Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P > Test 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Gas exchange between blood, tissues, and
cells of the body

A

Internal Respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What affects the way gases move?

A

Diffusion
Thickness of membrane
Partial Pressures
Solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The ______ bronchioles mark the beginning of the respiratory or gas-exchange zone.

A

Respiratory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The upper airways consist of:

A

Nose
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The nose’s main purpose

A

warm, humidify and filter inspired gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Breathing route of choice for adults at rest

A

Nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the space behind the nasal
cavities that extends down behind the tongue to the
larynx.

A

Pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
* Oropharynx
* Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Large leaf-like cartilage. Prevents aspiration of food and liquids.

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Covers opening of the larynx
during swallowing.

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Space between epiglottis and
tongue. Important landmark during
endotracheal intubation

A

Vallecula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Conducting airways consist of (histology)

A

Mucus blanket
* Epithelium
* Basement membrane
* Lamina propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • Lines the trachea down to the
    respiratory bronchioles. Contain mucus secreting goblet cells.
A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • Known as the mucociliary escalator.
A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Contains 250 cilia beating at 1300
times per minute. Moves sheet of mucus toward the pharynx at 2 cm per minute.

A

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 types of epithelial cells in the Alveolar epithelium

A

Type I: Gas exchange
surface
Type II: Surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adjoining basement membranes
of the alveolar epithelium and
capillary endothelium form
extremely thin blood-air barrier
that is highly or lowly permeable to
gases?

A

Highly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

large migratory phagocytes wandering
freely throughout the alveolar airspaces and interstitium.

A

Alveolar Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in the acinus engulf foreign material
(organic and inorganic), destroying bacteria and entrapping inorganic particles.

A

Alveolar Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Some phagocytized material is _____, and some is simply surrounded and isolated.

A

Dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Potent ____ and oxidizing agents kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

All airways before beginning of alveoli.
Begins at nose and ends at terminal bronchioles.

A

Conducting airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Conducts gas to the alveoli.
No gas exchange occurs

A

Conducting airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Provide for collateral ventilation between acini or primary lobules.

A

Channels of Martin, Canals of
Lambert, and Pores of Kohn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Additional ventilation for blocked alveolar units.. May explain why diseases spread so quickly at the lung tissue (parenchymal) level.

A

Channels of Martin, Canals of
Lambert, and Pores of Kohn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

major muscle of
inspiration where the lung bases rest

A

Diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The _____ hemidiaphragm is slightly lower

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The heart rests on the ___ half of the diaphragm

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The liver is crowded into the_____ cavity below the right.

A

Abdominal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The _____ and _____ pleurae are a continuous membrane forming sealed envelopes surrounding each lung.

A

visceral and parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The _____ pleura, attached to the lungs surface, doubles back on itself at the hilar region to form the parietal pleura

A

Visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Covers the inner chest wall surface

A

parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fluid in pleural space

A

Pleural Effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Fluid settles into _____ angles,
blunting their outline on CXR.

A

Costophrenic

35
Q

surgical removal of
excess pleural fluid via tube insertion
into pleural cavity.

A

Thoracentesis

36
Q

The paired ____ nerves supply motor innervation to the hemidiaphragms:

A

Phrenic

37
Q

Originate from C3-C5 spinal nerves and cross in front of the scalenus anterior muscles of the neck and enter the chest,
sandwiched between the subclavian arteries and veins.

A

Phrenic Nerves

38
Q

Injury from surgery, trauma, or disease

A

Somatic innervation

39
Q

May paralyze diaphragm (3-5 keep diaphragm alive) if injured. Breathing is possible if accessory nerves are intact.

A

Somatic innervation

40
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration

A

Scalene muscles
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Pectoralis major muscles
External intercostal muscles

41
Q

______ are the only
Accessory Muscles of Expiration

A

Abdominals

42
Q

Abdominal Muscles

A

Internal intercostal muscles.
Rectus abdominis muscles (most important).
External abdominis oblique.
Internal abdominis oblique.
Transverses abdominis.

43
Q

The collective action of the _____muscles of expiration causes the intrapleural pressure to increase, the chest to move outward, and gas flow
to increase.

A

Accessory

44
Q

At sea level, atmospheric
pressure exerts a force equal to the
weight of a mercury column ____
mm Hg high.
Therefore, standard PB
at sea level is
expressed as height of the mercury
column it supports.

A

760

45
Q

The act of inspiring heats air to body temperature (37°C) and saturates it with water vapor (100%
relative humidity [RH]).

