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A & P > INTRO Test 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

INTRO Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

_______, _______, and ______ are the building blocks of all matter

A

Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds

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2
Q

All known atoms are displayed on the ____ ____

A

Periodic Table

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3
Q

______ are composed to two or more atoms

A

Molecules

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4
Q

Have strong intermolecular bonds

A

Solids

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5
Q

Rigid, fixed shape, fixed volume

A

Solids

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6
Q

Denser than gases

A

Liquids

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7
Q

Not rigid, no fixed shape, fixed volume

A

Liquids

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8
Q

Cannot be squashed

A

Liquids

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9
Q

Cannot be squashed

A

Solids

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10
Q

Intermolecular bonds are weak

A

Gases

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11
Q

Not rigid, no fixed shape, no fixed volume

A

Gases

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12
Q

Can be squashed

A

Gases

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13
Q

The amount of a substance, determined by the number and type of molecules

A

Mass

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14
Q

What is the difference between mass and weight?

A
  1. Mass is the measurement of the amount of matter something contains, while Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.
  2. Mass is measured by using a balance comparing a known amount of matter to an
    unknown amount of matter. Weight is measured on a scale
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15
Q

the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.

A

Weight

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16
Q

Measured by using a balance

A

Mass

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17
Q

Measured by using a scale

A

Weight

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18
Q

Pressure generated by the weight of atmospheric gas above the barometer at any altitude

A

Atmospheric Pressure

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19
Q

Drops when there is an increase in elevation

A

Atmospheric Pressure

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20
Q

The physical deformation of a structure

A

Strain

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21
Q

The reversible deformability that can be generated by stress

A

Elasticity

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22
Q

The tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction
of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which
tends to minimize surface area.

A

Surface Tension

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23
Q

Force acting on the boundary surface between two regions, such as liquid
and air.

A

Surface Tension

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24
Q
  • Occurs due to the strong attraction of hydrogen atoms (hydrogen
    bonding).
A

Surface Tension

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25
Q

Reduces surface tension

A

Surfactant

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26
Q

In the lungs, _____ reduces the pressure required to expand an alveolus.

A

Surfactant

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27
Q

Reduces the pressure differences between alveoli of different diameters

A

Surfactant

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28
Q

Describes changes in the thermal state of a system by adding or removing energy, such as when changes in pressure, volume, or temperature alter the state of a substance

A

Thermodynamics

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29
Q

A change of state which requires the addition of energy (heat).

A

Endothermic

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30
Q

A change of state which requires the release of energy.

A

Exothermic

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31
Q

Normal body temperature in Farenheit

A

98.6

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32
Q

Normal body temperature in Celsius

A

37

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33
Q

Normal body temperature in Kelvins

A

310

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34
Q

Each separate gas acts according to the ideal gas law as if it were alone.
* Atmospheric FiO2 = 0.21 or 21%

A

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

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35
Q

Atmospheric pressure drops with increasing elevation, yet the partial pressures of gases remains the same.

A

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

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36
Q

defines a relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of molecules of a gas

A

Ideal Gas Law

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37
Q

Pressure and volume are inversely related, whereas temperature is
directly proportional to volume or pressure.

A

Ideal Gas Law

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38
Q

If the absolute temperature of a fixed gas
volume is increased, then the pressure will be increased proportionally.

A

Gay-Lussac’s Law of Pressure and Temperature

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39
Q

If the pressure is cut in half, the
absolute temperature is cut in half.

A

Gay-Lussac’s Law of Pressure and Temperature

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40
Q

If the absolute temperature
(Kelvin) is doubled, the pressure is doubled.

A

Gay-Lussac’s Law of Pressure and Temperature

41
Q

can be measured by weighing the water vapor extracted from air using
a drying agent, or using meteorological data.
* At 37°C, the water vapor content is 44 mg/L.

A

Absolute Humidity

42
Q

When a gas is not fully saturated, its water vapor content can be expressed in relative
terms using a measure called _____ ______

A

Relative Humidity

43
Q

The ratio of its actual water vapor content to its saturated capacity at a
given temperature

A

The RH of a gas

44
Q

1 ATM

A

760 mm HG

45
Q

fully humidified or saturated air at 37°C has a vapor pressure of ____ mm
Hg.

A

47

46
Q

Respiratory therapists have used an additional measure of humidity –
_______ of _____ _____ as an assessment of humidity deficit.

A

Percentage of Body Humidity (BH%)

47
Q

The %BH is the ratio of actual water vapor content to the water vapor capacity in a
saturated gas at ____°C.

A

37

48
Q

The water content (absolute humidity) of fully saturated gas at body temperature
is _____ mg/L.

A

44

49
Q

_______ _______occurs whenever inspired gas is not fully
saturated at body temperature, requiring the body to add
water to inspired gases to achieve full saturation.

A

Humidity Deficit

50
Q

The velocity of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root
of the molecular weight of a substance

A

Graham’s Law

51
Q

lighter gases diffuse faster or slower than heavier gas molecules?

