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Biology Unit 1 > Test 3 Revision > Flashcards

Test 3 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the water content of the body?

A

Contains dissolved solutes such as:

  • Proteins
  • Sugars
  • Mineral ions
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2
Q

What are the functions of the nephrons of the kidney in water conservation?

A
  • Reduction of glomerular filtration (less fluid leaves the blood and enters kidney tubules).
  • Increase in tubular reabsorption (more fluid is reabsorbed from tubules and returned to blood - particularly in Loop of Henle).
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3
Q

What are the three regions of the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. Descending Limb
  2. Thick Ascending Limb
  3. Thin Ascending Limb
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4
Q

What occurs in each region of the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. Descending Limb - Highly permeable to water; impermeable to solutes (water is reabsorbed).
  2. Thin Ascending Limb - Passive transport occurs for NA+ (sodium) and Cl- (chlorine).
  3. Thick Ascending Limb - Active transport occurs for sodium and chlorine.

> Thin and Thick Ascending Limb(s) are nearly impermeable to water but are highly permeable to sodium and chlorine.

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5
Q

Adaptation.

A

Any genetically controlled feature that may assist survival and reproduction of organisms in their specific environments.

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6
Q

Adaptations can be:

A
  • Structural
  • Physiological
  • Behavioural
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7
Q

Structural adaptations.

A

Specialised body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat (Eg.Skin, colour, shape etc.).

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8
Q

Physiological adaptations.

A

Systems present in an organism that allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions (Eg. Making venom, secreting slime etc.).

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9
Q

Behavioural adaptations.

A

Special actions/ways a particular behaves to survive in its natural habitat (Eg. Basking in sun).

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10
Q

Where do plants lose water? Through what process?

A

Mainly stomata - Through transpiration (evaporation of water).

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11
Q

What does the niche of an organism include?

A
  • Habitat
  • Nutrition
  • Relationships (with other species)
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12
Q

Limiting factor.

A

Any condition which approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance of an organism.

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13
Q

What do producers/autotrophs do?

A

Manufacture organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds (Eg. Photosynthesis).

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14
Q

List and briefly explain the types of parasites.

A

Endoparasites - In body.

Ectoparasites - Outside body.

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15
Q

Niche.

A

Identifies a species’ way of life or role in a community.

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16
Q

Homeostasis.

A

The condition of a relatively stable internal environment, maintained within narrow limits.

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17
Q

What do the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems do to maintain homeostasis?

A

Interact with each other - Nervous system receivers messages, stimulating release of hormones through endocrine system.

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18
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates the release of many hormones and other aspects of homeostasis (TEMPERATURE).

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19
Q

Hormones.

A

Chemical substances that are or may be secreted into the bloodstream.

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20
Q

Outline the 5 steps in neural response pathways.

A
  1. Environmental disturbance
  2. Detected by sensory cells
  3. Generates signal
  4. Signal passes as electrical message across 2+ neurons
  5. Signal reaches particular effector cells
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21
Q

Reflex Action.

A

Brought about by nervous system - is an immediate, short-lived response to a stimulus.

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22
Q

How does a person gain water?

A
  • Food
  • Free water (rain)
  • Metabolic water
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23
Q

How does a person lose water?

A
  • Skin
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Milk for young
  • Exhaled air
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24
Q

What happens when ADH is secreted?

A

Collecting tubules are highly permeable to water, less urine output.

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25
What happens when blood pressure falls?
1. Renin is secreted by kidneys 2. Release of aldosterone 3. Distal tubules reabsorb sodium ions 4. Blood pressure rises
26
Conduction.
Transfer of heat energy from hotter to cooler of two objects in contact with each other.
27
Convection.
Transfer of heat by means of warmed air, or water, rising and being replaced by cooler air or water. > Heat is conducted away from body 24 times in water than air.
28
Radiation.
Transfer of heat energy from a body to cooler objects not in contact with it (blood rises to surface and is radiated).
29
Evaporation.
Change of state of water from liquid to vapour, accompanied by cooling.
30
Homeothermic.
Organisms that keep a fairly constant body temperature (Eg. Kangaroo).
31
Poikilothermic.
Organisms whose body temperature varies with the environment (Eg. Lizard).
32
Hyperthyroidism.
Thyroid is overactive and produces too much thyroxine.
33
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
- Sped up metabolic rate - Sweating - Tremors - Increased heart rate - Weight loss - Sensitive to heat
34
Hypothyroidism.
Thyroid is under active and doesn't produce enough thyroxine.
35
Symptoms of hypothyroidism?
- Slow metabolic rate - Weight gain - Tiredness - Slow heart rate - Cold intolerance
36
Ways to reduce heat gain and water loss?
- Blubber and fat (insulation, retains heat) - Piloerection (hair traps air, retains heat) - Vasoconstriction (blood vessels close to skin constrict) - Brown fat (produce heat) - Small body = high SA:V (in hot conditions) - Large body = low SA:V (in cold conditions)
37
List the advantages of scientific names.
- Universal names - Gives indication of relatedness of different organisms - Common names may be misleading (suggesting relationships that aren't valid) - Same common name could be used to label different species
38
Species.
Species are identified as members of a group of similar organism that are capable of interbreeding under natural conditions to produce viable and fertile offspring.
39
Cladistics.
The grouping of organisms according to the number of derived characters that they may share.
40
Amensalism.
One organism is inhibited or destroyed, other is unaffected.
41
Populations dynamics.
The study of population size changes over time.
42
Population.
Total number of a particular species in a particular place at a particular time.
43
What does studying populations do?
Helps us: - Predict changes in relationships. - Predict consequences of these changes. - Give an idea about biodiversity within ecosystems.
44
What are some factors affecting species richness?
- Size of the area | - Latitude (distance from the equator - the closer to the equator, the better)
45
What are the types of distribution?
- Continuous/uniform - Random - Clumped/grouped
46
What are the ways to measure distribution?
- Line transact - Quadrat - Capture-recapture
47
Carrying Capacity (K).
An ecosystem's ability to provide sufficient resources to support populations.
48
Negative feedback loop.
Responds to a stimulus to bring a condition back to normal - keeps a factor that could fluctuate within a narrow limit or range.
49
Commensalism.
One organism benefits, other is unaffected.
50
Parasitism.
One organism benefits, other is harmed.
51
Mutualism.
Both organisms benefit.
52
Competition.
Neither organism benefits.
53
Predation.
One organism benefits, other is harmed.
54
What results in an increase in population?
Birth and immigration.
55
What results in a decrease in population?
- Death | - Migration
56
Biomimicry.
Using the form and function observed in the natural world as an inspiration for human-based design.
57
Distribution.
How individuals of a population are organised within an area.
58
Biodiversity.
A measure of the number of species and their relative abundance a in a particular environment.
59
Keystone species.
Plays a unique and central role in an ecosystem (Eg. Grass).
60
Taxon.
Any taxonomic group (Eg. Class, family, genus). ``` KEVIN. Kingdom PLEASE. Phylum COME. Class OVER. Order FOR. Family GAY. Genus SEX. Species ```
61
Taxonomy.
Area of study concerned with the describing, naming and classification of organisms.

Biology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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