A

Partial pressure of water vapor

46
Q

Because the PH2O of gas in the lung is constant; under body temperature and humidity conditions,
the PH2O is always _____ mm Hg

A

47

47
Q

At sea level the total pressure of all gases in the lung, including water vapor, is ____ mm Hg.

A

760

48
Q

Because water vapor accounts for 47 mm Hg of the total, the rest of the atmospheric gases account for the remaining ____ mm Hg.

A

713

49
Q

defined as the volume of air either entering or leaving the lung each minute.

A

Minute ventilation (VE)

50
Q

Formula for minute ventilation

A

VE = VT x f

51
Q

If a persons tidal volume (VT
) is 500 mL and breathing frequency is 12
breaths/min, what is their minute ventilation?

A

VE = .500 mL x 12 breaths/min
VE = 6000 mL/min or 6.0 L/min

52
Q

consists of the conducting airways which run from the mouth and
nose down to the terminal bronchioles

A

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

53
Q

Necessary to move gas to and from the alveoli. No gas exchange occurs between blood and across their walls.

A

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

54
Q
  • Increases slightly with deep inspiration, and with drugs that increase airway diameter (bronchodilators).
  • Increases in diseases which cause hyperinflation
A

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

55
Q

related to lung size; in normal adults, _____ _____ _____ is
approximately 1 mL per pound of ideal bodyweight

A

Anatomical dead space (VDanat)

56
Q

Ideal body weight formula for males

A
  • Males = [height (inches) – 60] x 2.3 + 50
57
Q

Ideal body weight formula for females

A

Females = [height (inches) – 60] x 2.3 + 45.5

58
Q

the volume contained in non-perfused alveoli- that is, alveoli with no
blood flow.

A

Alveolar dead space (VDA)

59
Q

The presence of ___ is abnormal, and any factor decreasing pulmonary blood flow, increase ____.

A

Alveolar dead space (VDA)

60
Q

Signs of alveolar dead space

A
  • Extremely low cardiac output
  • Pulmonary embolus
61
Q

represents a decreased surface area for gas exchange and an increase in total
wasted ventilation

A

Alveolar dead space (VDA)

62
Q
  • Blood clot in pulmonary arteries or
    arterioles.
  • Reduces or completely blocks pulmonary
    blood flow.
A

Pulmonary embolus

63
Q

_____ _____ beyond obstruction is
wasted, or dead space, ventilation

A

Alveolar Ventilation

64
Q

Normal Ventilatory Formula

A
  • VT = 5 to 8 mL/kg/IBW
65
Q

Average Ventilatory Measure

A

Average VT = 500 mL

66
Q

Adult Ventilatory Rate

A

12-20 breaths/min

67
Q

Inspiratory to Expiratory (I:E) ratio

A

1:3

68
Q

Normal, spontaneous
breathing

A

Eupnea

69
Q

I:E ratio with eupnea

A

1:3

70
Q

An abnormal breathing pattern of
progressively deeper breathing,
followed by a gradual decrease in
volume, followed by apnea

A

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

71
Q

Each cycle of Cheyne-Stokes Respiration lasts between ___ to
____ seconds

A

30 to 120 seconds

72
Q

The collateral airways of Channels of Martin, Canals of Lambert, and Pores of Kohn provide additional _____ for blocked alveoli pathways

A

Ventilation

73
Q

The respiratory bronchioles mark the beginning of what region in the airways?

A

Gas-exchange zone

74
Q

Abdominal muscles are the only accessory muscles of ______

A

Expiration

75
Q

The scalenus anterior muscles are located where?

A

The neck (scales are on neck of lizards)

76
Q

What is the normal ventilatory range for tidal volume?

A

5-8 mL per Kg of IBW

77
Q

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the airways from the ____ down to the respiratory bronchioles

A

Trachea

78
Q

Potent enzymes and oxidizing agents that kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi is part of what mechanism?

A

The Alveolar Clearance Mechanisms

79
Q

The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contains mucus secreting cells called ____

A

Goblet Cells

80
Q

Anatomical dead space is related to lung size. In normal adults, anatomical dead space is approximately ____ mL per pound of ideal bodyweight

A

1 mL

81
Q

An abnormal breathing pattern of progressively deeper breathing, followed by a gradual decrease in volume, followed by apnea

A

Cheyne-Stokes Respiration

82
Q

What does pulmonary embolus do? What effect does it have?

A

Reduces or completely blocks pulmonary blood flow; can stop perfusion to gas exchange surfaces (alveoli)

83
Q

The accessory abdominal muscles are recruited to assist during times of increased ___ ____

A

Airway resistance

84
Q

The mucus blanket, epithelium, blanket membrane and lamina propria are the tissue layers that make up what part of the airways?

A

The conducting airways

A & P (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions