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A&P Test 3 > Test 3 - Spinal Cord and Reflexes > Flashcards

Test 3 - Spinal Cord and Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal Nerves

A 
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
= 31 Total
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2
Q

Parts of Spinal Cord

A 
From top to bottom:
Cervical Nerves 
Cervical Enlargement (C4-T1)
Thoracic Nerves
Lumbar Enlargement (T9-T12)
Lumbar Spinal Nerves
Conus Medullaris (Cone at end (L1-L2)
Cauda Equina (horse's tail)
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3
Q

Spinal Meninges

A

Epidural Space: no fat
Dura Mater: Outer, fat, tissue, blood vessels
Arachnoid: Subdural space and serous fluid
Pia Mater: Subarachnoid space, CSF

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4
Q

Gray commisure

A

Center hole of spinal cord

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5
Q

Anterior Spinal Cord

A 
White commissure
Gray horns
Conducts motor impulses
Gray part does not reach edge
Ventral median fissure
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6
Q

Posterior Spinal Cord

A

Posterior or dorsal gray horns
Conduct sensory impulses
Gray part reaches to edge

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7
Q

Funiculus

A

White “columns” or parts of spinal cord
Dorsal, Ventral and Lateral
Ascend = Sensory
Descend = motor

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8
Q

Spinal Tracts

A

Named by where they start + where they end

Ex. Spinothalmic starts in spine, ends in thalamus

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9
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A

Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral

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10
Q

Cervical Plexus

A

C1-C4
Phrenic Nerve comes up thru C4 & C5 to diaphragm
C3, C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive

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11
Q

Brachial Plexus

A

C5-C8 to T1
Axillary Nerve: muscles and skin of shoulder
Radial Nerve: extensor muscles of arm and hand
Musculocutaneous Nerve: Flexion of forearm, lateral forearm skin
Ulnar Nerve: Flexor carpi ulnaris, funny bone
Median Nerve: Flexor muscles of arm and hand

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12
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A

L1-L4, sometimes T12

Femoral Nerve: Anterior thigh muscles

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13
Q

Sacral Plexus

A

L4-L5, S1-S4

Sciatic Nerve: Largest in body, posterior thigh flexor muscles

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Part of PNS
Body functions not under conscious control
Includes Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions
Opposite of Somatic

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15
Q

Autonomic Neurons

A

Preganglionic: in brain stem or lateral horn of spinal cord (aka CNS)
Postganglionic: PNS

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16
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A

ANS
Resting and digesting
Craniosacral outflow (aka top and bottom)
Long preganglionic, short post ganglionic neuron
Both neurons release ACh

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17
Q

Sympathetic Division

A 
ANS
Fight or flight
Thorocolumbar outflow (aka middle)
Pre and Postganglion are similar length
Preganglion release Ach
Postganglion release norephinephrine (adrenaline)
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18
Q

Parts of a Reflex Arc

A 
Receptor: sensory structure
Sensory Neuron: afferent neuron
Integration Center
Motor Neuron: efferent neuron
Effector: muscle or gland
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19
Q

Monosynaptic Arc

A

Sensory neuron synapses directly to motor neuron

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20
Q

Polysynaptic Arc

A

Sensory neuron synapses to integration center then to motor neuron

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21
Q

Other Reflex Arcs

A

Spinal: only carried by spinal cord
Somatic: Skeletal muscle contraction
Visceral: (autonomic) smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, etc
Reciprocal Inhibition: inhibits antagonists

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22
Q

Somatic Reflexes

A

All are Spinal Reflexes
Stretch
Crossed-Extensor
Superficial Cord

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23
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

Somatic
Postural and balance reflexes
Causes relaxation of antagonist muscles
Knee jerk reaction, achilles jerk reaction

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24
Q

Crossed Extensor Reflex

A

Somatic
Flexion of one muscle and extension of opposite
Withdrawal of grabbed arm and extension of opposite

