INTRO Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards
_______, _______, and ______ are the building blocks of all matter
Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds
All known atoms are displayed on the ____ ____
Periodic Table
______ are composed to two or more atoms
Molecules
Have strong intermolecular bonds
Solids
Rigid, fixed shape, fixed volume
Solids
Denser than gases
Liquids
Not rigid, no fixed shape, fixed volume
Liquids
Cannot be squashed
Liquids
Cannot be squashed
Solids
Intermolecular bonds are weak
Gases
Not rigid, no fixed shape, no fixed volume
Gases
Can be squashed
Gases
The amount of a substance, determined by the number and type of molecules
Mass
What is the difference between mass and weight?
- Mass is the measurement of the amount of matter something contains, while Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.
- Mass is measured by using a balance comparing a known amount of matter to an
unknown amount of matter. Weight is measured on a scale
the measurement of the pull of gravity on an object.
Weight
Measured by using a balance
Mass
Measured by using a scale
Weight
Pressure generated by the weight of atmospheric gas above the barometer at any altitude
Atmospheric Pressure
Drops when there is an increase in elevation
Atmospheric Pressure
The physical deformation of a structure
Strain
The reversible deformability that can be generated by stress
Elasticity
The tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction
of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which
tends to minimize surface area.
Surface Tension
Force acting on the boundary surface between two regions, such as liquid
and air.
Surface Tension
- Occurs due to the strong attraction of hydrogen atoms (hydrogen
bonding).
Surface Tension
Reduces surface tension
Surfactant
In the lungs, _____ reduces the pressure required to expand an alveolus.
Surfactant
Reduces the pressure differences between alveoli of different diameters
Surfactant
Describes changes in the thermal state of a system by adding or removing energy, such as when changes in pressure, volume, or temperature alter the state of a substance
Thermodynamics
A change of state which requires the addition of energy (heat).
Endothermic
A change of state which requires the release of energy.
Exothermic
Normal body temperature in Farenheit
98.6
Normal body temperature in Celsius
37
Normal body temperature in Kelvins
310
Each separate gas acts according to the ideal gas law as if it were alone.
* Atmospheric FiO2 = 0.21 or 21%
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
Atmospheric pressure drops with increasing elevation, yet the partial pressures of gases remains the same.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
defines a relationship between pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of molecules of a gas
Ideal Gas Law
Pressure and volume are inversely related, whereas temperature is
directly proportional to volume or pressure.
Ideal Gas Law
If the absolute temperature of a fixed gas
volume is increased, then the pressure will be increased proportionally.
Gay-Lussac’s Law of Pressure and Temperature
If the pressure is cut in half, the
absolute temperature is cut in half.
Gay-Lussac’s Law of Pressure and Temperature
If the absolute temperature
(Kelvin) is doubled, the pressure is doubled.
Gay-Lussac’s Law of Pressure and Temperature
can be measured by weighing the water vapor extracted from air using
a drying agent, or using meteorological data.
* At 37°C, the water vapor content is 44 mg/L.
Absolute Humidity
When a gas is not fully saturated, its water vapor content can be expressed in relative
terms using a measure called _____ ______
Relative Humidity
The ratio of its actual water vapor content to its saturated capacity at a
given temperature
The RH of a gas
1 ATM
760 mm HG
fully humidified or saturated air at 37°C has a vapor pressure of ____ mm
Hg.
47
Respiratory therapists have used an additional measure of humidity –
_______ of _____ _____ as an assessment of humidity deficit.
Percentage of Body Humidity (BH%)
The %BH is the ratio of actual water vapor content to the water vapor capacity in a
saturated gas at ____°C.
37
The water content (absolute humidity) of fully saturated gas at body temperature
is _____ mg/L.
44
_______ _______occurs whenever inspired gas is not fully
saturated at body temperature, requiring the body to add
water to inspired gases to achieve full saturation.
Humidity Deficit
The velocity of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root
of the molecular weight of a substance
Graham’s Law
lighter gases diffuse faster or slower than heavier gas molecules?
Faster
Both _____ law and _____ law affect the rate of diffusion of gases!!!
