3
Q
What is sex?
A
biological distinction between males and females
4
Q
Primary vs. Secondary sex characteristics
A
primary: genitalia, ability to bear children/nurse
secondary: other physical characteristics not directly related to reproduction (body shape, body fat, vocal tone)
5
Q
How have life expectancies for men, women, whites, and blacks changed during the 20th century?
A
?
6
Q
What do the statistics about gender and education tell us?
A
- historically women were more likely to be illiterate, but now more women graduate from college than men
- however, women are less likely to be full professors –> make less money
7
Q
Gary Lafree (1990)
A
examined the treatment by criminal justice system of all rape cases in a large Midwestern city
- -> race matters, there are very few cases reported of white men sexually assaulting black victims
- mostly black suspect and white victim
8
Q
What was Hirshi’s view on deviance?
A
argues people have an inner control system (individual’s capacity to resist temptation including conscience, morality, religion, fear of punishment, etc)
–> most effective when people are attached to society through commitments, involvements, attachments, and shared beliefs
9
Q
Hirshi (1969)
A
surveyed 4,000+ students entering high school and evaluated police records
- measured bonds by supervision by mother and intimacy of communication with father.
- -> weaker bonds = more deviance, deviance also more likely when student has friends picked up by police also
10
Q
Richard Lee (1969)
A
Kalahari Desert
- slaughtered ox for family he was staying with for Christmas
- belittled –> didn’t want hunters to get big headed
11
Q
The relative frequency of various kinds of crime
A
crimes against persons: 11.69%
-aggravated assault most common
crimes against property: 88.31%
-theft most common
12
Q
Victimization of women
A
-women are more likely to be victimized by an intimate (78%) than a stranger (22%)
13
Q
Victimization of men
A
-men are about as likely to be victimized by an intimate (51%) as a stranger (49%)
14
Q
Victimization by social class
A
Women whose families have incomes below $10,000 are more than twice as likely to be the victims of violent crime than women from families whose income is $50,000 or
more
15
Q
Victimization by race/ethnicity
A
minorities are more likely to be victimized
- hispanics 20% more likely
- blacks 40% more likely
16
Q
Victimization by age
A
younger people are more likely to be victimized
-over two-thirds of all arrests are of people between 13 and 34 years old; one-half are of people between 16 and 29
17
Q
What are index crimes?
A
8 crimes FBI uses to summarize crime rates
18
Q
What are felonies?
A
more serious crimes punishable by 1+ years of imprisonment (ex. rape, murder)
19
Q
What are misdemeanors?
A
less serious, less than one year in prison (ex. drunkenness, shoplifting)
20
Q
What are street crimes?
A
crimes that occur in public settings, routinely reported by FBI
21
Q
What are white collar crimes?
A
crimes committed by relatively affluent white collar workers, usually in course of conducting daily business activities (ex. bribery, false advertisement)
22
Q
What are status offenses?
A
crimes only because of the status of an individual (ex. illegal aliens, juveniles)
23
Q
What is organized crime?
A
crimes committed by a collection of criminals who regulate criminal behavior among themselves (ex. prostitution)
24
Q
What are political crimes?
A
crimes committed within/directed against a political system (ex. terrorism, voter fraud)
25
What are victimless crimes?
crimes against social order or morality, may not impose suffering on others (ex. gambling)
26
What is Emile Durkheim's view of deviance?
* structural-functional perspective
- -> identifies positive contributions of deviance to society
- reflects societies highest goals and darkest fears, clarifies moral boundaries, promote necessary social change
27
What is Robert Merton's view of deviance?
* structural-functional perspective
- -> deviance a consequence of structural strain in societies lacking legitimate means to achieve shared cultural goals for everyone
28
What is the control theory view of deviance?
- builds on Durkheim’s argument that internalized norms are a major form of social control
- everyone is tempted by opportunities for deviant behavior, but deviant acts are less likely when the individual’s bonds to society are strong.
