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Sociology 1000 > Powerpoint #7 - Social Deviance > Flashcards

Powerpoint #7 - Social Deviance Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is deviance?

A

behavior violating norms/standards of a group, society, or one’s peers
–> varies with culture, over time, and with the situation

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2
Q

What are examples of how deviance varies with culture?

A
  1. appropriate sexual behavior

2. suicide (deviant in normal cultures, Japan - expected of leaders who make huge mistake)

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3
Q

What are examples of how deviance varies over time?

A
  1. smoking
  2. homosexuality (no longer mental disorder)
  3. sex outside of marriage (AIDS scare, conservative)
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4
Q

What are examples of how deviance varies with the situation?

A
  1. nudity

2. drunkenness

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5
Q

What are index crimes?

A

the eight crimes the FBI uses to summarize crime rates

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6
Q

What are crimes against persons?

A

threat of injury/force against people

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7
Q

What are crimes against property?

A

stealing/damaging property

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8
Q

What is crime?

A

a violation of criminal law for which formal sanctions may be applied by some governmental authority

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9
Q

What are felonies?

A

more serious crimes punishable by a year or more imprisonment (ex. rape, murder, assault)

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10
Q

What are misdemeanors?

A

less serious crimes punishable by imprisonment for less than a year (ex. speeding, shoplifting)

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11
Q

What are street crimes?

A

crimes that often occur in public settings. Street crimes are routinely reported by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and often given attention in the media

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12
Q

What are white collar crimes?

A

crimes committed by relatively affluent white collar workers usually in course of conducting daily business activities, possible by social status (ex. price fixing, permitting hazardous working conditions, bribery)

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13
Q

What are status offenses?

A

crimes only possible because of the “status” of the people who commit them (ex. illegal aliens working without proper visa, juveniles engaging in underage drinking, blacks under jim crow laws)

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14
Q

What is organized crime?

A

crimes committed by a collection of criminals who regulate criminal behavior among themselves (ex. gambling, prostitution, pornography)

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15
Q

What are political crimes?

A

crimes committed within or directed against a political system (ex. terrorism, voter fraud)

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16
Q

What are victimless crimes?

A

crimes against social order or morality, “immoral acts,” may not impose suffering on others (ex. gambling, prostitution, illegal drug use)

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17
Q

What is social control?

A

the methods used for regulating human behavior in a society

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18
Q

What is internal social control?

A

exerted on an individual by norms, values, and beliefs that they adopt as they are socialized in a society

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19
Q

What is collective consciousness?

A

shared norms, values, and beliefs of a society

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20
Q

What are negative sanctions?

A

actions directed at a person with the intent of punishing them for their deviant behavior, in order to prevent in the future (ex. shushing in theater, honking horn)

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21
Q

What is ostracism?

A

exclusion/banning of a person from normal activities of a group (ex. amish)

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22
Q

What is stigmatization?

A

the person is viewed as somehow socially unacceptable or disgraced (ex. religion, race, disability, AIDS)

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23
Q

What is a study on stigmatism?

A

Social Control in the Kalahari Desert
-people studying the civilization wanted to do something nice, bought ox and slaughtered it, was belittled and insulted because they didn’t want their hunters to post –> insulted them to keep them humble

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24
Q

What is situated morality?

A

a view of what is morally correct that they recognize is limited to people in that situation and is widely rejected by the larger society

  • may be more social control in deviant groups to sustain deviant behavior
    (ex. nude camps: nudity not shameful but routine, not worth noticing, avoid staring/body contact/talking about sex)
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25
Q

What is the criminal justice system?

A

a formal method of social control

–> passing laws forbidding/requiring certain forms of action, specifying penalties

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26
Q

What are the key components of the criminal justice system?

A

consists of a network of social organization

  1. legislatures
  2. police agencies
  3. courts
  4. prison system
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27
Q

What is a legislature?

A

define behaviors as crimes and write laws to regulate them

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28
Q

What is a police agency?

A

people who enforce the laws (ex. FBI, police)

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29
Q

What are the courts?

A

people who determine the defendant guilty or innocent

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30
Q

What is the prison system?

A

administers justice through incarceration or execution/probation

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31
Q

What are the key steps in the criminal justice system?

