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Biology Unit 1 > Test 3 Revision > Flashcards

Test 3 Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

What is included in the water content of the body?

A

Contains dissolved solutes such as:

  • Proteins
  • Sugars
  • Mineral ions
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2
Q

What are the functions of the nephrons of the kidney in water conservation?

A
  • Reduction of glomerular filtration (less fluid leaves the blood and enters kidney tubules).
  • Increase in tubular reabsorption (more fluid is reabsorbed from tubules and returned to blood - particularly in Loop of Henle).
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3
Q

What are the three regions of the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. Descending Limb
  2. Thick Ascending Limb
  3. Thin Ascending Limb
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4
Q

What occurs in each region of the Loop of Henle?

A
  1. Descending Limb - Highly permeable to water; impermeable to solutes (water is reabsorbed).
  2. Thin Ascending Limb - Passive transport occurs for NA+ (sodium) and Cl- (chlorine).
  3. Thick Ascending Limb - Active transport occurs for sodium and chlorine.

> Thin and Thick Ascending Limb(s) are nearly impermeable to water but are highly permeable to sodium and chlorine.

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5
Q

Adaptation.

A

Any genetically controlled feature that may assist survival and reproduction of organisms in their specific environments.

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6
Q

Adaptations can be:

A
  • Structural
  • Physiological
  • Behavioural
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7
Q

Structural adaptations.

A

Specialised body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat (Eg.Skin, colour, shape etc.).

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8
Q

Physiological adaptations.

A

Systems present in an organism that allow it to perform certain biochemical reactions (Eg. Making venom, secreting slime etc.).

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9
Q

Behavioural adaptations.

A

Special actions/ways a particular behaves to survive in its natural habitat (Eg. Basking in sun).

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10
Q

Where do plants lose water? Through what process?

A

Mainly stomata - Through transpiration (evaporation of water).

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11
Q

What does the niche of an organism include?

A
  • Habitat
  • Nutrition
  • Relationships (with other species)
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12
Q

Limiting factor.

A

Any condition which approaches or exceeds the limits of tolerance of an organism.

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13
Q

What do producers/autotrophs do?

A

Manufacture organic compounds from simple inorganic compounds (Eg. Photosynthesis).

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14
Q

List and briefly explain the types of parasites.

A

Endoparasites - In body.

Ectoparasites - Outside body.

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15
Q

Niche.

A

Identifies a species’ way of life or role in a community.

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16
Q

Homeostasis.

A

The condition of a relatively stable internal environment, maintained within narrow limits.

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17
Q

What do the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems do to maintain homeostasis?

A

Interact with each other - Nervous system receivers messages, stimulating release of hormones through endocrine system.

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18
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Regulates the release of many hormones and other aspects of homeostasis (TEMPERATURE).

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19
Q

Hormones.

A

Chemical substances that are or may be secreted into the bloodstream.

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20
Q

Outline the 5 steps in neural response pathways.

A
  1. Environmental disturbance
  2. Detected by sensory cells
  3. Generates signal
  4. Signal passes as electrical message across 2+ neurons
  5. Signal reaches particular effector cells
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21
Q

Reflex Action.

A

Brought about by nervous system - is an immediate, short-lived response to a stimulus.

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22
Q

How does a person gain water?

A
  • Food
  • Free water (rain)
  • Metabolic water
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23
Q

How does a person lose water?

A
  • Skin
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Milk for young
  • Exhaled air
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24
Q

What happens when ADH is secreted?

A

Collecting tubules are highly permeable to water, less urine output.

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25
Q

What happens when blood pressure falls?

A
  1. Renin is secreted by kidneys
  2. Release of aldosterone
  3. Distal tubules reabsorb sodium ions
  4. Blood pressure rises
26
Q

Conduction.

A

Transfer of heat energy from hotter to cooler of two objects in contact with each other.

27
Q

Convection.

A

Transfer of heat by means of warmed air, or water, rising and being replaced by cooler air or water.

> Heat is conducted away from body 24 times in water than air.

