Chapter 2: Lungs and Chest Wall

Question 1

Contains ciliated epithelial cells that beat 1300x/min. Produces 100 mL of mucus/day. Mucus blanket. Cilia reach into gel layer

Answer 1

Mucociliary Escalator

Question 1

2 Causes of Mucociliary Impairment

Answer 1

Environmental and Disease

Question 2

300 million alveoli exist in adult lungs. 50 to 100 m2 of gas exchange area. 100 to 300 microns in diameter.

Answer 2

Gas exchange zone

Question 3

Facilitates gas exchange

Answer 3

Pulmonary capillaries

Question 4

Comprise most of alveolar surface area. Extremely flat

Answer 4

Type I epithelial cells

Question 5

Contain lamellar bodies which secrete surfactant

Answer 5

Type II epithelial cells

Question 6

Remove foreign materials and bacteria

Answer 6

Alveolar macrophages

Question 7

3 area that Provide for collateral ventilation between acini or primary lobules. Additional ventilation for blocked alveolar units. May explain why diseases spread so quickly at the lung tissue level.

Answer 7

Channels of Martin, Canals of Lambert, and Pores of Kohn

Question 8

Lung Structures

Answer 8

Pleura, Mediastinum, Hilium, Pulmonary Circulation

Question 9

Pulmonary Defenses

Answer 9

Sneezing, coughing, lymphatic system, immune response

Question 10

Musculoskeletal system

Answer 10

Bony thorax, Diaphragm, Accessory muscles

Question 11

The rounded upper part of the lungs which extend above the clavicles of the neck.

Answer 11

Apex

Question 12

Lower concave parts of the lungs

Answer 12

Bases

Question 13

Anterior border of the left lung and makes room for the heart’s protrusion into the left half of the thoracic cavity

Answer 13

Cardiac Notch

Question 14

Root of the lung. Arteries, veins, and the main bronchi penetrate the lungs mediastinal surfaces through this

Answer 14

Hilium

Question 15

Connects lung’s surface membrane with diaphragm

Answer 15

Pulmonary ligament

Question 16

tongue-shaped anatomical counterpart of the middle lobe of the R lung

Answer 16

Lingula

Question 17

2 pleuras that are a continuous membrane forming sealed envelopes surrounding each lung

Answer 17

Visceral and parietal

Question 18

A thin layer of serous fluid located between the visceral and parietal pleura. Lubricates membranes during breathing, allowing frictionless movement

Answer 18

Pleural space

Question 19

Fluid that forms in the pleural space if the pleural membranes become inflamed by disease. Fluid settles into costophrenic angles, blunting their outline on CXR

Answer 19

Pleural Effusion

Question 20

Surgical removal of excess pleural fluid via tube inserted into pleural cavity

Answer 20

Thoracentesis

Question 21

Causes of pleural effusion

Answer 21

Increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure), Impaired lymphatic drainage (tumor), Inflammation/infection (pneumonia)

Question 22

Composed of fibers anchored to the lung hilium that branch with the airways along their length to the alveoli

Answer 22

Axial skeleton

Question 23

Composed of fibers attached to the visceral pleura at the lung surface.

Answer 23

Peripheral Skeleton

Question 24

Lung’s systemic blood supply. Arises from branches of the aorta, which supply the airway walls from the major bronchi down to the respiratory bronchioles

Answer 24

Bronchial arteries

Question 25

Vascular connections between bronchial and pulmonary circulation. Constitutes part of the normal anatomical shunt found in the pulmonary circulation

Answer 25

Bronchopulmonary-arterial anastomases

Question 26

Mixing of unoxygenated blood with oxygenated blood

Answer 26

Shunting

Question 27

A clear, protein-containing fluid in interstitial spaces of the body. Filters microorganisms and foreign materials

Answer 27

Lymph

Question 28

The voluntary skeletal muscles of the chest wall and diaphragm are innervated

Answer 28

Somatic Nervous System

Question 29

Involuntary smooth muscle of the lung is innervated entirely.

Answer 29

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 30

A cavity formed by the rib cage and its muscles

Answer 30

Thorax

Question 31

Ribs 1 to 7 are connected to this

Answer 31

Sternum

Question 32

Ribs 8 to 10 are connected to this

Answer 32

Lower Sternum

Question 33

Ribs 11 to 12 are connected to this

Answer 33

They are not connected to the sternum and are called Floating ribs

Question 34

May lacerate the liver during CPR if correct position is not used

Answer 34

Xiphoid process

Question 35

Major primary muscle active in quiet breathing

Answer 35

Diaphragm

Question 36

Only used when the work of breathing or ventilatory demand increases

Answer 36

Accessory muscles

Question 37

Only accessory muscles of expiration

Answer 37

Abdominals