A
  1. Victimization
  2. Reporting Crime
  3. Legislating Criminality
  4. Asserting Criminality
  5. Courts Assessing Criminality/Extracting Punishment
  6. Punishing Criminality
32
Q

Victimization

A
  • dependent on social class, age, gender, and race

- not evenly distributed

33
Q

Reporting Crime

A
  • only about 41% of crimes are actually reported
  • National Crime Victimization Survey: asks primary reasons for not reporting crime (ex. unsuccessful crime, lack of proof)
34
Q

Legislating Criminality

A
  • -> defining what constitutes as a crime

- more powerful people get more say in defining crime

35
Q

Asserting Criminality

A
  • -> police must enforce laws, use discretion in deciding whether someone should be arrested (ex. who to pull over on highway)
  • minorities charged more often, arrests more likely when a complaint is made
  • depends on demeanor as well (ex. politeness)
36
Q

Courts: Assessing Criminality/Extracting Punishment

A

–> criminal justice system is concerned with processing of criminal cases from 1st report of the case to the convoked criminal serving their sentence

(reported –> arrested –> charged –> prosecuted –> convicted –> sentenced –> imprisoned)

37
Q

Punishing Criminality

A
  • -> common punishment for crime in US, effectiveness is debated
  • jails have begun filling up with people who are committing the less harmful crimes (drug abuse) because of mandatory sentencing (3 convictions = life sentence)
38
Q

Marijuana Tax Act of 1937

A
  • -> Howard Becker
  • no reliable empirical evidence that marijuana endangers either a person’s health or welfare
  • The Federal Bureau of Narcotics suggested marijuana led to everything from sexual immorality, crime, and physical deterioration to madness and murder.
39
Q

Victimization of Women

A
  • 78% victimized by someone they know/are intimate with than 22% by someone they don’t know
  • men are victimized 51% by intimate and 49% by stranger (more equal)
40
Q

Who is Aaron Cicourel?

A

Sociologist, spent two years studying police and probation agencies in two different cities using participant observation.
–> He found that young men whose behaviors were relatively harmless were more likely to be labeled criminals and treated more harshly when they were members of minorities or lower social classes (1969)

41
Q

Who is Mary Cameron?

A

(1964) studied people caught shoplifting
- -> She found that among people apprehended, 58% of blacks were subsequently charged with larceny, compared to only 11% of whites

42
Q

What are the functional view of deviance?

A

Durkheim: identifies positive contributions of deviance in society (reflects societies highest goals and darkest fears)
Merton: deviance is a consequence of structural strain in societies lacking legitimate means to achieve shared cultural goals for everyone

43
Q

What is the Control Theory?

A

internalized norms are a major form of social control

44
Q

How does crime define society?

A
  • clarifies moral boundaries: reminding limits of acceptable behaviors
  • contributes to social cohesion/promotes social unity: shared reaction to crime
  • affirms cultural values/norms: generates/sustains a sense of morality
  • promote necessary social change
45
Q

Nation of Saints

A
  • -> Kai Erikson (1966) studied puritans

- found that in the “good” society there were still people labeled as “deviants” by crimes that seem small to us

46
Q

Structural Strain/Anomie Theory

A

Merton argued deviance tends to occur when members of a society reject culturally prescribed goals and/or don’t believe they can achieve them in socially prescribed ways

47
Q

What is legitimate behavior?

A

conformity/ritualism

48
Q

What is conformity?

A

actions are consistent with customs, norms, prevailing public opinion

49
Q

What is ritualism?

A

occurs when a person displays overt conformity of behavior without commitment to the values which are the basis for norms (ex. people who don’t subscribe to the dominant cultural goals, but feel they must live by legitimate means to keep their job and respectability)

50
Q

What is illegitimate behavior?

A

innovation/retreatism/rebellion

51
Q

What is innovation?

A

accepting values of dominant culture, but rejects the accepted means for achieving those values (ex. gang members who steal and sell drugs to pay for powerful cars and expensive clothes)

52
Q

What is retreatism?

A

rejecting both societal goals and means of achieving them, but offers no alternatives (ex. hippies, alcoholics, drug addicts, and societal dropouts)

53
Q

What is rebellion?

A

rejecting the societal goals and means for achieving them in favor of some alternative (ex. political revolutionaries, members of countercultures)

54
Q

What are applications of the structural strain theory?

A
  • higher arrest rates for the poor (Merton)
  • higher arrest rates for minorities
  • juvenile delinquency (Cloward and Ohlin, 1966)
  • crime rates and unemployment (Currie, 1985)
55
Q

What are the advantages of structural strain/anomie theory?

