Chapter 2: Lungs and Chest Wall Flashcards
Contains ciliated epithelial cells that beat 1300x/min. Produces 100 mL of mucus/day. Mucus blanket. Cilia reach into gel layer
Mucociliary Escalator
2 Causes of Mucociliary Impairment
Environmental and Disease
300 million alveoli exist in adult lungs. 50 to 100 m2 of gas exchange area. 100 to 300 microns in diameter.
Gas exchange zone
Facilitates gas exchange
Pulmonary capillaries
Comprise most of alveolar surface area. Extremely flat
Type I epithelial cells
Contain lamellar bodies which secrete surfactant
Type II epithelial cells
Remove foreign materials and bacteria
Alveolar macrophages
3 area that Provide for collateral ventilation between acini or primary lobules. Additional ventilation for blocked alveolar units. May explain why diseases spread so quickly at the lung tissue level.
Channels of Martin, Canals of Lambert, and Pores of Kohn
Lung Structures
Pleura, Mediastinum, Hilium, Pulmonary Circulation
Pulmonary Defenses
Sneezing, coughing, lymphatic system, immune response
Musculoskeletal system
Bony thorax, Diaphragm, Accessory muscles
The rounded upper part of the lungs which extend above the clavicles of the neck.
Apex
Lower concave parts of the lungs
Bases
Anterior border of the left lung and makes room for the heart’s protrusion into the left half of the thoracic cavity
Cardiac Notch
Root of the lung. Arteries, veins, and the main bronchi penetrate the lungs mediastinal surfaces through this
Hilium
Connects lung’s surface membrane with diaphragm
Pulmonary ligament
tongue-shaped anatomical counterpart of the middle lobe of the R lung
Lingula
2 pleuras that are a continuous membrane forming sealed envelopes surrounding each lung
Visceral and parietal
A thin layer of serous fluid located between the visceral and parietal pleura. Lubricates membranes during breathing, allowing frictionless movement
Pleural space
Fluid that forms in the pleural space if the pleural membranes become inflamed by disease. Fluid settles into costophrenic angles, blunting their outline on CXR
Pleural Effusion
Surgical removal of excess pleural fluid via tube inserted into pleural cavity
Thoracentesis
Causes of pleural effusion
Increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure), Impaired lymphatic drainage (tumor), Inflammation/infection (pneumonia)
Composed of fibers anchored to the lung hilium that branch with the airways along their length to the alveoli
Axial skeleton
Composed of fibers attached to the visceral pleura at the lung surface.
Peripheral Skeleton
Lung’s systemic blood supply. Arises from branches of the aorta, which supply the airway walls from the major bronchi down to the respiratory bronchioles
Bronchial arteries
Vascular connections between bronchial and pulmonary circulation. Constitutes part of the normal anatomical shunt found in the pulmonary circulation
Bronchopulmonary-arterial anastomases
Mixing of unoxygenated blood with oxygenated blood
Shunting
A clear, protein-containing fluid in interstitial spaces of the body. Filters microorganisms and foreign materials
Lymph
The voluntary skeletal muscles of the chest wall and diaphragm are innervated
Somatic Nervous System
Involuntary smooth muscle of the lung is innervated entirely.
Autonomic Nervous System
A cavity formed by the rib cage and its muscles
Thorax
Ribs 1 to 7 are connected to this
Sternum
Ribs 8 to 10 are connected to this
Lower Sternum
Ribs 11 to 12 are connected to this
They are not connected to the sternum and are called Floating ribs
May lacerate the liver during CPR if correct position is not used
Xiphoid process
Major primary muscle active in quiet breathing
Diaphragm
Only used when the work of breathing or ventilatory demand increases
Accessory muscles
Only accessory muscles of expiration
Abdominals