25
Q

Superficial Cord Reflex

A

Somatic

Plantar: positive babinski= extension of toes when foot is stroked

26
Q

Cranial Nerve Reflexes

A

Somatic
Corneal
Gag reflex

27
Q

Autonomic Reflexes

A

Pupillary
Ciliospinal
Salivary

28
Q

Pupillary Reflexes

A

Adjusts pupil for focal length and light
Contralateral response: one side of body is stimulated but the other responds
Ipsilateral: side of body stimulated also responds

29
Q

Ciliospinal Reflexes

A

Pupils dilate in response to stroking back of neck

Ipsilateral sometimes but often Contralateral

30
Q

Salivary Reflex

A

Generates saliva based on food intake

Smell of food, etc

31
Q

General vs Special senses

A

General: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, stretch, vibration, balance

Special: Sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste

32
Q

Exteroceptors

A

React to stimuli in external environment
Found close to body’s surface
Cutaneous of skin, specialized surfaces of special senses (eyes, hearing)

33
Q

Interoceptors (Visceroceptors)

A

React to stimuli within body

Found in Internal visceral organs, chemoreceptors, etc

34
Q

Propioreceptors

A

React to internal stimuli
Skeletal muscles, joints, ligaments
Provide info about location of these structures

35
Q

Root Hair Plexuses

A 
Also known as root hair plexuses
Tactile sensation
Respond to bending of the hair
Light touch, wind, etc
Not well localized
Found wrapped around root of hair
36
Q

Free (Naked) Nerve Endings

A

Tactile sensation
Least specialized touch receptors
Respond to pain and temperature (exteroceptors)
Also are visceral interoceptors

37
Q

Merkel’s Discs

A

Tactile sensation
When free nerve endings associate with specific epidermal cells
Found in or near the upper layer of skin (epidermis)
Detect light touch

38
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Respond to compression, bending

Touch, tickle, itch, vibration, pressure, hearing, balance

39
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Respond to changes in temperature

40
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Respond to chemicals

Taste and smell

41
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Also known as electromagnetic
Respond to light
Vision

42
Q

Nocireceptors

A

Respond to pain
Can be thermo, mechanical, chemo
Responds to multiple types stimuli

43
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Tactile sensation
Also known as tactile corpuscles
Found in dermal papillae - right up against epidermis
Ability to detect texture, 2 point discrimination

44
Q

Ruffini End Organs

A

Tactile sensation
Respond to deep or continuous pressure and stretch of adjacent skin
Found in dermis - look like muscle spindles

45
Q

Tactile Sensation Organs

A 
Root Hair Plexus
Free Nerve Endings
Merkels Discs
Meissners Corpuscles
Ruffini
46
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Pressure sensation
Found deep in dermis- look like onions
Respond to deep pressure or high frequency vibrations

47
Q

Pressure Sensation Organs

A

Free nerve endings

Pacinian corpuscles

48
Q

Thermoreceptive Organs

A

Free nerve endings

Krause bulb ends

49
Q

Krause bulb ends

A

Thermoreceptive
Cold receptor
Type of free nerve ending
Increases rate of action potential to bring heat to area

50
Q

Cutaneous Sensations

A 
Tactile
-Touch
-Pressure
-Vibration
Thermoreceptive
Pain
51
Q

Vibration Receptors

A

Meissners corpuscles

Pacinian corpuscles

52
Q

Pain Sensation

A

Pain receptors = nocieptors
Somatic pain
Visceral pain = mostly referred pain

53
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain is perceived in one area, but actually occurs in another
Aka ice cream headache

54
Q

Negative Afterimages

A

Differences in temperature sensation based on where the sensor was exposed previously

55
Q

Proprioceptive Sensations

A 
Receptors:
Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs
Joint Kinesthetic recptors
Maculae and Cristae
56
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Proprioceptive receptors
Special muscle fibers in muscles
Information about length of muscle

57
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs

A

Proprioceptive receptors
Located with fibers of tendon near junction with muscle
Activated by change in tension of tendon

58
Q

Maculae

A

Proprioceptive receptors
Hairs and microvilli that move with fluid motion
Balance, gravity responses, stability

A&P Test 3 (6 decks)

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