29
What is the conflict view of deviance?
argues that it is the rich and powerful who largely determine what is deviant and to what extent deviants should be punished
30
What is the interactionist view of deviance?
labeling theory: any act becomes deviant when labeled as deviant by others
31
What is stigma?
distinctive social characteristic identifying its owner as disgraced (ex. people with eating disorders or AIDS)
32
What is ostracism?
the exclusion or banning of a person from the normal activities of a group
33
What is situated morality?
a view of what is morally correct that they recognize is limited to people in that situation and is widely rejected by the larger society (ex. nudist camps)
34
What is deviance?
behavior violating the norms or standards of a group, society, or one's peers
35
What is collective consciousness?
the shared norms, values, and beliefs of a society
36
What are negative sanctions?
actions directed at a person with the intent of punishing him or her for some deviant behavior
37
Legitimate vs. Illegitimate behavior
Legitimate: conformity or ritualism
Illegitimate: innovation, retreatism, or rebellion
38
What is conformity?
actions are consistent with customs, norms, and prevailing public opinion
39
What is ritualism?
occurs when a person displays overt conformity to norms of behavior without a commitment to the values which are the basis for those norms (ex. to keep a job)
40
What is innovation?
accepts the values of the dominant culture but rejects the accepted means for achieving those values (ex. gang members stealing to buy drugs)
41
What is retreatism?
rejects the goals and means for achieving them but offers no alternatives (ex. hippies, alcoholics)
42
What is rebellion?
```
rejects both the goals and means of a society in favor of
some alternative (ex. political revolutionaries)
```
43
What is primary deviance?
occasional deviance which does not affect an individual's performance of roles or self-image
44
What is secondary deviance?
deliberate deviance where the person committing the act also recognizes it as deviance. The deviant role becomes the organizing role for the person.
45
Issues of how people perceive inequality and social class in the U.S.
```
people underestimate the amount of inequality in our society
--> These results are consistent with Marx's argument that the proletariat would display false consciousness—that is, they would be unaware of how severe were class differences between themselves and the bourgeoisie.
```
46
What are characteristics of the poor?
-spend 1/3 of their income on food
--> decides who receives government help
Poor include...
-children
-women/single heads-of-households
-racial/ethic minorities
-inner city residents
47
What are some traditional and modern stratification systems?
1. Caste System
2. Clan System
3. Estate System
48
What is the Caste System?
determined by birthright, irrevocable, scarce mobility
49
What is the Clan System?
basis for stratification is birthright, family ties, more mobility between clans
50
What is the Estate System?
three main estates: nobility, church, and peasants
- elest son inherits all wealth/power
- more social mobility
51
What was Marx's view on stratification?
*conflict view
Class Conflict
-proletariat exploited by capitalists
-false consciousness
52
What was Wright's view on stratification?
*conflict view
Changing Conditions --> Modifications of Marx's view
--> four classes of people:
1. capitalist: owns means of production
2. petty bourgeoisie: small business owner
3. managers: sell own labor, some authority
4. workers: sell labor
53
What is Weber's view on stratification?
*conflict view
| Class, Status, and Power = three dimensions to stratification
54
What is the functional view of stratification?
Inequality is nearly universal in all societies, and
| it exists because it has positive functions for society.
55
What are dependency theories?
theories that argue rich industrialized countries keep poor countries underdeveloped and dependent on them to serve their own needs
56
What is imperialism?
argues that powerful countries used the resources of less powerful countries to favor their own interests and without fair compensation for those resources
57
What are the theories of international inequality?
1. dependency theories
| 2. imperialism
58
Statistics on inequality from the lecture and the New York Times web site
- CEO makes 70 times what the average workers makes
| - 50% of income is held by the top 5th of society
59
How unevenly distributed is income?
- top 5% holds 22% of income
- The uppermost 0.01 percent of the population in the U.S. is about 14,000 households, each with $5.5 million or more in income in 2004.
60
How unevenly distributed is wealth?
Inequality is more pronounced in wealth than in income, with wealth much more concentrated in the upper extremes of the population.
-1989: the wealthiest 1% of the population owned 37% of the total wealth in the U.S
61
How unevenly distributed are net financial assets?
Net financial assets are distributed much more unevenly than income. The top 20% earn over 43% of all income while the same 20% holds over 67% of net worth and nearly 90% of net financial assets.
62
What are the types of states in the World Systems Theory?
1. Core Countries
2. Peripheral Countries
3. Semi-Peripheral Countries
63
What are core countries?
most dominant countries
- high levels of industrialization
- high investments in other countries
ex. US, Germany, Japan
64
What are peripheral countries?
most dependent countries
- low levels of industrialization
- high investment from other countries
ex. third world countries, Zimbabwe
65
What are semi-peripheral countries?
countries between the core countries and peripheral
- intermediate levels of industrialization
- more autonomy than peripheral countries
ex. Brazil, Greece, Spain
66
How important is race in the view of survey respondents?
?
67
What are the various ways minorities are treated in the U.S.?
