Chapter 1: Airways and Alveoli

Question 1

The process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

Answer 1

Ventilation

Question 2

The process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood

Answer 2

Respiration

Question 3

Connect atmospheric air with the gas exchange membrane of the lungs

Answer 3

Conducting airways (do not participate in gas exchange, simply provide the pathway by which inspired air reaches the gas-exchange surface)

Question 4

Consists of the nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Answer 4

Upper airways

Question 5

Marks transition between upper and lower airways

Answer 5

Larynx

Question 6

Mucus-secreting epithelium

Answer 6

Respiratory mucosa

Question 7

Main functions of the nose

Answer 7

Humidification, heating, and filtering of inspired air

Question 8

Involves the insertion of an artificial airway (endotracheal tube) through the nose or mouth and into the trachea. Bypasses the nose

Answer 8

Intubation

Question 9

Comes from the Greek word meaning “throat”

Answer 9

Pharynx

Question 10

Portion behind the nasal cavities that extends down to the soft palate

Answer 10

Nasopharynx

Question 11

The space behind the oral cavity, is bounded superiorly by the soft palate and inferiorly by the base of the tongue

Answer 11

Oropharynx

Question 12

The space below the base of the tongue and above the larynx

Answer 12

Laryngopharynx

Question 13

Also called auditory tubes. Connect the middle ear with the nasopharynx. Allow pressure equalization between the middle ear and atmosphere

Answer 13

Eustachian tubes

Question 14

Mechanically ventilated patients in whom endotracheal intubation is required are susceptible to the development of this lung infection

Answer 14

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

Question 15

Recurring cessation of breathing may occur during sleep due to an abnormal enlargement of soft tissues that can further narrow or occlude the airway

Answer 15

Sleep Apnea

Question 16

A thin, flat, leaf-shaped cartilage that rises above the glottis

Answer 16

Epiglottis

Question 17

Inflammation of the epiglottis and is a life-threatening emergency in infants and requires immediate placement of an artificial airway

Answer 17

Epiglottitis

Question 18

A longer-term surgical opening into the airway and is generally located 1 to 3 cm below the cricoid cartilage

Answer 18

Tracheostomy

Question 19

Common cause of partial upper airway obstruction in infants and young children

Answer 19

Croup

Question 20

Characteristic high-pitched crowing sound during croup inspiration

Answer 20

Stridor

Question 21

The laryngeal reflex causes the vocal cords inside the larynx to close the tracheal opening. This occurs if anything except air enters the trachea

Answer 21

Laryngospasm

Question 22

The branches of the trachea and branch; resemble an inverted tree

Answer 22

Tracheobranchial tree

Question 23

The point of tracheal division

Answer 23

Carina

Question 24

Terminal air sacs

Answer 24

Alveoli

Question 25

The essential supportive tissue that composes the lung

Answer 25

Parenchyma

Question 26

Smooth muscle contraction

Answer 26

Bronchospasm

Question 27

Airways that don't participate in gas exchange

Answer 27

Dead space

Question 28

Airways less than 1 mm in diameter that contain no cartilage in their walls

Answer 28

Bronchioles

Question 29

Divide to form several generations of respiratory bronchioles around the 19th to 20th generation. This marks the beginning of the respiratory, or gas-exchange, zone

Answer 29

Terminal Bronchioles

Question 30

The functional respiratory unit of the lung. The airways branching off of a terminal bronchiole. All alveoli are contained here

Answer 30

Acinus

Question 31

Connect adjacent alveoli with one another

Answer 31

Pores of Kohn

Question 32

Connect terminal bronchioles with nearby alveoli

Answer 32

Canals of Lambert

Question 33

Function of the lungs

Answer 33

Bring atmospheric gases into contact with blood. Lungs must protect itself from environmental contaminents

Question 34

Process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

Answer 34

Ventilation

Question 35

Process of moving oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the air

Answer 35

Respiration

Question 36

Occurs between air in the lungs and blood

Answer 36

External Respiration

Question 37

What effects the way gases move?

Answer 37

Diffusion

Question 38

Connect the atmospheric air with the gas-exchange membrane of lungs. Don't participate in gas exchange

Answer 38

Conducting airways

Question 39

Respiratory bronchioles mark the beginning of the respiratory or gas exchange zone

Answer 39

Alveoli

Question 40

Makes up the upper airway

Answer 40

Nose, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Question 41

Main purpose of the nose

Answer 41

Warm, humidify, filter inspired gas. Breathing route of choice for adults. Contains immunoglobins and anti-inflammatory cells

Question 42

Creates 3 irregular passages known as turbinates

Answer 42

Nasal Conchae

Question 43

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium covers the posterior 2/3rds of the nose. Dilate or constrict based on temp

Answer 43

Respiratory mucosa

Question 44

At this point, the air gains water vapor and heat. Exhaled air cools as it leaves the nose

Answer 44

Nasopharynx

Question 45

Medical procedure involving the insertion of an artificial airway through the nose or mouth and into the trachea. Bypasses the heat and humidification provided by the nose.

Answer 45

Intubation

Question 46

Space behind the nasal cavity that extends down behind the tongue and larynx

Answer 46

Pharynx

Question 47

Control gag reflex

Answer 47

Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

Question 48

Acts as a valve on top of the trachea. Adam's Apple, thyroid cartilage

Answer 48

Larynx

Question 49

Prevents aspiration of food and liquid. Covers opening of larynx during swallowing

Answer 49

Epiglottis

Question 50

Space between epiglottis and tongue. Important landmark during intubation

Answer 50

Vallecula

Question 51

Forms triangular opening into trachea. Can open and close. Helps us speak and cough

Answer 51

Vocal cords/glottis

Question 52

Swelling of the vocal cords caused by parainfluenza/viral infections

Answer 52

Croup

Question 53

Only complete ring that encircles the larynx. Narrowest portion of airway in infants. Vocal cords lie just above it

Answer 53

Cricoid Cartilage

Question 54

Cricothyroid membrane is used as puncture site for an emergency airway opening when structures above are occluded. This is the emergency operation

Answer 54

Tracheostomy

Question 55

Located below the larynx. Each airway divides into two smaller daughter airways. Resembles an inverted tree. 23 generations total

Answer 55

Lower Airways

Question 56

Conducting zone. Includes the trachea, main stem bronchi, segmental bronchi, sub segmental bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

Answer 56

Tracheobronchial tree

Question 57

Extends from larynx to carina. 11 to 13 cm long

Answer 57

Trachea

Question 58

Angles at 20-30 degrees from midline. More vertical than L side. Supported by C-shaped cartilage

Answer 58

R Mainstem Bronchus

Question 59

Breaks away more sharply, 45-55 degree angle at midline. Supported by C-shaped Cartilage

Answer 59

L Mainstem Bronchus

Question 60

Mainstem bronchi divide to form the ______ bronchi, which undergo several divisions to form segmental subsegmental bronchi

Answer 60

Lobar Bronchi

Question 61

Basis for postural drainage for respiratory disease, which produce large amounts of secretions

Answer 61

Segmental Bronch/Tertiary

Question 62

Two layers of mucus blanket

Answer 62

Gel and Sol layer

Question 63

Gas exchange surface of epithelial cells in the alveolar epithelium

Answer 63

Type I

Question 64

Surfactant layer of epithelial cells in the alveolar epithelium

Answer 64

Type II