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a & p > Test 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 3 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

HCO3 is controlled by this organ

A

Kidneys

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2
Q

PCO2 is controlled by this organ

A

Lungs

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3
Q

Hyperventilation levels

A

PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg

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4
Q

Hypoventilation levels

A

PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg

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5
Q

Normal PaCO2 levels

A

35 to 45 mm Hg

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6
Q

Hypercapnia is another term for….

A

Respiratory Acidosis

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7
Q

Hypocapnia is another term for….

A

Respiratory Alkalosis

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8
Q

Respiratory Acidosis PACO2 levels

A

> 45 mm Hg

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9
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis PACO2 levels

A

< 35 mm Hg

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10
Q

Normal pH levels

A

7.35 to 7.45

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11
Q

Acidemia levels

A

< 7.35

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12
Q

Alkalemia levels

A

> 7.45

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13
Q

any substance that donates a proton [H+] to an aqueous solution (sour taste).

A

Acid

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14
Q

A [H+] donor is an _____.

A

Acid

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15
Q

any substance that accepts a proton [H+] , removing it from a solution (bitter taste).

A

Base

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16
Q

A [H+] acceptor is a _____.

A

Base

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17
Q

Theory stating that an acid donates protons and a base accepts protons.

A

Bronsted-Lowry theory

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18
Q

The _____ ______ _____ consists of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
its conjugate base, HCO3-.

A

Bicarbonate Buffer System

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19
Q

The bicarbonate buffer system is also known as an _____ buffer system.

A

Open buffer system

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20
Q

Two places where bicarbonate buffers

A

In the plasma and In the erythrocyte

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21
Q

The body continually produces _____ ions as a product of ___ metabolism

A

hydrogen ions, aerobic metabolism

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22
Q

H+ ions formed in the body arise from these three acids

A

Volatile acids (H2CO3)
carbonic acid (excreted in lungs)
Nonvolatile acids (excreted in kidneys)

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23
Q

____ acids do not have a gaseous component.

A

Fixed

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24
Q

The _____ buffer system consists mainly of phosphates and
proteins, including hemoglobin

A

Nonbicarbonate

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25
Q

The nonbicarbonate system is also called the ______ buffer system.

A

Closed

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26
Q

Most common component in the nonbicarbonate buffer system

A

Hemoglobin (most important)

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27
Q

The _____ physically remove H+
from the body, and it is dependent on the
blood level of hydrogen ions.

A

Kidneys

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28
Q

Normal pH values

A

7.35 - 7.45

29
Q

Normal PaCO2 levels

A

35 - 45mm Hg

30
Q

Normal PaO2 levels

A

80 - 100 mm Hg

31
Q

Normal HCO3 levels

A

22 - 26 mEq/L

32
Q

Normal BE

A

± 2 mEq/L

33
Q

chronic disturbance (non-causative component changed such that pH is in normal range).

A

Compensated

34
Q

acute disturbance (non-causative component did not have enough time to
change).

A

Uncompensated

35
Q

pH not yet in normal range; non- causative component changed in
appropriate direction but has not had enough time to change sufficiently.

A

Partly compensated

36
Q

pH levels at full compensation

A

7.35 to 7.45

37
Q

Causes of respiratory acidosis

A

COPD = most common cause.
* CNS depression.
* Extreme obesity.
* Neuromuscular disease

38
Q

Hypoventilation causes _____

A

hypercapnia (respiratory acidosis

39
Q

Acute hypoxia (due to an exacerbation) ____ alveolar ventilation via hypoxic drive

A

Increases

40
Q

Acute reduction in PaCO2
_____ pH

A

Increases

41
Q

Compensated respiratory acidosis should not be misinterpreted as ____ _____ _____.

A

Compensated metabolic alkalosis

42
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

Vomiting
Nasogastric drainage
Diuretics
NaHCO3 infusion or ingestion

43
Q

Levels of hypoxemia

A

Normal: 80-100
Mild hypoxemia: 60-79
Moderate hypoxemia: 40-59
Severe hypoxemia: < 40

44
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypoxia

A

50 to 60 mm Hg = mild nausea, lightheadedness, and dizziness and increase in minute ventilation.

35 to 50 mm Hg = mental confusion.

  • <35 mm Hg = decreased renal blood flow and cardiac conduction disturbances.
  • <25 mm Hg = loss of consciousness and respiratory center depression.
45
Q

(VA/QC = infinity).
* Normal ventilation but no perfusion.

A

Absolute dead space

46
Q

(VA/QC < infinity but > 1)
* Normal ventilation with decreased blood flow.

A

Relative dead space

47
Q

; (Right-to-left shunt);

A

Anatomical shunt

48
Q

Bronchial systemic veins (carrying deoxygenated blood) emptying directly
into the pulmonary veins (carrying freshly oxygenated blood).

A

Normal anatomical shunt

49
Q

Ventricular septal defect: Septum separating the right and left ventricles
has a large hole, allowing deoxygenated right ventricular blood to mix
with oxygenated left ventricular blood.

A

Abnormal anatomical shunt

50
Q
  • Best known index of oxygen-transfer efficiency.
  •  A-a gradient =  physiological shunting.
A

P(A-a)O2
: (A-a difference);

51
Q

Represents the percentage of alveolar PO2
transferred to the arterial
blood.
* More stable than A-a gradient when FIO2
changes.
* Normal a-A ratio = 0.75 - 0.95
* Used to predict FIO2
required to achieve desired PaO

A

PaO2/PAO2
: (a-A ratio);

52
Q

Normal P(A-a)O values = 5 to 10 mm Hg

A

breathing room air

53
Q

An increase in P(A-a)O2 indicates impaired ___ transfer across the lung

A

O2

54
Q

P(A-a)O2 = 30 to 60 mm Hg

A

Breathing 100% O2

55
Q

Why is the P(A-a)O2 up when FIO2
is up?

A

Hb is saturated to capacity when PO2
is between 100 to 663 mm Hg.

56
Q

(VA/QC = 0)
* Ventilation ceases but perfusion is normal.

A

Absolute shunt

57
Q

(VA/QC > 0 but < 1)
* Ventilation is decreased but perfusion is normal.

A

Relative shunt

58
Q

However from base to apex, blood flow ____ at a more rapid rate than the
decrease in ventilation.

A

Decreases

59
Q

____ regions are over-ventilated with respect to blood flow.

A

Apical

60
Q

___ regions are relatively under-ventilated with respect to blood flow.

A

Basal

61
Q

As a result, the VA/QC
ratio progressively ____ from the lung base to the lung apex in the upright lung.

A

Increases

62
Q

VA/QC mismatch (VA/QC
<1 but >0) is the most common cause of ___

A

Hypoxemia

63
Q
  • VA /QC mismatch is also called a ____ ___
A

Relative shunt

64
Q
  • VA /QC mismatch responds well to ____
A

O2

65
Q

Average resting alveolar ventilation (VA)

A

4 L/min

66
Q

Resting pulmonary capillary blood flow (QC)

A

5 L/min

67
Q

Normal ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA /QC) ratio

A

0.8 for the
lung as a whole.

68
Q

What is the basic defect of a disease
that causes intrapulmonary
shunting?

A

Any condition that causes alveoli to become airless creates shunt.

69
Q

Examples of conditions that cause intrapulmonary shunting

A

alveolar collapse (atelectasis) and alveolar
filling or consolidating processes (e.g., pneumonia).

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