1. Genocide (Extermination)
2. Expulsion and Exclusion
3. Oppression
4. Segregation
5. Assimilation
6. Multiculturalism/Pluralism
68
What is Genocide (Extermination)?
the systematic killing of people within one category, often with the intent of eliminating the entire category of people.
69
What is Expulsion (two types) and Exclusion?
Direct expulsion: the forcible ejection of a minority from an area (ex. Trail of Tears)
Indirect expulsion: the use of harassment, discrimination, and persecution to encourage minorities to leave
Exclusion: policies that refuse admission or citizenship to certain categories of people.
70
What is oppression?
policies that exploit a minority group by excluding it from equal participation in society (ex. slavery)
71
What is segregation?
formal separation of different categories of people
72
What is assimilation? What are the types of assimilation?
Assimilation: when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant culture
- -> Structural assimilation: when minorities are integrated into primary and secondary social relationships with the dominant group, working in the same organizations, attending the same schools, living in the same neighborhoods, and so on
- -> Cultural assimilation: when the minority groups internalizes the norms, values, and behaviors of the dominant culture
- -> anglo-conformity: when minorities adopt the traits of the dominant group to produce a homogeneous society centered around the dominant group
- -> melting pot: ethnic groups contribute to the creation of a new society and culture different from that any single group brought with them
73
What is multiculturalism/pluralism?
when ethnic and racial groups coexist equally while preserving their distinctive identities. This is the most tolerant of policies toward minorities
74
What are the differences in important indices among racial and ethnic groups?
Median income: whites ($45,000), blacks ($29,000), hispanics $32,000)
Percent below poverty level: whites (10.5%), blacks (24.4%), hispanics (22.5%)
Unemployment rate: whites (5.2%), blacks (10.8%), hispanics (7.7%)
College graduate or more: whites (27.6%), blacks (17.3%), hispanics (11.4%)
75
What is ethnicity?
category of people defined on the basis of their cultural characteristics and common cultural heritage
76
What is race? (two categories)
1. Biological race: a category of people who share inherited physical characteristics that distinguish them from others
2. Social Race: a people who are perceived to belong to the same broad category loosely based on a number of visible shared physical characteristics such as skin color, hair, and facial features
77
What is a minority?
subordinate group that occupies an inferior position of prestige, wealth and power
78
What were the points made in the video of the White and Black men in St. Louis?
whites are treated better than blacks, people are more wear
79
What is racism?
the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races
80
What is bigotry?
intolerance toward those who hold different opinions from oneself
81
What is attitudinal discrimination?
discrimination that stems from prejudicial attitudes; that is, behaviors taken with the intent to discriminate
82
What is institutional discrimination?
organizational practices and societal trends that exclude minorities from economic opportunity, power, and prestige
83
What are the types of logical fallacies?
1. False dichotomy
2. Hasty generalization
3. Post hoc argument
4. Slippery Slope
5. False analogy
6. Affirming the consequent
7. Ad hominem argument
8. Ad populum (appeal to popularity)
84
What is a false dichotomy?
when the arguer makes it appear there are only two choices, then eliminates one, making it appear the other must be selected
(ex. Bush post-9/11: "you must be for us or against us")
85
What is a hasty generalization?
when someone makes assumptions or generalizations about an entire category of cases based on a very few cases that are most likely to be too few or biased
(ex. only frat boys I have met were drunks in bars, therefore all frat boys must be drunks)
86
What is a post hoc argument?
argument that because Y follows X, Y must have been caused by X
(ex. new president hired and donations increase, donations increasing is not necessarily a result of the new president)
87
What is a slippery slope?
asserts that if something is done it will result in a series of increasingly dire consequences
(ex. if someone starts doing marijuana then then will continue down the drug path and end up doing heroin or cocaine)
88
What is a false analogy?
occurs when two things are argued to be similar and hence a property of one is also a property of the other
(ex. college students are like high school students and should not be expected to be able to reason logically about complex problems. Instead they should just be told what to do and be expected to obey.
89
What is affirming the consequent?
argues that because the consequent of the statement is true, the antecedent must be true as well
(ex. if someone is brilliant they will pass this test. Joe passed the test so Joe must be brilliant)
90
What is an ad hominem argument?
an argument “against the person.” It argues we should not believe a conclusion based not on the argument but on the person making the argument
(ex. William Bennett argues that charter schools are better than public schools. But William Bennett is a conservative Republican so we shouldn’t believe him)
91
What is an ad populum argument?
suggest something must be true because most people (or many people) believe it
(ex. gay marriage should be banned because the majority of the people in this state oppose it)
92
What are some elements of critical thinking?