A
  • emphasizes social structure rather than individuals

- has been effectively applied to juvenile delinquency

56
Q

What are the disadvantages of structural strain/anomie theory?

A
  • assumes a societal consensus on goals and values consistent with the functionalist perspective–a consensus that may not be present.
  • does not explain which kind of deviance people will choose
  • offers no insight into mental illness, drug abuse or deviance such as the hippies in the 1960’s
  • cannot explain some kinds of crimes, such as rape
57
Q

What is Reckless’ take on the Control Theory of Deviance?

A

argues that everyone is tempted by opportunities for deviant behavior, but deviant acts are less likely when the individual’s bonds to society are strong (ex. don’t want to lose job and let down family/friends)

58
Q

What is Hirshi’s take on the Control Theory of Deviance?

A

argues that people have an inner-control system (individuals capacity to resist temptation includes their conscience, internalized morality, and religious principles
–> surveyed 4000+ students, linking school and police records, results showed that weaker bonds (less intimacy with dad and less supervision by mom led to deviant acts)

59
Q

What are the advantages of the functional views of deviance?

A
  • recognizes effects of social structure on deviance

- both anomie/social control theories explain why someone would be deviant

60
Q

What is the disadvantage of the functional view of deviance?

A

doesn’t address how to decide what is deviant

61
Q

What is the Conflict View of Deviance?

A

the rich/powerful largely determine what is deviant and to what extent deviants should be punished

62
Q

Affluent people are…

A

-less likely to be perceived as criminals,
-can afford to make bail,
-can afford competent lawyers who can reduce their chances of
coming to trial or being convicted,
-can often reduce their sentence
-are more likely to receive probation punishment

63
Q

White Collar Crime

A
  • less likely to be defined as deviant (deviance by people not normally defined as deviants)
  • rarely involve violence
  • $400 billion annually
  • 1/3 of work related deaths
64
Q

Who was Gary LaFree?

A

examined the treatment of all rape cases in a large Midwestern city
-there were too few cases reported of white men sexually assaulting black victims (11) to analyze, so they were not included in the study

65
Q

What is the Interactionist View of Deviance?

A

labeling theory: any act becomes deviant only when labeled as deviant by others

66
Q

What is a stigma?

A

distinctive social characteristic identifying it’s owner as disgraced (ex. eating disorder, AIDS)

67
Q

What is primary deviance?

A
  • -> occasional deviance which does not affect an individual’s performance of roles or self-image
  • most people have committed illegal acts, but were not caught and don’t regard themselves as deviants.
  • they successfully resist being labeled deviants
68
Q

What is secondary deviance?

A
  • -> deliberate deviance where the person committing the act also recognizes it as deviance
  • the deviant role becomes the organizing role for the person
69
Q

What are techniques of neutralization?

A
  • denying responsibility for the act, that anyone was seriously harmed, that one person is more a victim than another
  • condemning the condemners (“they’re a bunch of hypocrites”)
  • appealing to higher loyalties (“I had to help my friend”)
70
Q

What is the medicalization of deviance?

A

deviant acts become defined as medical

problems (ex. drug addiction, hyperactivity, drunkenness)

71
Q

What is residual deviance?

A

-behaviors such as inappropriate expressions of emotions, gestures and in general behaviors that make others uncomfortable and lead them to label the person as strange, dangerous, or perhaps even sick

72
Q

What are the strengths of labeling theory?

A

-views deviance as relative and socially constructed
-identifies the key process by which actions become
defined as deviant and people become labeled as deviants.
-Explains acquisition of a deviant self-concept by the deviance career.
-Has been applied to many types of deviance—not just criminal acts (ex. drug dealing, Homosexuality, mental illness, prostitution)


73
Q

What are the weaknesses of labeling theory?

A
  • Deviance cannot be defined solely by labeling
  • May give the impression that those who label a crime as deviance are to blame for it (the reverse of “blaming the victim” may be “blaming the labeler”)
  • Labeling theory can’t explain primary deviance
  • May appear too sympathetic to deviants, emphasizing external factors over the individual’s own actions
74
Q

What is the cultural transmission theory?

A

deviance is transmitted through socialization
–>Shaw and McKay (1929) found - in certain neighborhoods in Chicago, the crime rate remained high over 20 years even though many ethnic groups passed through the
neighborhoods during that time.

75
Q

What is the differential association theory?

A

argues a person is more likely to be deviant if surrounded by deviants

Sociology 1000 (11 decks)

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