Graham’s and Henry’s
Flow of any fluid can be characterized as _____ or ______
Laminar or turbulent
the orderly flow of a fluid
through a straight tube as a series on concentric cylinders slide over one another.
Laminar Flow
a jumbled mixture of
velocities across the section of tube.
Turbulent Flow
Oxygenated blood absorbs more or less of the infrared light in pulse oximetry?
More
Deoxygenated blood (Hb) absorbs more of the _____ light (660 nm).
Red
Pulse oximeter measurements have an accuracy of ___% at an
Spo2 greater than ___%.
±4%, 80%
For accuracy in pulse oximetry, one must consider the ______ ______ curve.
oxyhemoglobin
dissociation
Most pulse oximeter probes use _____ spectrophotometry, sending light through the arterial bed to a photodetector on the opposite side.
transmittance
Areas to take pulse oximetry with transmittance spectrophotometry
Foot, toe, finger, and ear.
With ______ spectrophotometry, pulse oximeter sensors
place the light source and detector on the same side of the
arterial bed.
reflectance
Areas to take pulse oximetry with reflectance spectrophotometry
Forehead
The accuracy and performance of pulse oximeters are
affected by _______ ______ _____
Deeply pigmented skin (remove nail polish)
________ _______
also can cause an underestimation of Spo2
Intravascular Dyes
______ can affect some probes
Lighting
______ ______ blood flow causes pulse oximetry unreliability.
Low pulsatile
Severe _____ (hematocrit <24 g/dL at low saturations, and
hematocrit <10% at all saturations) affects accuracy of pulse oximetry.
Anemia
The pulse oximetry plethysmographic (POP) waveform may display the
effect of _____ ______, and therefore the severity of air trapping in
obstructive airway disease.
pulsus paradoxus
Ratio of pulsatile to non-pulsatile blood flow.
Perfusion Index (PI)
Non-invasive way of measuring peripheral perfusion.
Perfusion Index (PI)
Low PI = increased or decreased perfusion to sensor site?
Decreased
Value range of Perfusion Index
0.02 – 20
- Measure of dynamic changes in the PI that occur during the respiratory cycle.
Plethysmographic variability index (PVI)
The greater the PVI, the greater or lower the waveform variability over a respiratory cycle?
Greater
_____ and ____ are noninvasive
techniques that measure CO2
in expired gas.
Capnometry and capnography
refers to the numeric display of CO2
measurements taken from the airway.
Capnometry
When the CO2 is plotted against time and displayed graphically as a waveform, it is called
capnography
- Placed directly into the breathing circuit, usually directly at the
airway.
Capnometry Mainstream Sensors
- Uses small-bore tubing to aspirate gas from or adjacent to the
airway.
Capnometry Sidestream Sensors
Designed to confirm endotracheal intubation.
Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector
Turns from purple to yellow when exposed to CO2
Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector
Used to confirm correct placement of endotracheal tube in the
trachea.
Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector
Used to confirm correct placement of orogastric and nasogastric
tubes in the stomach.
Colorimetric end-tidal co2
detector
The ______ waveform can be inspected for
specific abnormalities or patterns.
capnography
In patients with airway obstruction, the slope of the alveolar plateau increases or decreases because of
inhomogeneous alveolar emptying?
Increases
uses measurements at the
skin surface to provide estimates of PaO2
and PaCO
Transcutaneous monitoring
Transcutaneous monitoring is often used with ______ and patients with _____ _____ disease
Infants, peripheral vascular
Warms skin to induce hyperemia
Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring
- Electrochemically measures O2
and CO2
at the skin surface.
Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring
Noninvasive continuous monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation.
Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring
- The electrodes operate on the same principles as blood gas electrodes in this process
Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring
A miniaturized single sensor combines the measurement of pulse oximetry
SpO2 and PtcCO2 in this process
.
Transcutaneous Blood Gas
Monitoring
_____ rate is one of the four vital signs.
Respiratory
Respiratory rate slowing
bradypnea or apnea
Respiratory rate increasing
tachypnea
Ways to measure respiratory rate
counting chest
excursions, capnography, monitoring of nasal airflow,
measurement of chest wall motion, and acoustic
devices.