28
Q

Radiation.

A

Transfer of heat energy from a body to cooler objects not in contact with it (blood rises to surface and is radiated).

29
Q

Evaporation.

A

Change of state of water from liquid to vapour, accompanied by cooling.

30
Q

Homeothermic.

A

Organisms that keep a fairly constant body temperature (Eg. Kangaroo).

31
Q

Poikilothermic.

A

Organisms whose body temperature varies with the environment (Eg. Lizard).

32
Q

Hyperthyroidism.

A

Thyroid is overactive and produces too much thyroxine.

33
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Sped up metabolic rate
  • Sweating
  • Tremors
  • Increased heart rate
  • Weight loss
  • Sensitive to heat
34
Q

Hypothyroidism.

A

Thyroid is under active and doesn’t produce enough thyroxine.

35
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Slow metabolic rate
  • Weight gain
  • Tiredness
  • Slow heart rate
  • Cold intolerance
36
Q

Ways to reduce heat gain and water loss?

A
  • Blubber and fat (insulation, retains heat)
  • Piloerection (hair traps air, retains heat)
  • Vasoconstriction (blood vessels close to skin constrict)
  • Brown fat (produce heat)
  • Small body = high SA:V (in hot conditions)
  • Large body = low SA:V (in cold conditions)
37
Q

List the advantages of scientific names.

A
  • Universal names
  • Gives indication of relatedness of different organisms
  • Common names may be misleading (suggesting relationships that aren’t valid)
  • Same common name could be used to label different species
38
Q

Species.

A

Species are identified as members of a group of similar organism that are capable of interbreeding under natural conditions to produce viable and fertile offspring.

39
Q

Cladistics.

A

The grouping of organisms according to the number of derived characters that they may share.

40
Q

Amensalism.

A

One organism is inhibited or destroyed, other is unaffected.

41
Q

Populations dynamics.

A

The study of population size changes over time.

42
Q

Population.

A

Total number of a particular species in a particular place at a particular time.

43
Q

What does studying populations do?

A

Helps us:

  • Predict changes in relationships.
  • Predict consequences of these changes.
  • Give an idea about biodiversity within ecosystems.
44
Q

What are some factors affecting species richness?

A
  • Size of the area

- Latitude (distance from the equator - the closer to the equator, the better)

45
Q

What are the types of distribution?

A
  • Continuous/uniform
  • Random
  • Clumped/grouped
46
Q

What are the ways to measure distribution?

A
  • Line transact
  • Quadrat
  • Capture-recapture
47
Q

Carrying Capacity (K).

A

An ecosystem’s ability to provide sufficient resources to support populations.

48
Q

Negative feedback loop.

A

Responds to a stimulus to bring a condition back to normal - keeps a factor that could fluctuate within a narrow limit or range.

49
Q

Commensalism.

A

One organism benefits, other is unaffected.

50
Q

Parasitism.

A

One organism benefits, other is harmed.

51
Q

Mutualism.

A

Both organisms benefit.

52
Q

Competition.

A

Neither organism benefits.

53
Q

Predation.

A

One organism benefits, other is harmed.

54
Q

What results in an increase in population?

A

Birth and immigration.

55
Q

What results in a decrease in population?

A
  • Death

- Migration

56
Q

Biomimicry.

A

Using the form and function observed in the natural world as an inspiration for human-based design.

57
Q

Distribution.

A

How individuals of a population are organised within an area.

58
Q

Biodiversity.

A

A measure of the number of species and their relative abundance a in a particular environment.

59
Q

Keystone species.

A

Plays a unique and central role in an ecosystem (Eg. Grass).

60
Q

Taxon.

A

Any taxonomic group (Eg. Class, family, genus).

KEVIN.        Kingdom
PLEASE.     Phylum
COME.        Class
OVER.         Order
FOR.            Family
GAY.            Genus
SEX.            Species
61
Q

Taxonomy.

A

Area of study concerned with the describing, naming and classification of organisms.

Biology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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