```
To be critical, it must be 4 things:
independent
reflexive
open-minded
focused
```
```
To be thinking, it must be 4 things:
blends abstract and concrete
systematic
discerning
capable
```
93
What are elements of a good argument?
1. Final Claim – the conclusion one participant argues is true
2. Counterclaim - an alternative claim that often opposes the final claim
3. Supporting Argument – statements supporting a claim or counterclaim
-evidence (data): facts used to support a claim
-psuedo evidence: anecdotes or other unproven
information with limited credibility
-opinion: statement of belief or preference
-warrant: a statement connecting the data to a claim
-backing: credentials that may be able to add
credibility to a claim if the warrant is not sufficient
4. Rebuttal – statements challenging a claim or arguments in support of a claim
94
What are components of the economy?
primary and secondary labor market
sectors
the underground economy
95
What is the primary labor market?
workers enjoy relatively good working conditions, reasonably high pay, opportunity for advancement, and— most important—job security
(ex. physician or lawyer)
96
What is the secondary labor market?
opposite of primary labor market, routinely experience high turnover, low job security, few or no benefits, low wages, and little opportunity for advancement
(ex. cashiers or construction workers)
97
What are sectors?
```
a large segment of the economy such as the
primary sector (agricultural production), secondary (manufacturing), or tertiary (service) sectors.
```
98
What is the underground economy?
consists of all economic transactions involving income that is not reported to the government as required by law
(ex. illegally selling drugs or prostitution)
99
What is rationalization?
a pervasive process characterizing modern society in which traditional methods and standards of social organization based on tradition, belief, and even magic, are replaced with new methods and standards of social organization
100
What is deskilling?
a reduction in expertise, training, and experience required to perform a job, such as by converting a job into a specific series of simple, repetitive tasks.
101
What is a bureaucracy?
a hierarchical structure of authority, codified rules and regulations, and principles of fairness and efficiency
102
What is scientific management?
breaking a complex task into simple components, and replacing skilled workers who performed the whole task before with less skilled and less expensive workers who perform each of the new highly specialized and simplified tasks
103
How does globalization affect the U.S., and particular categories of workers?
globalization: increased interaction among people, countries, and companies around the world uniting them into single worldwide political and economic system of interrelationships
--> affects routine product services (ex. assembly line workers) more than routine personal services (ex. cashier) because their work can be done overseas for cheaper
104
What did the video shown in class say about “stuff” and some of the ways corporations affect society?
?
105
What is the changing role of unions and professions in the U.S. and around the world?
labor unions: organization of workers aimed to protect/further their rights/interests
- on the decline
professionalization: a process of defining a type of work as a profession (want better job security/pay)
- defines professional obligations that the professional must comply to (ex. physician required to care for patients and be knowledgeable of when someone is need of a procedure)
106
What kinds of deaths occur on the job and in various kinds of jobs?
farmers, miners, and construction workers: traumatic injuries such as vehicle accidents, burns, falls, and accidents with machinery
police: violent acts by others
Gas station attendants/convenience store clerks: armed robberies and crime-related acts of violence
107
What distinguishes socialist and capitalist economies?
socialist: means of production, along with most natural resources, are publicly or collectively owned rather than privately owned
capitalist: based on private ownership of wealth, competition, profit, and noninterference by the government, in which workers produce goods or services in exchange for wages
* centralization versus decentralization
* market versus planned system
* property ownership
* incentive structures
108
Centralization vs. Decentralization
- centralized economy: concentrates economic decision-making power with a small number of individuals or firms, or more likely with the state (SOCIALISM)
- decentralized economy: disperses economic decision-making power among a wide range of households, firms, and individuals (CAPITALISM)
109
Market vs. Planned System
- market economy: consumers are the key decision-makers, the market drives the economy, and transactions are based on competition and exchange relationships rather than the cooperation and sharing relationships of socialism (CAPITALISM)
- planned economy: decisions are made by economic planners and their plans drive the economy, rather than (or at least more than) market forces (SOCIALISM)
110
What are the Rights of Ownership?
- limited private property rights (SOCIALISM)
| - extensive private property rights (CAPITALISM)
111
What are incentive structures?
differ in the rewards or punishments they use to motivate people to participate in various ways in the economic system
- market economies emphasize material incentives (ex. increased wages/profits)
- planned economies emphasize moral incentives (ex. appealing to sense of responsibility) in order to reduce inequality
112
What is crime?
a violation of criminal law for which formal sanctions may be applied by some governmental authority
113
What is social control?
consists of the methods used for regulating human behavior in a society
