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a & p > Chapter 1: Airways and Alveoli > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Airways and Alveoli Flashcards

1
Q

The process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

The process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

A

Respiration

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3
Q

Connect atmospheric air with the gas exchange membrane of the lungs

A

Conducting airways (do not participate in gas exchange, simply provide the pathway by which inspired air reaches the gas-exchange surface)

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4
Q

Consists of the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

A

Upper airways

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5
Q

Marks transition between upper and lower airways

A

Larynx

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6
Q

Mucus-secreting epithelium

A

Respiratory mucosa

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7
Q

Main functions of the nose

A

Humidification, heating, and filtering of inspired air

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8
Q

Involves the insertion of an artificial airway (endotracheal tube) through the nose or mouth and into the trachea. Bypasses the nose

A

Intubation

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9
Q

Comes from the Greek word meaning “throat”

A

Pharynx

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10
Q

Portion behind the nasal cavities that extends down to the soft palate

A

Nasopharynx

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11
Q

The space behind the oral cavity, is bounded superiorly by the soft palate and inferiorly by the base of the tongue

A

Oropharynx

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12
Q

The space below the base of the tongue and above the larynx

A

Laryngopharynx

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13
Q

Also called auditory tubes. Connect the middle ear with the nasopharynx. Allow pressure equalization between the middle ear and atmosphere

A

Eustachian tubes

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14
Q

Mechanically ventilated patients in whom endotracheal intubation is required are susceptible to the development of this lung infection

A

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

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15
Q

Recurring cessation of breathing may occur during sleep due to an abnormal enlargement of soft tissues that can further narrow or occlude the airway

A

Sleep Apnea

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16
Q

A thin, flat, leaf-shaped cartilage that rises above the glottis

A

Epiglottis

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17
Q

Inflammation of the epiglottis and is a life-threatening emergency in infants and requires immediate placement of an artificial airway

A

Epiglottitis

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18
Q

A longer-term surgical opening into the airway and is generally located 1 to 3 cm below the cricoid cartilage

A

Tracheostomy

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19
Q

Common cause of partial upper airway obstruction in infants and young children

A

Croup

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20
Q

Characteristic high-pitched crowing sound during croup inspiration

A

Stridor

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21
Q

The laryngeal reflex causes the vocal cords inside the larynx to close the tracheal opening. This occurs if anything except air enters the trachea

A

Laryngospasm

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22
Q

The branches of the trachea and branch; resemble an inverted tree

A

Tracheobranchial tree

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23
Q

The point of tracheal division

A

Carina

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24
Q

Terminal air sacs

A

Alveoli

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25
Q

The essential supportive tissue that composes the lung

A

Parenchyma

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26
Q

Smooth muscle contraction

A

Bronchospasm

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27
Q

Airways that don’t participate in gas exchange

A

Dead space

28
Q

Airways less than 1 mm in diameter that contain no cartilage in their walls

A

Bronchioles

29
Q

Divide to form several generations of respiratory bronchioles around the 19th to 20th generation. This marks the beginning of the respiratory, or gas-exchange, zone

A

Terminal Bronchioles

30
Q

The functional respiratory unit of the lung. The airways branching off of a terminal bronchiole. All alveoli are contained here

A

Acinus

31
Q

Connect adjacent alveoli with one another

A

Pores of Kohn

32
Q

Connect terminal bronchioles with nearby alveoli

A

Canals of Lambert

33
Q

Function of the lungs

A

Bring atmospheric gases into contact with blood. Lungs must protect itself from environmental contaminents

34
Q

Process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

A

Ventilation

35
Q

Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the air

A

Respiration

36
Q

Occurs between air in the lungs and blood

A

External Respiration

37
Q

What effects the way gases move?

A

Diffusion

38
Q

Connect the atmospheric air with the gas-exchange membrane of lungs. Don’t participate in gas exchange

A

Conducting airways

39
Q

Respiratory bronchioles mark the beginning of the respiratory or gas exchange zone

A

Alveoli

40
Q

Makes up the upper airway

A

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

41
Q

Main purpose of the nose

A

Warm, humidify, filter inspired gas. Breathing route of choice for adults. Contains immunoglobins and anti-inflammatory cells

42
Q

Creates 3 irregular passages known as turbinates

A

Nasal Conchae

43
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium covers the posterior 2/3rds of the nose. Dilate or constrict based on temp

A

Respiratory mucosa

44
Q

At this point, the air gains water vapor and heat. Exhaled air cools as it leaves the nose

A

Nasopharynx

45
Q

Medical procedure involving the insertion of an artificial airway through the nose or mouth and into the trachea. Bypasses the heat and humidification provided by the nose.

A

Intubation

46
Q

Space behind the nasal cavity that extends down behind the tongue and larynx

A

Pharynx

47
Q

Control gag reflex

A

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

48
Q

Acts as a valve on top of the trachea. Adam’s Apple, thyroid cartilage

A

Larynx

49
Q

Prevents aspiration of food and liquid. Covers opening of larynx during swallowing

A

Epiglottis

50
Q

Space between epiglottis and tongue. Important landmark during intubation

A

Vallecula

51
Q

Forms triangular opening into trachea. Can open and close. Helps us speak and cough

A

Vocal cords/glottis

52
Q

Swelling of the vocal cords caused by parainfluenza/viral infections

A

Croup

53
Q

Only complete ring that encircles the larynx. Narrowest portion of airway in infants. Vocal cords lie just above it

A

Cricoid Cartilage

54
Q

Cricothyroid membrane is used as puncture site for an emergency airway opening when structures above are occluded. This is the emergency operation

A

Tracheostomy

55
Q

Located below the larynx. Each airway divides into two smaller daughter airways. Resembles an inverted tree. 23 generations total

A

Lower Airways

56
Q

Conducting zone. Includes the trachea, main stem bronchi, segmental bronchi, sub segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

A

Tracheobronchial tree

57
Q

Extends from larynx to carina. 11 to 13 cm long

A

Trachea

58
Q

Angles at 20-30 degrees from midline. More vertical than L side. Supported by C-shaped cartilage

A

R Mainstem Bronchus

59
Q

Breaks away more sharply, 45-55 degree angle at midline. Supported by C-shaped Cartilage

A

L Mainstem Bronchus

60
Q

Mainstem bronchi divide to form the ______ bronchi, which undergo several divisions to form segmental subsegmental bronchi

A

Lobar Bronchi

61
Q

Basis for postural drainage for respiratory disease, which produce large amounts of secretions

A

Segmental Bronch/Tertiary

62
Q

Two layers of mucus blanket

A

Gel and Sol layer

63
Q

Gas exchange surface of epithelial cells in the alveolar epithelium

A

Type I

64
Q

Surfactant layer of epithelial cells in the alveolar epithelium

A

Type II

65
Q
A

a & p (8 decks)

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