A

Faster

52
Q

Both _____ law and _____ law affect the rate of diffusion of gases!!!

A

Graham’s and Henry’s

53
Q

Flow of any fluid can be characterized as _____ or ______

A

Laminar or turbulent

54
Q

the orderly flow of a fluid
through a straight tube as a series on concentric cylinders slide over one another.

A

Laminar Flow

55
Q

a jumbled mixture of
velocities across the section of tube.

A

Turbulent Flow

56
Q

Oxygenated blood absorbs more or less of the infrared light in pulse oximetry?

A

More

57
Q

Deoxygenated blood (Hb) absorbs more of the _____ light (660 nm).

A

Red

58
Q

Pulse oximeter measurements have an accuracy of ___% at an
Spo2 greater than ___%.

A

±4%, 80%

59
Q

For accuracy in pulse oximetry, one must consider the ______ ______ curve.

A

oxyhemoglobin
dissociation

60
Q

Most pulse oximeter probes use _____ spectrophotometry, sending light through the arterial bed to a photodetector on the opposite side.

A

transmittance

61
Q

Areas to take pulse oximetry with transmittance spectrophotometry

A

Foot, toe, finger, and ear.

62
Q

With ______ spectrophotometry, pulse oximeter sensors
place the light source and detector on the same side of the
arterial bed.

A

reflectance

63
Q

Areas to take pulse oximetry with reflectance spectrophotometry

A

Forehead

64
Q

The accuracy and performance of pulse oximeters are
affected by _______ ______ _____

A

Deeply pigmented skin (remove nail polish)

65
Q

________ _______
also can cause an underestimation of Spo2

A

Intravascular Dyes

66
Q

______ can affect some probes

A

Lighting

67
Q

______ ______ blood flow causes pulse oximetry unreliability.

A

Low pulsatile

68
Q

Severe _____ (hematocrit <24 g/dL at low saturations, and
hematocrit <10% at all saturations) affects accuracy of pulse oximetry.

A

Anemia

69
Q

The pulse oximetry plethysmographic (POP) waveform may display the
effect of _____ ______, and therefore the severity of air trapping in
obstructive airway disease.

A

pulsus paradoxus

70
Q

Ratio of pulsatile to non-pulsatile blood flow.

A

Perfusion Index (PI)

71
Q

Non-invasive way of measuring peripheral perfusion.

A

Perfusion Index (PI)

72
Q

Low PI = increased or decreased perfusion to sensor site?

A

Decreased

73
Q

Value range of Perfusion Index

A

0.02 – 20

74
Q
  • Measure of dynamic changes in the PI that occur during the respiratory cycle.
A

Plethysmographic variability index (PVI)

75
Q

The greater the PVI, the greater or lower the waveform variability over a respiratory cycle?

A

Greater

76
Q

_____ and ____ are noninvasive
techniques that measure CO2
in expired gas.

A

Capnometry and capnography

77
Q

refers to the numeric display of CO2
measurements taken from the airway.

A

Capnometry

78
Q

When the CO2 is plotted against time and displayed graphically as a waveform, it is called

A

capnography

79
Q
  • Placed directly into the breathing circuit, usually directly at the
    airway.
A

Capnometry Mainstream Sensors

80
Q
  • Uses small-bore tubing to aspirate gas from or adjacent to the
    airway.
A

Capnometry Sidestream Sensors

81
Q

Designed to confirm endotracheal intubation.

A

Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector

82
Q

Turns from purple to yellow when exposed to CO2

A

Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector

83
Q

Used to confirm correct placement of endotracheal tube in the
trachea.

A

Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector

84
Q

Used to confirm correct placement of orogastric and nasogastric
tubes in the stomach.

A

Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector

85
Q

The ______ waveform can be inspected for
specific abnormalities or patterns.

A

capnography

86
Q

In patients with airway obstruction, the slope of the alveolar plateau increases or decreases because of
inhomogeneous alveolar emptying?

A

Increases

87
Q

uses measurements at the
skin surface to provide estimates of PaO2
and PaCO

A

Transcutaneous monitoring

88
Q

Transcutaneous monitoring is often used with ______ and patients with _____ _____ disease

A

Infants, peripheral vascular

89
Q

Warms skin to induce hyperemia

A

Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring

90
Q
  • Electrochemically measures O2
    and CO2
    at the skin surface.
A

Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring

91
Q

Noninvasive continuous monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation.

A

Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring

92
Q
  • The electrodes operate on the same principles as blood gas electrodes in this process
A

Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring

93
Q

A miniaturized single sensor combines the measurement of pulse oximetry
SpO2 and PtcCO2 in this process
.

A

Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring

94
Q

_____ rate is one of the four vital signs.

A

Respiratory

95
Q

Respiratory rate slowing

A

bradypnea or apnea

96
Q

Respiratory rate increasing

A

tachypnea

97
Q

Ways to measure respiratory rate

A

counting chest
excursions, capnography, monitoring of nasal airflow,
measurement of chest wall motion, and acoustic
devices.

98
Q
A

A & P (8 decks)

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